Combinatorial Signals of Activin/Nodal and Bone Morphogenic Protein Regulate the Early Lineage Segregation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Zhao Wu; Wei Zhang; Guibin Chen; Lü Cheng; Jing Liao; Nannan Jia; Yuan Gao; Huiming Dai; Jinduo Yuan; Linzhao Cheng; Lei Xiao
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1964405000', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803893200', 'title': 'Combinatorial Signals of Activin/Nodal and Bone Morphogenic Protein Regulate the Early Lineage Segregation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells', 'display_name': 'Combinatorial Signals of Activin/Nodal and Bone Morphogenic Protein Regulate the Early Lineage Segregation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-07-03', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1964405000', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803893200', 'mag': '1964405000', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18596037', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2529127'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803893200', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.jbc.org/article/S0021925819492430/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S140251998', 'display_name': 'Journal of Biological Chemistry', 'issn_l': '0021-9258', 'issn': ['0021-9258', '1067-8816', '1083-351X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'http://www.jbc.org/article/S0021925819492430/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043156985', 'display_name': 'Zhao Wu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8885-8620'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Zhao Wu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100441562', 'display_name': 'Wei Zhang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-1245'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28006308', 'display_name': 'Shandong Normal University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01wy3h363', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28006308']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Wei Zhang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China', 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28006308']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5104474195', 'display_name': 'Guibin Chen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3169-3252'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799853436', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037zgn354', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799853436']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I145311948', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00za53h95', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Guibin Chen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2799853436', 'https://openalex.org/I145311948']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103675248', 'display_name': 'Lü Cheng', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lu Cheng', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026216464', 'display_name': 'Jing Liao', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6613-2696'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jing Liao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018601181', 'display_name': 'Nannan Jia', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nannan Jia', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100722719', 'display_name': 'Yuan Gao', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0507-6499'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Yuan Gao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018400220', 'display_name': 'Huiming Dai', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Huiming Dai', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101198852', 'display_name': 'Jinduo Yuan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28006308', 'display_name': 'Shandong Normal University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01wy3h363', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28006308']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jinduo Yuan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28006308']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090661712', 'display_name': 'Linzhao Cheng', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7052-0296'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799853436', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037zgn354', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799853436']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I145311948', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00za53h95', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Linzhao Cheng', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2799853436', 'https://openalex.org/I145311948']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100723974', 'display_name': 'Lei Xiao', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-8280'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'display_name': 'Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011rf9d86', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210106477']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'display_name': 'Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02rrdvm96', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lei Xiao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210106477', 'https://openalex.org/I4210121447', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 6, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2500, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2500, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 2500, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2500, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 4.204, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 96, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.870982, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '283', 'issue': '36', 'first_page': '24991', 'last_page': '25002'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10505', 'display_name': 'Pluripotent Stem Cells Research', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10505', 'display_name': 'Pluripotent Stem Cells Research', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12140', 'display_name': 'Renal and related cancers', 'score': 0.9954, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12264', 'display_name': 'Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine', 'score': 0.9913, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nodal-signaling', 'display_name': 'Nodal signaling', 'score': 0.9232297}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/trophoblast', 'display_name': 'Trophoblast', 'score': 0.6946501}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-fate-determination', 'display_name': 'Cell fate determination', 'score': 0.5342319}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205583638', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7046607', 'display_name': 'Nodal signaling', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.9232297}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C83330619', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21124872', 'display_name': 'NODAL', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8724053}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145103041', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151519', 'display_name': 'Embryonic stem cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.79142714}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.76939106}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38643226', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677604', 'display_name': 'Activin type 2 receptors', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.70371294}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777495146', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889778', 'display_name': 'Trophoblast', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6946501}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6475675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C163952510', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058196', 'display_name': 'Cell fate determination', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5342319}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28328180', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196', 'display_name': 'Stem