Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Mashun Onishi; Koji Yamano; Miyuki Sato; Noriyuki Matsuda; Koji Okamoto
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925, 1072, 1244, 1973, 2909, 4002], 'differentiation,': [492, 2908], 'inflammation,': [493], 'apoptosis.': [495], 'Recent': [496], 'advances': [497], 'analyzing': [499], 'vivo': [502, 1824], 'also': [503, 1216, 1954, 2241, 2253, 3154, 3276, 3599, 3693, 3777, 3805, 4025], 'reveal': [504, 1750, 3653], 'high': [505, 2944], 'rates': [506], 'steady-state': [508], 'turnover': [510, 2704], 'diverse': [512, 986, 2027], 'types,': [514], 'highlighting': [515], 'intracellular': [517, 2914], 'housekeeping': [518], 'mitophagy.': [521, 2089, 2486, 3205, 3217, 3318, 3986], 'Defects': [522], 'are': [525, 879, 952, 1092, 1110, 1139, 1154, 1368, 1394, 1402, 1490, 2144, 2181, 2218, 2316, 2478, 2537, 2916, 3357, 3463, 3975, 4040], 'associated': [526, 2025, 2219, 2262], 'with': [527, 955, 1406, 1530, 1821, 2026, 2211, 2220, 2263, 2843, 3107, 3255, 3573, 3807, 3915], 'various': [528, 917], 'pathological': [529, 2584], 'conditions': [530, 1129, 2585, 2709, 3088, 3825], 'such': [531, 888, 1082, 1204, 1409, 1512, 4060], 'as': [532, 889, 914, 1083, 1194, 1205, 1218, 1410, 1547, 1673, 1728, 1878, 2598, 2747, 3313, 3601, 3669, 3728, 3786, 3842, 4061], 'neurodegeneration,': [533], 'heart': [534], 'failure,': [535], 'cancer,': [536], 'aging,': [538], 'further': [539, 3973], 'underscoring': [540], 'biological': [542], 'relevance.': [543], 'Here,': [544], 'we': [545, 1313, 2669], 'review': [546], 'our': [547], 'current': [548], 'molecular': [549, 1317, 2673], 'understanding': [550], 'its': [554, 1330, 1566, 1780, 1956, 2044, 2727, 2764, 2830, 3004, 3048, 3554, 3571, 3698, 3704, 3929, 3966], 'implications,': [556], 'discuss': [558, 2671], 'how': [559], 'multiple': [560, 1071], 'pathways': [562, 1239, 2315], 'coordinately': [563], 'modulate': [564, 1732], 'fitness': [566], 'populations.': [568], 'ALLO-1': [570], 'Allophagy-1': [571], 'ATG': [572], 'Autophagy-related': [573], 'protein': [574, 590, 594, 597, 623, 631, 640, 647, 658, 664, 674, 678, 694, 709, 748, 760, 798, 814, 869, 993, 1464, 1669, 1686, 1897, 1901, 2031, 3310, 3355, 3685, 3734, 3861, 3894], 'BCL2L1/BCL-XL': [575], 'BCL2': [576, 585], 'like': [577], '1': [578, 619, 624, 628, 641, 670, 675, 679, 704, 711, 744, 773, 787, 815, 831, 844, 858], 'BCL2L13': [579, 2649, 3637, 3655, 3667, 3679, 3692, 3764, 3775, 3804, 3826], 'B-cell': [580], 'lymphoma': [581], '2-like': [582, 738], '13': [583], 'BNIP3': [584, 2593, 2696, 2699, 2718, 2743, 2786, 2807, 2824, 2851, 2875, 2953, 3152, 3211, 3253, 3296], 'adenovirus': [587], 'E1B': [588], '19-kDa-interacting': [589], 'BNIP3L': [592, 2595], 'Nip3-like': [593], 'X': [595], '(NIX)/BNIP3-like': [596], 'CCCP': [598, 2488], 'Carbonyl': [599], 'cyanide': [600], 'm-chlorophenylhydrazone': [601], 'cGAS': [602], 'Cyclic': [603], 'GMP-AMP': [604], 'synthase': [605], 'CK2': [606, 1819, 1851], 'Casein': [607], 'kinase': [608, 772, 805, 830, 857, 1807, 3481], '2': [609, 723, 739], 'CPS-6': [610], 'endonuclease': [612], 'G': [613], 'DFCP1/ZFYVE1': [614], 'DFCP1/zinc': [615], 'finger': [616, 690], 'FYVE-type': [617], 'containing': [618, 1783, 3686, 3895], 'FIP200/RB1CC1': [620], 'FIP200/RB1-inducible': [621], 'coiled-coil': [622, 721], 'Fis1': [625], 'Fission,': [626], 'FKBP8/FKBP38': [629], 'FK506-binding': [630], '8': [632], 'FOXO1': [633], 'Forkhead': [634], 'box': [635], 'O1': [636], 'FUNDC1': [637, 2642, 3304, 3305, 3354, 3395, 3410, 3448, 3516, 3560, 3582, 3598, 3629], 'FUN14': [638], 'domain-containing': [639, 728, 779, 3617], 'GABARAP': [642], 'GABA': [643, 649], 'type': [644, 650], 'A': [645, 651, 1890, 2470, 2503], 'receptor-associated': [646, 652], 'GABARAPL1/2': [648], 'protein-like': [653], '1/2': [654], 'GFP': [655], 'Green': [656], 'fluorescent': [657], 'HOPS': [659], 'Homotypic': [660], 'fusion': [661, 1005, 1020], 'vacuole': [663], 'sorting': [665, 870], 'IGF-1': [666], 'Insulin-like': [667], 'growth': [668], 'factor': [669, 786, 796, 1578], 'Keap1': [671], 'Kelch-like': [672], 'ECH-associated': [673], 'LC3A/B/C': [676], 'Microtubule-associated': [677], 'light': [680, 1650], 'chain': [681], 'alpha/beta/gamma': [683], 'LIR': [684, 2827, 2858, 2969, 3005, 