Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2346690107', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116', 'title': 'The FLUKA Code: An Accurate Simulation Tool for Particle Therapy', 'display_name': 'The FLUKA Code: An Accurate Simulation Tool for Particle Therapy', 'publication_year': 2016, 'publication_date': '2016-05-11', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2346690107', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116', 'mag': '2346690107', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242956', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4863153'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011742598', 'display_name': 'G. Battistoni', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1724'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136779', 'display_name': 'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04w4m6z96', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I160013858', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136779', 'https://openalex.org/I93860229']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Giuseppe Battistoni', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136779']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5062486109', 'display_name': 'J. Bauer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-3757'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802164966', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Heidelberg', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013czdx64', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802164966']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Julia Bauer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Uniklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Uniklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802164966']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109925261', 'display_name': 'Till Boehlen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210153677', 'display_name': 'MedAustron', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/056nqp360', 'country_code': 'AT', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210153677']}], 'countries': ['AT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Till T. Boehlen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210153677']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5010251560', 'display_name': 'F. Cerutti', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-6223'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Francesco Cerutti', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083993883', 'display_name': 'Mary Chin', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mary P. W. Chin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079406245', 'display_name': 'Ricardo Augusto', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-2532'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8204097', 'display_name': 'Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05591te55', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8204097']}], 'countries': ['CH', 'DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ricardo Dos Santos Augusto', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8204097']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102881999', 'display_name': 'A. Ferrari', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0127-1114'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alfredo Ferrari', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5054457106', 'display_name': 'Pablo G. Ortega', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-2706'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Pablo G. Ortega', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079771153', 'display_name': 'Wioletta Kozłowska', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-1910'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I76134821', 'display_name': 'Medical University of Vienna', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05n3x4p02', 'country_code': 'AT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I76134821']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['AT', 'CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Wioletta Kozłowska', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I76134821']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067582136', 'display_name': 'Giuseppe Magro', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-8642'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210101051', 'display_name': 'National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/016fa9e26', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101051']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Giuseppe Magro', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101051']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5105788696', 'display_name': 'Andrea Mairani', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210101051', 'display_name': 'National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/016fa9e26', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101051']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andrea Mairani', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy', 'Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101051']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000377815', 'display_name': 'Katia Parodi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-6690'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8204097', 'display_name': 'Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05591te55', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8204097']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Katia Parodi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany', 'Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8204097']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003615928', 'display_name': 'P. Sala', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5564'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136779', 'display_name': 'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04w4m6z96', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I160013858', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136779', 'https://openalex.org/I93860229']}], 'countries': ['CH', 'IT'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Paola R. Sala', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136779']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045697053', 'display_name': 'P. Schoofs', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-292X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Philippe Schoofs', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5039168411', 'display_name': 'Thomas Tessonnier', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-4299'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802164966', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Heidelberg', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013czdx64', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802164966']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Thomas