3022, 3323, 3342, 3467, 3566, 3688, 3749, 3794, 3898], 'LC3-interacting': [685, 2556], 'region': [686, 1636, 2832, 2839, 3328], 'MARCH5/MITOL': [687, 3363], 'Membrane-associated': [688], 'ring-CH-type': [689], '5': [691], 'MBP': [692], 'Maltose-binding': [693], 'Miro': [695], 'Rho': [697], 'mTORC1': [698, 791, 3166, 3173, 3185], 'Mechanistic': [699], 'target': [700, 1381, 1718], 'rapamycin': [702, 842], 'complex': [703, 843, 1529, 1969, 1988, 2155, 2170, 2257, 2276, 2434, 2476, 3106, 3814], 'MUL1': [705], 'E3': [707, 2237, 3369], 'ligase': [710, 2238, 3371], 'NBR1': [712, 713, 3233], 'autophagy': [714, 855, 1190, 1238, 1720, 3177, 3231, 3726, 3812], 'cargo': [715], 'receptor': [716, 799, 1683, 1695, 2657, 3315, 3603], 'NDP52/CALCOCO2': [717], 'NDP52/calcium': [718], 'binding': [719, 792, 813, 1957, 2544, 2973, 3587], 'domain': [722, 733, 818, 824, 847, 1623, 1640, 1647, 1656, 1661, 1665, 2735, 2767, 3906], 'NLRP3': [724], 'NLR': [725], 'family': [726, 755, 819, 825, 1714, 2032, 2548, 2686, 3848, 3920], 'pyrin': [727], 'NOD': [730], 'Nucleotide-binding': [731], 'oligomerization': [732], 'NRF2': [734], 'Nuclear': [735], 'factor,': [736], 'erythroid': [737, 2907], 'OPTN': [740], 'Optineurin': [741], 'p62/SQSTM1': [742], 'p62/Sequestosome': [743], 'PARL': [745], 'Presenilin-associated': [746], 'rhomboid-like': [747], 'PC': [749], 'Phosphatidylcholine': [750], 'PE': [751, 2369], 'Phosphatidylethanolamine': [752], 'PGAM5': [753, 3532, 3620], 'PGAM': [754], 'member': [756, 820, 826], '5,': [757], 'serine/threonine': [759, 1806, 3530], 'phosphatase': [761, 1898, 3531], 'PI': [762], 'Phosphatidylinositol': [763, 765], 'PI3K': [764], '3-kinase': [766], 'PI3P': [767], 'Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate': [768], 'PINK1': [769, 3256, 3261, 3989], 'PTEN': [770], 'induced': [771, 1118, 1487, 1517, 2440, 3828], 'PLEKHM1': [774], 'Pleckstrin': [775], 'homology': [776, 1645, 2873], 'RUN': [778], 'M1': [780], 'RABGEF1': [781], 'RAB': [782], 'guanine': [783], 'nucleotide': [784], 'exchange': [785], 'Rheb': [788, 3121, 3131], 'Ras': [789, 3098], 'homolog,': [790], 'SNARE': [793], 'Soluble': [794], 'N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive': [795], 'attachment': [797], 'Src': [800, 3479, 3503], 'SRC': [801], 'proto-oncogene,': [802], 'non-receptor': [803], 'tyrosine': [804, 3480], 'STING': [806], 'Stimulator': [807], 'interferon': [809], 'genes': [810], 'TAX1BP1': [811], 'Tax1': [812], 'TBC1D15': [816], 'TBC1': [817, 823], '15': [821], 'TBC1D17': [822], '17': [827], 'TBK1': [828], 'TANK-binding': [829], 'TOMM/TOM': [832], 'Translocase': [833], 'TORC1': [839], 'Target': [840], 'UBAN': [845], 'Ubiquitin-binding': [846], 'ABIN': [849], 'NEMO': [852], 'ULK1': [853, 3551, 3586, 3591, 3605, 3808], 'Unc-51-like': [854], 'activating': [856], 'USP': [859], 'protease': [862], 'VDAC': [863], 'Voltage-dependent': [864], 'anion': [865], 'channel': [866], 'VPS': [867], 'Vacuolar': [868], 'WIPI': [871], 'WD': [872], 'repeat': [873, 1660], 'domain,': [874, 2731], 'phosphoinositide': [875], 'interacting': [876], 'Introduction': [877], 'Mitochondria': [878], 'double-membrane-bound': [880], 'subcellular': [881], 'compartments': [882, 1408], 'function': [884, 1247, 1852], 'ATP': [890, 1081], 'production,': [891], 'phospholipid': [892, 2158, 2341, 2363, 2417], 'biosynthesis/transport,': [893], 'calcium': [894], 'signaling,': [895, 3863], 'iron': [897], 'homeostasis': [898], '(Raffaello': [899], 'et': [900, 928, 936, 969, 996, 1016, 1064, 1148, 1229, 1263, 1288, 1292, 1299, 1303, 1307, 1472, 1476, 1500, 1508, 1788, 1792, 1816, 1832, 1861, 1865, 1869, 1914, 1948, 2034, 2052, 2074, 2104, 2165, 2247, 2267, 2271, 2289, 2293, 2297, 2322, 2356, 2396, 2400, 2404, 2461, 2514, 2518, 2601, 2605, 2609, 2614, 2618, 2622, 2626, 2630, 2634, 2644, 2660, 2693, 2711, 2740, 2775, 2779, 2783, 2816, 2866, 2882, 2886, 2899, 2903, 2931, 2935, 2963, 2982, 3008, 3031, 3063, 3084, 3116, 3138, 3169, 3181, 3248, 3272, 3290, 3334, 3351, 3365, 3384, 3388, 3392, 3414, 3439, 3492, 3496, 3525, 3543, 3576, 3607, 3634, 3676, 3710, 3740, 3772, 3799, 3818, 3886, 3933, 3954, 3958], 'al,': [901, 929, 937, 970, 997, 1017, 1065, 1149, 1230, 1264, 1289, 1293, 1300, 1304, 1308, 1473, 1477, 1501, 1509, 1789, 1793, 1817, 1833, 1862, 1866, 1870, 1915, 1949, 2035, 2053, 2075, 2105, 2166, 2248, 2268, 2272, 2290, 2294, 2298, 2323, 2357, 2397, 2401, 2405, 2462, 2515, 2519, 2602, 2606, 2610, 2615, 2619, 2623, 2627, 2631, 2635, 2645, 2661, 2694, 2712, 2741, 2776, 2780, 2784, 2817, 2867, 2883, 2887, 2900, 2904, 2932, 2936, 2964, 2983, 3009, 3032, 3064, 3085, 3117, 3139, 3170, 3182, 3249, 3273, 3291, 3335, 3352, 3366, 3385, 3389, 3393, 3415, 3440, 3493, 3497, 3526, 3544, 3577, 3608, 3635, 3677, 3711, 3741, 3773, 3800, 3819, 3887, 3934, 3955, 3959], '2016;': [902], 'Tamura': [903], 'Endo,': [905], '2017;': [906, 930], 'Spinelli': [907], 'Haigis,': [909], '2018).': [910, 938, 1018, 1231, 1950, 2273, 2324], 'These': [911, 1980, 2077, 2407, 2535], 'organelles': [912, 1210, 1227, 2163, 2915], 'act': [913, 1877, 3214], 'platforms': [915], 'events': [918], 'apoptosis,': [920], 'innate': [921], 'immune': [922], 'response,': [923], 'differentiation': [926], '(Mehta': [927], 'Kalkavan': [931], 'Green,': [933], '2018;': [934], 'Lisowski': [935], 'Since': [939], 'generate': [941, 1385], 'reactive': [942], 'oxygen': [943, 2929, 3134], 'species': [944], '(ROS)': [945], 'electron': [948], 'transport': [949], 'chain,': [950], 'they': [951], 'constantly': [953], 'challenged': [954], 'oxidative': [956, 2384, 3071, 3090], 'stress': [957, 2385, 2444, 2756], 'ultimately': [959], 'may': [960, 2117], 'lead': [961], 'their': [963], 'structural': [964], 'functional': [966, 2653, 3673], 'failure': [967], '(Wong': [968], '2017).': [971, 1150, 1188, 2249, 2695, 3416, 3441, 3869, 3888, 3960], 'Therefore,': [972], 'cells': [973, 1109, 1297, 1327, 1489, 1920, 2100, 2415, 2512, 2680, 3124, 3660, 3717, 3884], 'need': [974], 'sophisticated': [975], 'systems': [976], 'maintaining': [978, 1059], 'fitness.': [980], 'control': [983, 1014, 1062], 'relies': [984], 'pathways:': [987], 'ROS': [988, 3068], 'scavenging,': [989], 'DNA': [990, 1172], 'repair,': [991], 'refolding/degradation': [994], '(Scheibye-Knudsen': [995], '2015).': [998, 1133, 1162, 2358, 2406, 3250, 3678, 3712, 3742, 3774], 'In': [999, 1074, 1151, 1310, 1481, 1919, 2138, 2428, 2647, 2665, 2714, 2987, 3251, 3743], 'addition': [1000], 'these': [1002, 1108, 2161, 2948, 3142], 'processes,': [1003], 'fission': [1007, 1030], 'play': [1008], 'key': [1009, 1278, 1755], 'roles': [1010], '(Eisner': [1015], 'While': [1019], 'promotes': [1021, 2890, 2972, 2997, 3028, 3073, 3226, 3765, 3875], 'content': [1022], 'mixing': [1023], 'between': [1024, 1102, 2160, 2947, 3515], 'healthy': [1025], 'partially': [1027, 2209], 'dysfunctional': [1028], 'mitochondria,': [1029, 1429, 2911, 3557], 'separates': [1031], 'damaged': [1032, 1350, 2994, 3287], 'components': [1034, 1203], 'pool.': [1038], 'autophagic': [1040, 3058], 'system': [1041, 1221], 'targets': [1042], 'impaired': [1043], 'delivers': [1046, 2928], 'them': [1047], 'lysosomes': [1049, 1212, 1415], 'degradation.': [1051], 'This': [1052], 'catabolic': [1053], 'process,': [1054], 'called': [1055, 3851], 'contributes': [1057, 3277], '(Pickles': [1063], '2018)': [1066, 1916], 'types.': [1073], 'tissues': [1075], 'consuming': [1076], 'large': [1078], 'amount': [1079], 'brain,': [1084], 'skeletal': [1085], 'muscle,': [1086], 'heart,': [1087], 'liver,': [1088], 'kidney,': [1090], 'highly': [1093, 2490], 'developed': [1094], 'order': [1096], 'maintain': [1098, 1243], 'proper': [1100], 'balance': [1101], 'energy': [1103], 'demand': [1104], 'supply.': [1106], 'When': [1107], 'shifted': [1111], 'normoxia': [1113, 3470], 'hypoxia,': [1115, 2717, 3502], 'decrease': [1120, 2064], 'quantity,': [1122], 'thereby': [1123, 3434], 'adapting': [1124], 'cellular': [1125, 1813, 2028, 2383, 2443, 3857], 'metabolism': [1126], 'anaerobic': [1128], '(Wu': [1130, 3575, 3606, 3633], 'Chen,': [1132], 'Thus,': [1134], 'biogenesis': [1136], 'degradation': [1138, 1197, 1284, 1367, 1946, 2812, 2892, 3431, 3754, 3876], 'two': [1140, 2162, 2260, 2949, 3016, 3687], 'opposing': [1141], 'determine': [1144], '(Ploumi': [1147], 'addition,': [1152, 2648, 3252, 3744], 'almost': [1155, 1561], 'completely': [1156, 1562], 'eliminated': [1157], 'during': [1158, 1182, 2353, 2895, 3399, 3455], 'erythrocyte': [1159], 'maturation': [1160, 2897], '(Ney,': [1161], 'Furthermore,': [1163], 'accumulating': [1164], 'evidence': [1165, 