Tessonnier', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Uniklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Uniklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802164966']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5112017595', 'display_name': 'V. Vlachoudis', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'display_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ggx4157', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Vasilis Vlachoudis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CERN, Geneva, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 4, 'institutions_distinct_count': 7, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5003615928'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136779'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 14.352, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 221, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.917078, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '6', 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11216', 'display_name': 'Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10358', 'display_name': 'Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/dicom', 'display_name': 'DICOM', 'score': 0.69591755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/interface', 'display_name': 'Interface (matter)', 'score': 0.49277642}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-therapy', 'display_name': 'Particle Therapy', 'score': 0.43589872}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77331912', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81095', 'display_name': 'DICOM', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.69591755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779244869', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667', 'display_name': 'Proton therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.66942537}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.55288607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C113843644', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882', 'display_name': 'Interface (matter)', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.49277642}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19499675', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207', 'display_name': 'Monte Carlo method', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48510373}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.48175454}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54516573', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294', 'display_name': 'Proton', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45813823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778418280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38276304', 'display_name': 'Particle therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43589872}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C509974204', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507', 'display_name': 'Radiation therapy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4167802}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116915560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504', 'display_name': 'Nuclear engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40387082}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19527891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908', 'display_name': 'Medical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39580357}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.29590523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168834538', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329', 'display_name': 'Beam (structure)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.21500012}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16382143}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09865776}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.09142342}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.07947117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C157915830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001', 'display_name': 'Bubble', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129307140', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880', 'display_name': 'Maximum bubble pressure method', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C173608175', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661', 'display_name': 'Parallel computing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 6, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4863153', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4863153?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://cds.cern.ch/record/2150047', 'pdf_url': 'http://cds.cern.ch/record/2150047/files/fonc-06-00116.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400735', 'display_name': 'International Linear Collider', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-37849-9', 'pdf_url': 'https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37849/1/10.3389_fonc.2016.00116.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401845', 'display_name': "Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen)", 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I8204097', 'host_organization_name': 'Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8204097'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863153', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242956', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.85, 'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 120, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W112633697', 'https://openalex.org/W1529490909', 'https://openalex.org/W1608527739', 'https://openalex.org/W1630131443', 'https://openalex.org/W169719193', 'https://openalex.org/W171666365', 'https://openalex.org/W179635626', 'https://openalex.org/W1823727300', 'https://openalex.org/W1914053366', 'https://openalex.org/W1923698600', 'https://openalex.org/W1931168700', 'https://openalex.org/W1965384701', 'https://openalex.org/W1966689897', 'https://openalex.org/W1967106952', 'https://openalex.org/W1968250305', 'https://openalex.org/W1969078823', 'https://openalex.org/W1969217285', 'https://openalex.org/W1971517933', 'https://openalex.org/W1972114195', 'https://openalex.org/W1972922322', 'https://openalex.org/W1974385181', 'https://openalex.org/W1976358058', 'https://openalex.org/W1978742501', 'https://openalex.org/W1981282303', 'https://openalex.org/W1984666539', 'https://openalex.org/W1988051172', 'https://openalex.org/W1989416600', 'https://openalex.org/W1992997522', 'https://openalex.org/W1993388231', 'https://openalex.org/W1994931039', 'https://openalex.org/W1995817893', 'https://openalex.org/W1999048657', 'https://openalex.org/W2001927789', 'https://openalex.org/W2005946522', 'https://openalex.org/W2009092622', 'https://openalex.org/W2010860164', 'https://openalex.org/W2013406493', 'https://openalex.org/W2017366193', 'https://openalex.org/W2021252526', 'https://openalex.org/W2022558200', 'https://openalex.org/W2023253089', 'https://openalex.org/W2023639138', 