1749], 'reveals': [1166], 'maternal': [1168], 'inheritance': [1169], '(mtDNA)': [1173], 'depends': [1174], 'clearance': [1177, 1224, 2333, 2957], 'sperm-derived': [1179], 'paternal': [1180], 'embryogenesis': [1184], '(Sato': [1185], 'Sato,': [1187], 'Although': [1189], 'generally': [1192], 'recognized': [1193], 'bulk': [1196, 1605, 3176], 'process': [1198], 'non-selectively': [1200], 'transports': [1201], 'cytoplasmic': [1202], 'nucleic': [1206], 'acids,': [1207], 'proteins,': [1208, 2950], '(Nakatogawa,': [1213], '2020),': [1214], 'it': [1215, 2758, 3729], 'acts': [1217, 1546, 2327, 2360, 3600, 3668], 'mediate': [1223, 1282, 2577], 'particular': [1226], '(Gatica': [1228], 'one': [1234], 'organelle-specific': [1237], 'serves': [1241], 'structure': [1245, 2153], '(Okamoto,': [1248], '2014)': [1249, 3498], '(Fig': [1250, 1479, 1760, 1917, 2055, 2588, 2663, 2833, 2869, 2985, 3034, 3337, 3499, 3690, 3802, 3910, 3936], '1).': [1251], 'term': [1253], '"mitophagy"': [1254], 'was': [1255], 'first': [1256], 'coined': [1257], '2005': [1259], '(Lemasters,': [1260], '2005;': [1261, 2291, 2933, 2937], 'Priault': [1262], '2005),': [1265], 'within': [1267], 'few': [1269], 'years,': [1270], 'major': [1271, 2569, 3997], 'breakthroughs': [1272], 'led': [1273], 'discovery': [1276], 'selectively': [1281], '(Okamoto': [1287, 1471], '2009;': [1290, 1474, 2398, 2402], 'Kanki': [1291, 1475, 1503, 1868], '2009b)': [1294], 'mammalian': [1296, 1326, 1700, 2546, 2652, 2679, 3647, 3671], '(Schweers': [1298, 2898], '2007;': [1301, 1502, 2624, 2628, 2901], 'Narendra': [1302], '2008;': [1305, 1506, 2295, 2632], 'Sandoval': [1306, 2629, 2902], '2008).': [1309, 2713, 2785, 2905], 'review,': [1312], 'will': [1314, 1433, 2670], 'describe': [1315], 'underlying': [1319], 'yeast,': [1322, 2139], 'worms,': [1323], 'Drosophila,': [1324], 'cover': [1329], 'pathophysiological': [1333], 'functions.': [1334], 'Figure': [1335, 1614], '1.': [1336], 'Overview': [1337], '(1)': [1340], 'Intra-': [1341], 'extracellular': [1343], 'cues': [1344], 'promote': [1345, 1555, 2331, 2527, 2542, 3112, 3241, 3540], 'isolation': [1346, 1387, 2564], 'excess': [1348], 'fragmentation': [1353], 'tubular': [1355], 'networks.': [1356], '(2)': [1357], 'receptors': [1359, 1627, 1702, 2531, 2536, 2572, 2677], 'ubiquitin–autophagy': [1361], 'adaptors': [1362], 'confer': [1364], 'selectivity': [1365], 'recruited': [1369], 'and/or': [1370, 2127], 'activated': [1371, 3830], '(3)': [1377], 'Core': [1378], 'autophagy-related': [1379, 1602, 2314], 'membrane/phagophore': [1388], '(4)': [1391], 'Targeted': [1392], 'enclosed': [1395], 'sequestrated': [1397], 'autophagosomes.': [1399], '(5)': [1400], 'Autophagosomes': [1401], 'transported': [1403], 'fused': [1405], 'lytic': [1407], 'vacuoles': [1411], 'mammals.': [1417, 1631], '(6)': [1418], 'Lysosomal': [1419], 'vacuolar': [1421], 'acidic': [1422], 'hydrolases': [1423], 'flow': [1424], 'into': [1425, 2284, 2370, 2771], 'degrade': [1428, 1593], 'contents': [1432], 'be': [1434, 1586, 2004, 2118, 3150, 3833], 'recycled.': [1435], 'Download': [1436, 1438, 1742, 1744], 'figure': [1437, 1743], 'PowerPoint': [1439, 1745], 'Receptor-mediated': [1440, 1616, 2424], 'Regulation': [1444, 2132], 'Atg32': [1448, 1514, 1560, 1588, 1696, 1772, 1822, 1828, 1837, 1884, 1908, 1923, 1999, 2039, 2351, 2392, 2658, 3444, 3638, 3672, 3719], 'budding': [1452], 'Saccharomyces': [1454], 'cerevisiae': [1455], 'mostly': [1457, 4028], 'mediated': [1458, 1800, 3722], 'Atg32,': [1460, 1990, 3662, 3759], 'single-pass': [1462, 3683], 'transmembrane': [1463, 1639, 2729], '(OMM)': [1470], '2009)': [1478], '2A).': [1480, 2589, 2664, 2986, 3338, 3691, 3911], 'unicellular': [1483], 'eukaryote,': [1484], 'when': [1488], 'grown': [1491], 'stationary': [1493], 'phase': [1494, 1931], 'upon': [1496, 1765], 'nitrogen': [1497, 2071], 'starvation': [1498, 2072, 2200], '(Tal': [1499], 'Klionsky,': [1505], '2009).': [1510, 2167], 'Under': [1511, 2199, 3087, 3469, 3610], 'conditions,': [1513, 2201, 2309, 3471, 3612], 'expression': [1515, 2951, 3396, 3552], 'at': [1518, 1927, 2043, 2146, 2173, 2829, 2852, 3411, 3562, 3789, 3907], 'transcriptional': [1520], 'level': [1521], 'accumulates': [1523], 'OMM,': [1526, 3264], 'forming': [1527], 'Atg8': [1531, 1539, 2212, 2547, 3737, 3768, 3919], 'Atg11': [1533, 1545, 1887], 'localized': [1541, 2172, 2343], 'autophagosomes,': [1543], 'scaffold': [1549], 'other': [1551, 1599, 1841, 2091, 2311, 2639, 2821, 2913, 3918], 'Atg': [1552], 'autophagosome': [1556], 'formation.': [1557], 'Loss': [1558, 2057, 2300], 'abolishes': [1563], 'while': [1565, 2310, 3477, 3703], 'overexpression': [1567, 3422, 3699], 'increases': [1568, 3125], 'activity,': [1570], 'suggesting': [1571, 1872, 2215, 3596], 'molecule': [1574], 'rate-limiting': [1577], 'regulating': [1580], 'number': [1582, 1675], 'degraded.': [1587], 'specifically': [1590], 'dispensable': [1597], 'types': [1600, 2312, 2570], 'cytoplasm-to-vacuole': [1608], 'targeting': [1609, 3227, 3555, 3589], 'pathway,': [1610], 'ER-phagy,': [1611], 'pexophagy.': [1613], '2.': [1615], '(A)': [1618], 'Schematic': [1619], 'representation': [1620], 'structures': [1624], 'AIM/LIR,': [1632], 'Atg8-family': [1633], 'protein-interacting': [1634], 'motif/LC3-interacting': [1635], '(pink);': [1637], 'TM,': [1638], '(light': [1641], 'blue);': [1642], 'BH1-4,': [1643], 'Bcl-2': [1644], '1-4': [1646], '(green': [1648], 'green);': [1651], 'PPlase,': [1652], 'peptidyl-prolyl': [1653], 'cis-trans': [1654], 'isomerase': [1655], '(orange);': [1657], 'TPR,': [1658], 'tetratricopeptide': [1659], '(purple);': [1662], 'CaM,': [1663], 'calmodulin-binding': [1664], '(dark': [1666], 'red).': [1667], 'size': [1670], 'indicated': [1672], 'amino': [1677, 2877], 'acids.': [1678], '(B-D)': [1679], 'Models': [1680], 'activation': [1684, 3167], 'recruitment': [1687, 3055, 3078], 'surface.': [1691], '(B),': [1697], 'BNIP3,': [1703, 3038], 'BCL2L13,': [1704], 'FKBP8': [1705, 3835, 3872, 3889, 3912, 3939, 3981], '(C),': [1706], 'FUNDC1,': [1707, 3433], 'NIX': [1709, 2698, 2871, 2961, 2966, 2990, 3108, 3213, 3218, 3275, 3298], '(D)': [1710], 'bind': [1711, 3158], 'ATG8': [1713], 'then': [1717], 'machinery': [1721, 3059, 3727], 'Phosphorylation': [1724, 2849, 3011], 'dephosphorylation': [1726, 1906, 3454, 3627], 'serve': [1727], 'regulatory': [1729, 1880], 'activity': [1734, 3931], 'receptors.': [1737], 'For': [1738], 'details,': [1739], 'see': [1740], 'text.': [1741], 'Several': [1746, 3206], 'lines': [1747], 'phosphorylation': [1752, 1875, 1994, 3046, 3452, 3483, 3508, 3561, 3776], 'event': [1756], 'Atg32-mediated': [1758, 2121, 2250], '2B).': [1761, 1918, 2056], 'During': [1762, 2906], 'respiration': [1763, 1769, 2354], 'shift': [1767], 'starvation,': [1771], 'phosphorylated': [1774, 1925, 3474], 'manner': [1777, 2050, 3001, 3404], 'dependent': [1778, 3002], 'Atg11-interacting': [1781, 1846], 'motif': [1782, 1847, 2828, 2859, 2970, 3006, 3324, 3343, 3750, 3795, 3899], 'Ser114': [1784], 'Ser119': [1786], '(Aoki': [1787, 1860], '2011;': [1790, 1863], 'Kondo-Okamoto': [1791, 1864], '2012).': [1794, 2646, 2742, 2818, 2965, 3353, 3527], 'Importantly,': [1795], 'post-translational': [1797], 'modification': [1798], 'CK2,': [1802, 3476], 'evolutionarily': [1804], 'variety': [1811], '(Kanki': [1815, 1831], '2013).': [1818, 1834, 1979, 2076, 3086, 3118, 3140], 'interacts': [1820, 3254, 3806, 3914], 'directly': [1826, 3983], 'phosphorylates': [1827], 'vitro': [1830], 'Mutagenesis': [1835], 'Ser114,': [1838], 'Ser119,': [1839], 'residues': [1843, 3019, 3458], 'impairment': [1849], 'destabilizes': [1853], 'Atg32-Atg11': [1854, 1941, 2066], 'interactions': [1855, 1942, 2067, 2864, 3026, 3346, 3490, 3538, 3624, 3785], 'strongly': [1857], 'suppresses': [1858], '2012;': [1867, 2516, 3494], '2013),': [1871], 'CK2-dependent': [1874], 'could': [1876], 'step': [1881], 'activate': [1883, 2485], 'recruiting': [1886], 'recent': [1891], 'study': [1892], 'has': [1893, 2000, 2240, 2825, 3153], 'demonstrated': [1894], '2A': [1899], '(PP2A)-like': [1900], 'Ppg1': [1902], 'critical': [1904, 1970, 3927], 'negatively': [1910, 2388, 3174, 3487], '(Furukawa': [1913, 1947], 'lacking': [1921, 2101, 2960, 3661, 3718], 'Ppg1,': [1922], 'even': [1926], 'respiratory': [1929, 2308, 2475], 'log': [1930], '(stage': [1932], 'prior': [1933], 'induction),': [1936], 'likely': [1937, 3721], 'resulting': [1938, 3265], 'increased': [1940], 'accelerate': [1944], 'Ppg1-dependent': [1951], 'suppression': [1953, 2349], 'requires': [1955, 3730], 'partners': [1958], 'Far': [1959], 