'https://openalex.org/W2029677082', 'https://openalex.org/W2033840245', 'https://openalex.org/W2033854594', 'https://openalex.org/W2035517331', 'https://openalex.org/W2041437933', 'https://openalex.org/W2041596966', 'https://openalex.org/W2041617225', 'https://openalex.org/W2043166944', 'https://openalex.org/W2044287367', 'https://openalex.org/W2044551810', 'https://openalex.org/W2045415729', 'https://openalex.org/W2045855833', 'https://openalex.org/W2054936929', 'https://openalex.org/W2057326035', 'https://openalex.org/W2057746874', 'https://openalex.org/W2058598384', 'https://openalex.org/W2058660501', 'https://openalex.org/W2061757011', 'https://openalex.org/W2063713461', 'https://openalex.org/W2066217039', 'https://openalex.org/W2066875417', 'https://openalex.org/W2068225423', 'https://openalex.org/W2074918014', 'https://openalex.org/W2075462259', 'https://openalex.org/W2077172984', 'https://openalex.org/W2077631060', 'https://openalex.org/W2080187965', 'https://openalex.org/W2082188389', 'https://openalex.org/W2083168358', 'https://openalex.org/W2084904372', 'https://openalex.org/W2085188303', 'https://openalex.org/W2085873825', 'https://openalex.org/W2087313925', 'https://openalex.org/W2089663227', 'https://openalex.org/W2091141229', 'https://openalex.org/W2099273738', 'https://openalex.org/W2101433325', 'https://openalex.org/W2103630323', 'https://openalex.org/W2105751688', 'https://openalex.org/W2113810601', 'https://openalex.org/W2115554748', 'https://openalex.org/W2115595802', 'https://openalex.org/W2130035935', 'https://openalex.org/W2133175443', 'https://openalex.org/W2133594110', 'https://openalex.org/W2133808237', 'https://openalex.org/W2135669278', 'https://openalex.org/W2136104334', 'https://openalex.org/W2141849155', 'https://openalex.org/W2142811624', 'https://openalex.org/W2143720587', 'https://openalex.org/W2144241398', 'https://openalex.org/W2146292423', 'https://openalex.org/W2151210458', 'https://openalex.org/W2152851935', 'https://openalex.org/W2153962442', 'https://openalex.org/W2156057224', 'https://openalex.org/W2160463229', 'https://openalex.org/W2161481032', 'https://openalex.org/W2166679673', 'https://openalex.org/W2176020333', 'https://openalex.org/W2272213531', 'https://openalex.org/W2316834292', 'https://openalex.org/W2318257640', 'https://openalex.org/W2319537941', 'https://openalex.org/W2326128229', 'https://openalex.org/W2419200223', 'https://openalex.org/W2624447404', 'https://openalex.org/W2896913159', 'https://openalex.org/W2990073566', 'https://openalex.org/W3022255685', 'https://openalex.org/W3097364771', 'https://openalex.org/W3121676023', 'https://openalex.org/W3151553486', 'https://openalex.org/W3157678997', 'https://openalex.org/W4206054569', 'https://openalex.org/W4238093188', 'https://openalex.org/W4247652288'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4288083030', 'https://openalex.org/W3025724153', 'https://openalex.org/W3011224823', 'https://openalex.org/W2901288344', 'https://openalex.org/W2486532545', 'https://openalex.org/W2122763738', 'https://openalex.org/W2091740230', 'https://openalex.org/W2056629225', 'https://openalex.org/W2029285485', 'https://openalex.org/W1999189079'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'onte': [0], 'Carlo': [1], '(MC)': [2], 'codes': [3], 'are': [4, 72], 'increasingly': [5], 'spreading': [6], 'in': [7, 65, 86, 112, 121, 138, 198, 222, 239, 268], 'the': [8, 45, 100, 104, 117, 122, 132, 139, 168, 194, 203, 211, 244, 278], 'hadrontherapy': [9, 32], 'community': [10], 'due': [11], 'to': [12, 31, 127, 167, 192], 'their': [13], 'detailed': [14], 'description': [15, 130, 155], 'of': [16, 25, 40, 44, 78, 83, 89, 103, 116, 131, 156, 161, 171, 196, 213, 232, 258, 270], 'radiation': [17, 47, 81, 134], 'transport': [18], 'and': [19, 35, 108, 149, 160, 164, 187, 225, 255, 273], 'interaction': [20], 'with': [21, 145, 175, 185, 210, 248], 'matter.': [22], 'The': [23, 228], 'suitability': [24], 'a': [26, 223], 'MC': [27, 106], 'code': [28, 107], 'for': [29, 53], 'application': [30, 195], 'demands': [33], 'accurate': [34, 76], 'reliable': [36], 'physical': [37, 58], 'models': [38, 120], 'capable': [39, 231], 'handling': [41], 'all': [42], 'components': [43], 'expected': [46], 'field.': [48, 114], 'This': [49, 96], 'becomes': [50], 'extremely': [51], 'important': [52], 'correctly': [54], 'performing': [55], 'not': [56], 'only': [57], 'but': [59], 'also': [60, 234], 'biologically-based': [61], 'dose': [62, 272, 275], 'calculations,': [63], 'especially': [64], 'cases': [66, 263], 'where': [67], 'ions': [68], 'heavier': [69], 'than': [70], 'protons': [71], 'involved.': [73], 'In': [74, 190], 'addition,': [75], 'prediction': [77], 'emerging': [79], 'secondary': [80], 'is': [82, 230, 246], 'utmost': [84], 'importance': [85], 'innovative': [87], 'areas': [88], 'research': [90], 'aiming': [91], 'at': [92, 178], 'in-vivo': [93], 'treatment': [94, 236], 'verification.': [95], 'contribution': [97], 'will': [98, 264], 'address': [99], 'recent': [101], 'developments': [102], 'FLUKA': [105, 118, 197, 204], 'its': [109], 'practical': [110], 'applications': [111], 'this': [113], 'Refinements': [115], 'nuclear': [119], 'therapeutic': [123], 'energy': [124, 158], 'interval': [125], 'lead': [126, 166], 'an': [128, 249], 'improved': [129], 'mixed': [133], 'field': [135], 'as': [136], 'shown': [137], 'presented': [140, 266], 'benchmarks': [141], 'against': [142], 'experimental': [143], 'data': [144, 237], 'both': [146, 184, 267], '4': [147], 'He': [148], '12': [150], 'C': [151], 'ion': [152, 188], 'beams.': [153, 189], 'Accurate': [154], 'ionization': [157], 'losses': [159], 'particle': [162], 'scattering': [163], 'interactions': [165], 'excellent': [169], 'agreement': [170], 'calculated': [172], 'depth-dose': [173], 'profiles': [174], 'those': [176], 'measured': [177], 'leading': [179], 'European': [180], 'hadron': [181], 'therapy': [182], 'centers,': [183], 'proton': [186], 'order': [191], 'support': [193], 'hospital': [199], 'based': [200], 'environments,': [201], 'Flair,': [202], 'graphical': [205], 'interface,': [206], 'has': [207], 'been': [208], 'enhanced': [209], 'capability': [212], 'translating': [214], 'CT': [215], 'DICOM': [216, 240], 'images': [217], 'into': [218], 'voxel-based': [219], 'computational': [220], 'phantoms': [221], 'fast': [224], 'well-structured': [226], 'way.': [227], 'interface': [229, 245], 'importing': [233], 'radiotherapy': [235], 'described': [238], 'RT': [241], 'standard.In': [242], 'addition': [243], 'equipped': [247], 'intuitive': [250], 'PET': [251], 'scanner': [252], 'geometry': [253], 'generator': [254], 'automatic': [256], 'recording': [257], 'coincidence': [259], 'events.': [260], 'Clinically': [261], 'similar': [262], 'be': [265], 'terms': [269], 'absorbed': [271], 'biological': [274], 'calculations': [276], 'describing': [277], 'various': [279], 'available': [280], 'features.': [281]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2346690107', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 45}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 20}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T23:57:45.941897', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}