'have': [1962, 2573, 3208, 3640], 'previously': [1963], 'been': [1964, 2001, 2242, 2574, 3155, 3644], 'suggested': [1965, 2575], 'pheromone-induced': [1972], 'cycle': [1974], 'arrest': [1975], '(Pracheil': [1976], 'Liu,': [1978], 'findings': [1981, 2078, 2408, 3650], 'raise': [1982, 2409], 'possibility': [1984, 2113, 2411, 3665], 'Ppg1-Far': [1987], 'dephosphorylates': [1989, 3533], 'competing': [1991], 'against': [1992], 'CK2-mediated': [1993], 'under': [1995, 2070, 2128, 2307, 2581, 2707, 3822], 'non-inducing': [1997], 'conditions.': [1998, 2131], 'known': [2002, 2597, 3374, 3841], 'proteolytically': [2005, 2041], 'cleaved': [2006], 'Yme1,': [2008], 'catalytic': [2010, 3426], 'subunit': [2011], 'metalloprotease': [2013], 'inner': [2016], '(IMM)': [2019], 'belongs': [2021], 'ATPases': [2024], 'activities': [2029], '(AAA)': [2030], '(Leonhard': [2033], '1996).': [2036], 'Upon': [2037, 3501], 'processed': [2042], 'C-terminal': [2045, 2728, 2765, 3049], 'portion': [2046], 'Yme1-dependent': [2049, 2115], '(Wang': [2051, 2073], '2013)': [2054, 2868], 'Yme1': [2059, 2102], 'leads': [2060, 2188, 2347], 'strong': [2063], 'support': [2079], 'idea': [2081, 2803], 'Yme1-mediated': [2083], 'proteolysis': [2084], 'required': [2086, 2701], 'efficient': [2088, 2703, 2811, 3054], 'However,': [2090, 3821], 'studies': [2092, 3207, 3974], 'suggest': [2093], 'minor': [2094], 'no': [2096], 'deficiencies': [2098], '(Welter': [2103], '2013;': [2106, 3390, 3956], 'Gaspard': [2107], 'McMaster,': [2109], '2015),': [2110], 'raising': [2111, 3663], 'processing': [2116], 'relevant': [2119], 'some': [2124, 2129], 'strains': [2126], 'ER': [2136, 2143, 2178, 2265, 2286, 3949], 'factors': [2137, 2261], 'connected': [2145], 'contact': [2147, 2223], 'sites': [2148, 2224], 'ER–mitochondria': [2151, 2222], 'encounter': [2152], '(ERMES)': [2154], 'facilitates': [2157, 3258], 'transfer': [2159], '(Kornmann': [2164], 'ERMES': [2169, 2187, 2203, 2232], 'discrete': [2174], 'foci': [2175, 2207], 'where': [2176], 'closely': [2182], 'positioned,': [2183], 'loss': [2185, 2337, 3129, 4054], 'severe': [2190], 'defects': [2191, 2304], 'starvation-induced': [2193], '(Bockler': [2195, 2225], 'Westermann,': [2197, 2227], '2014).': [2198, 2228, 2299, 2520, 3394, 3545], 'component': [2204, 2233], 'Mmm1': [2205], 'forms': [2206, 2759, 3104], 'co-localize': [2210], 'dot-like': [2213], 'structures,': [2214], 'Ubiquitylation': [2229], 'Mdm12/34': [2234], 'Rsp5': [2239], 'linked': [2243], '(Belgareh-Touze': [2246], 'regulated': [2254, 3044, 3358, 3450], 'Get1/2': [2256, 2275, 2302, 2326], 'Opi3,': [2259, 2339], '(Sakakibara': [2266, 2355], '2015;': [2269], 'insertion': [2280], 'tail-anchored': [2282], '(Schuldiner': [2288], 'Schuldiner': [2292], 'Wang': [2296], 'causes': [2303, 2375, 3706], 'slightly': [2317], 'hardly': [2319], 'affected': [2320], '(Onishi': [2321], 'How': [2325], 'trans': [2329], 'remains': [2334, 3148, 3302, 3831], 'unclear.': [2335], 'Surprisingly,': [2336], 'methyltransferase': [2342], 'ER,': [2346], 'induction': [2352, 2390, 3190, 3349], 'Opi3': [2359, 2374], 'biosynthesis': [2364], 'pathway': [2365], 'conversion': [2367], 'PC.': [2371], 'Depletion': [2372], 'aberrant': [2376], 'elevation': [2377], 'glutathione': [2379], 'levels': [2380, 2495, 3356], 'reduces': [2382, 3796], 'thus': [2387], 'affects': [2389], '(Deffieu': [2395], 'Sakakibara': [2403], 'respiring': [2413], 'coordinate': [2416], 'methylation': [2418], 'through': [2421, 2553], 'unknown': [2422, 3951], 'mechanisms.': [2423], 'mammals': [2427, 2587], 'mammals,': [2429], 'mechanistically': [2432], 'than': [2435], 'different': [2442, 3856], 'signals': [2445], 'developmental': [2447], 'changes.': [2448], 'Disruption': [2449], 'potential': [2453], 'potent': [2456], 'trigger': [2457, 2523], '(Elmore': [2460], '2001).': [2463], 'CCCP,': [2464], 'proton-selective': [2466], 'ionophore,': [2467], 'antimycin': [2469, 2502], '(an': [2471], 'inhibitor': [2472], 'III)': [2477], 'commonly': [2479], 'impair': [2482], 'Because': [2487], 'toxic': [2491], 'induces': [2493, 3550, 3700], 'non-physiological': [2494], 'damage': [2498], 'especially': [2499], 'neurons,': [2501], 'often': [2505], 'induce': [2508, 3657], 'neuronal': [2511, 4053], '(Cai': [2513], 'Ashrafi': [2517], 'Both': [2521], 'reagents': [2522], 'depolarization': [2525, 3549], 'accumulation': [2528, 3259, 3283], 'OMM.': [2534], 'integral': [2538, 3308, 3892], 'members': [2549], '(LC3A/B/C,': [2550], 'GABARAP,': [2551, 2977], 'GABARAP-L1/2)': [2552], 'regions': [2557], '(LIRs)': [2558], 'regulate': [2560, 3488], 'membranes': [2565], 'enclosing': [2566], 'Two': [2568], 'One': [2590], 'group': [2591, 2640], 'includes': [2592, 2641], '(also': [2596, 3840], 'NIX)': [2599], '(Boyd': [2600], '1994;': [2603], 'Matsushima': [2604], '1998;': [2607, 2884], 'Chen': [2608, 2885, 3495], '1999;': [2611], 'Vande': [2612], 'Velde': [2613], '2000;': [2616, 2781], 'Regula': [2617], '2002;': [2620], 'Kubli': [2621, 2782], 'Schweers': [2625], 'Hanna': [2633], '2012),': [2636], '(Liu': [2643, 3333, 3350, 3491, 3524], 'counterpart': [2654, 3674], '(Murakawa': [2659, 3675, 3709, 3739, 3771, 3798, 3817], '2015)': [2662, 3801], 'following': [2667, 2755], 'part,': [2668], 'namely': [2689], 'FKBP': [2690, 3852], '(Bhujabal': [2692, 3885, 3932], 'hypoxic': [2708], '(Zhang': [2710, 2962, 3271], 'response': [2715], 'upregulated': [2720], 'anchored': [2722], 'OMM': [2725, 2773, 3309, 3893], '(TM)': [2730], 'exposing': [2732], 'N-terminal': [2734, 2831, 3327], 'cytosol': [2738], '(Hanna': [2739, 2815], 'usually': [2745], 'expressed': [2746], 'inactive': [2749], 'monomer': [2750], 'cytosol,': [2753], 'but': [2754, 2791, 3649, 4023], 'signals,': [2757], 'stable': [2761], 'homodimer': [2762], 'TM': [2766, 3331, 3905], 'integrated': [2770], '(Chen': [2774, 3364, 3413, 3438, 3542], '1997;': [2777], 'Ray': [2778], 'mutations,': [2787], 'which': [2788, 3042, 3162, 3223, 3823], 'disrupt': [2789, 3344], 'homodimerization': [2790, 2805], 'do': [2792], 'not': [2793, 3643], 'affect': [2794], 'localization,': [2796], 'cause': [2797], 'defect,': [2800], 'supporting': [2801, 3760], 'Similar': [2819, 3036, 3442], '2A)': [2834], 'mutations': [2836, 3745], 'block': [2840], 'interaction': [2842, 3514, 3572], 'LC3,': [2844, 3518], 'defects.': [2848], 'Ser17': [2853, 3563], 'Ser24': [2855], 'near': [2856, 3020, 3325, 3465, 3791, 3900], 'BNIP3-LC3': [2863], '(Zhu': [2865], '2C).': [2870, 3803, 3937], 'shows': [2872], '(53–56%': [2876], 'acid': [2878], 'sequence': [2879, 2945], 'identity)': [2880], '(Matsushima': [2881], '1999)': [2888], 'reticulocyte': [2896], 'nucleus,': [2910], 'eliminated,': [2917], 'so': [2918, 3641], 'erythrocytes': [2920], 'can': [2921, 2954, 3656, 3940, 4024], 'keep': [2922], 'maximum': [2923], 'space': [2924], 'hemoglobin': [2926], '(Koury': [2930], 'Yoshida': [2934], 'Fader': [2938], 'Colombo,': [2940], '2006).': [2941], 'With': [2942], 'similarity': [2946], 'restore': [2955], 'reticulocytes': [2959], 'contains': [2967, 3320], 'LC3A,': [2975], 'LC3B,': [2976], 'GABARAP-L1,': [2978], 'GABARAP-L2': [2980], '(Novak': [2981, 3007], '2010)': [2984], 'CCCP-treated': [2988], 'cells,': [2989, 3447, 3648], 'recruits': [2991], 'GABARAP-L1': [2992], '2010).': [3010], 'Ser34': [3013], 'Ser35,': [3015], 'tandem': [3017], 'serine': [3018], 'motif,': [3023], 'stabilizes': [3024], 'NIX-LC3': [3025], '(Rogov': [3030], '2017)': [3033, 3935], '2D).': [3035, 3500], 'dimerization': [3039], 'NIX,': [3041], 'region,': [3050], '(Marinkovic': [3062], '2020).': [3065], 'Accumulation': [3066], '(triggered': [3069], 'phosphorylation)': [3072], 'NIX-mediated': [3074], 'LC3': [3080, 3110, 3574], '(Melser': [3083, 3115, 3137], 'phosphorylation,': [3091], 'Rheb,': [3092, 3161], 'small': [3094], 'GTPase': [3095], 'superfamily,': [3099], 'translocates': [3100], 'mitophagosome': [3113, 3522], 'Expression': [3119, 3579], 'HeLa': [3123, 3883], 'respiration,': [3127], 'decreases': [3132], 'consumption': [3135], 'capacity': [3136], 'Whether': [3141], 'phenotypes': [3143, 4035], 'depend': [3144], 'Rheb-induced': [3146], 'addressed.': [3151], 'shown': [3156], 'inhibit': [3160], 'crucial': [3164], '(Li': [3168], '2007).': [3171], 'As': [3172], '(Bartolome': [3180], '2017),': [3183, 3367, 3972], 'BNIP3-dependent': [3184], 'inhibition': [3186], 'might': [3187], 'facilitate': [3188], 'take': [3192], 'part': [3193, 3360], 'positive': [3196], 'feedback': [3197], 'loop': [3198], 'amplify': [3200], 'initiation': [3202, 3813], 'signal': [3203], 'reported': [3209], 'PINK1/Parkin-mediated': [3216], 'ubiquitylated': [3220], 'Parkin,': [3222], 'turn': [3225], 'adaptor': [3232], 'binds': [3235, 3619, 3844], 'both': [3236], 'LC3/GABARAP': [3239], '(Gao': [3247], 'Parkin': [3267, 3285, 3991], 'translocation': [3268], '2016a).': [3274], 'CCCP-induced': [3279], 'depolarization,': [3281], '(Ding': [3289], '2010b).': [3292], 'Pathophysiological': [3293], 'relevance': [3294], "Parkinson's": [3300, 3992], 'disease': [3301, 3993, 3999, 4034], 'unknown.': [3303], 'hypoxia-induced': [3317, 3436], 'It': [3319], 'typical': [3322], 'three': [3330], 'domains': [3332], '2012)': [3336], 'Mutations': [3339], 'FUNDC1-LC3': [3345, 3489, 3537], 'OMM-anchored': [3362, 3682], 'ubiquitylate': [3376], 'several': [3377], 'acting': [3379], 'dynamics': [3382], '(Yonashiro': [3383], '2006;': [3386], 'Sugiura': [3387], 'Park': [3391], 'decreased': [3398, 3507], 'hypoxia': [3400], 'ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent': [3403], 'due': [3405, 3964, 4029], 'MARCH5-mediated': [3407], 'ubiquitylation': [3408, 3429], 'Lys119': [3412], 'Knockdown': [3417], 'endogenous': [3419, 3980], 'MARCH5': [3420, 3425], 'mutant': [3427], 'impairs': [3428], 'enhancing': [3435], 'Ser13': [3459, 3472, 3534, 3630], 'Tyr18': [3461, 3485], 'located': [3464], 'motif.': [3468], 'mediates': [3482], 'becomes': [3504], 'inactivated,': [3505], 'causing': [3506], 'Tyr18,': [3510], 'stabilization': [3511, 3569], 'promotion': [3520], 'enhances': [3536], 'Hypoxia': [3546], '(near': [3564], 'motif)': [3567], '2014b).': [3578, 3609], 'variant': [3583], 'defective': [3584], 'inhibits': [3588, 3622], 'normoxic': [3611], 'BCL2L1/Bcl-xL,': [3613], 'antiapoptotic': [3615], 'BH3': [3616], 'molecule,': [3618], 'PGAM5-FUNDC1': [3623], 'prevent': [3626], '2014a).': [3636], 'homologs': [3639], 'far': [3642], 'identified': [3645], 'motifs': [3689], 'morphology': [3696], 'fragmentation,': [3702], 'silencing': [3705], 'elongation': [3708], 'BCL2L13-dependent': [3713, 3752], 'conventional': [3725], 'Atg7,': [3731], 'core': [3733], 'essential': [3735], 'lipidation': [3738], 'second': [3748, 3793], 'reduce': [3751], 'absence': [3757], 'notion': [3762], 'seems': [3778], 'contribute': [3780], 'regulation': [3782], 'BCL2L13-LC3': [3784], 'mutation': [3788], 'Ser272': [3790], 'localize': [3810], '2019).': [3820], 'elucidated.': [3834], 'immunosuppressant': [3837], 'drug': [3838], 'FK506': [3839], 'tacrolimus)': [3843], 'transcription,': [3860], 'folding/trafficking,': [3862], 'apoptosis': [3865], '(Bonner': [3866, 3969], 'Boulianne,': [3868, 3971], 'Co-overexpression': [3870], 'LC3A': [3874, 3916], 'depolarized': [3878], 'CCCP-treated,': [3881], 'Parkin-depleted': [3882], 'canonical': [3897], 'N-terminus': [3902], 'C-terminus': [3909], 'preferentially': [3913], 'over': [3917], 'vivo,': [3923], 'Moreover,': [3938], 'escape': [3941], 'degradation-prone': [3943], 'localizes': [3946], '(Saita': [3953], 'Bhujabal': [3957], 'Given': [3961], 'complexity': [3963], 'versatile': [3967], 'needed': [3976], 'clarify': [3978], 'whether': [3979], 'involved': [3984], 'Ubiquitin-mediated': [3987], '(PD)': [3994], 'neurodegenerative': [3998], 'characterized': [4000], 'death': [4003], 'dopaminergic': [4005, 4052], 'neurons': [4006], '(Lotharius': [4007], 'Brundin,': [4009], '2002).': [4010], 'PD': [4011, 4038], 'occurs': [4012], 'sporadically': [4013], '1–2%': [4015], 'people': [4017], 'above': [4018], '65': [4019], 'years': [4020], 'age': [4022], 'arise': [4026], 'earlier': [4027], 'genetic': [4031], 'mutations.': [4032], 'Common': [4033], 'observed': [4036], 'patients': [4039], 'motor': [4041], 'symptoms': [4042, 4059], '(tremor,': [4043], 'bradykinesia,': [4044], 'rigidity,': [4045], 'postural': [4047], 'instability)': [4048], 'result': [4050], 'substantia': [4056], 'nigra.': [4057], 'Non-motor': [4058], 'autono': [4062]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121008513', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 292}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 255}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 202}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 60}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-28T16:10:19.611617', 'created_date': '2021-01-18'}
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