cell', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49560463}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148738053', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210861', 'display_name': 'Cellular differentiation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4821629}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31507581', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425383', 'display_name': 'Bone morphogenetic protein', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44282144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C196843134', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196', 'display_name': 'Embryo', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.37158215}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87073359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196', 'display_name': 'Embryogenesis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.26419964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118131993', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423671', 'display_name': 'Transforming growth factor', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2555775}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105702510', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514', 'display_name': 'Anatomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21553001}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111001777', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3562192', 'display_name': 'TGF beta signaling pathway', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.21441418}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16912362}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776953305', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1212935', 'display_name': 'Placenta', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.09093812}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C172680121', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513', 'display_name': 'Fetus', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.08648166}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86339819', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384', 'display_name': 'Transcription factor', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.06861472}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779234561', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995', 'display_name': 'Pregnancy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.039472938}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129536746', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141026', 'display_name': 'Gastrulation', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D028341', 'descriptor_name': 'Activins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D019485', 'descriptor_name': 'Bone Morphogenetic Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D039904', 'descriptor_name': 'Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016212', 'descriptor_name': 'Transforming Growth Factor beta', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D028341', 'descriptor_name': 'Activins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055415', 'descriptor_name': 'Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D019485', 'descriptor_name': 'Bone Morphogenetic Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D047108', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Development', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D047108', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Development', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055457', 'descriptor_name': 'Nodal Protein', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D039904', 'descriptor_name': 'Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D039904', 'descriptor_name': 'Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016212', 'descriptor_name': 'Transforming Growth Factor beta', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014327', 'descriptor_name': 'Trophoblasts', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014327', 'descriptor_name': 'Trophoblasts', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014327', 'descriptor_name': 'Trophoblasts', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803893200', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.jbc.org/article/S0021925819492430/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S140251998', 'display_name': 'Journal of Biological Chemistry', 'issn_l': '0021-9258', 'issn': ['0021-9258', '1067-8816', '1083-351X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2529127', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2529127?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2529127', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18596037', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803893200', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.jbc.org/article/S0021925819492430/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S140251998', 'display_name': 'Journal of Biological Chemistry', 'issn_l': '0021-9258', 'issn': ['0021-9258', '1067-8816', '1083-351X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.51, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 45, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1599568627', 'https://openalex.org/W1970508192', 'https://openalex.org/W1978146894', 'https://openalex.org/W1988865085', 'https://openalex.org/W1992160731', 'https://openalex.org/W1992949513', 'https://openalex.org/W1994144105', 'https://openalex.org/W1994758141', 'https://openalex.org/W1995635973', 'https://openalex.org/W1999492066', 'https://openalex.org/W2015301717', 'https://openalex.org/W2017177010', 'https://openalex.org/W2018855387', 'https://openalex.org/W2019223731', 'https://openalex.org/W2021941798', 'https://openalex.org/W2030613990', 'https://openalex.org/W2032521501', 'https://openalex.org/W2033284482', 'https://openalex.org/W2054361177', 'https://openalex.org/W2056089399', 'https://openalex.org/W2057581247', 'https://openalex.org/W2060299616', 'https://openalex.org/W2062573705', 'https://openalex.org/W2069693786', 'https://openalex.org/W2080113062', 'https://openalex.org/W2082019843', 'https://openalex.org/W2086943348', 'https://openalex.org/W2089426706', 'https://openalex.org/W2095022753', 'https://openalex.org/W2101556559', 'https://openalex.org/W2105361655', 'https://openalex.org/W2105683352', 'https://openalex.org/W2106115330', 'https://openalex.org/W2110301828', 'https://openalex.org/W2117814548', 'https://openalex.org/W2132069716', 'https://openalex.org/W2139373056', 'https://openalex.org/W2142001424', 'https://openalex.org/W2142482111', 'https://openalex.org/W2156363980', 'https://openalex.org/W2160266371', 'https://openalex.org/W2161949020', 'https://openalex.org/W2162614738', 'https://openalex.org/W2163102268', 'https://openalex.org/W2172111284'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4280490059', 'https://openalex.org/W3152238782', 'https://openalex.org/W2163369533', 'https://openalex.org/W2145953112', 'https://openalex.org/W2135854261', 'https://openalex.org/W2135017859', 'https://openalex.org/W2103256978', 'https://openalex.org/W2065546801', 'https://openalex.org/W1994758141', 'https://openalex.org/W1964405000'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Cell': [0, 160, 895, 3412, 3811, 4655, 5457, 5674, 5700, 5860, 5912], 'fate': [1, 33, 161, 193, 2160, 5058], 'commitment': [2, 162, 2642, 3091], 'of': [3, 22, 35, 66, 71, 83, 90, 111, 120, 126, 148, 156, 163, 182, 195, 226, 231, 243, 250, 271, 280, 286, 308, 316, 325, 342, 364, 382, 397, 418, 422, 493, 513, 545, 571, 579, 595, 598, 607, 656, 683, 689, 719, 783, 1037, 1140, 1147, 1168, 1170, 1173, 1189, 1197, 1212, 1250, 1289, 1359, 1379, 1386, 1417, 1421, 1582, 1589, 1591, 1620, 1699, 1792, 1800, 1809, 1818, 1851, 2000, 2055, 2066, 2087, 2154, 2161, 2170, 2230, 2263, 2294, 2306, 2312, 2380, 2391, 2429, 2435, 2456, 2470, 2480, 2534, 2552, 2557, 2560, 2599, 2601, 2615, 2632, 2648, 2655, 2680, 2697, 2709, 2742, 2751, 2768, 2779, 2788, 2843, 2911, 2927, 3000, 3008, 3014, 3039, 3066, 3089, 3121, 3152, 3221, 3235, 3240, 3259, 3304, 3360, 3372, 3429, 3527, 3560, 3579, 3597, 3664, 3686, 3751, 3858, 3878, 3942, 3987, 4000, 4014, 4052, 4056, 4068, 4092, 4103, 4110, 4151, 4178, 4221, 4229, 4244, 4250, 4265, 4276, 4323, 4331, 4369, 4372, 4390, 4398, 4405, 4412, 4428, 4458, 4492, 4506, 4510, 4589, 4693, 4745, 4804, 4809, 4819, 4824, 4830, 4860, 4868, 4984, 4991, 5008, 5021, 5025, 5046, 5060, 5103, 5108, 5122, 5135, 5186, 5323, 5605, 5877, 5882, 5976, 6029, 6036, 6068, 6119, 6160], 'pre-implantation': [4, 164, 321], 'blastocysts,': [5, 165], 'to': [6, 63, 97, 166, 223, 257, 372, 483, 491, 506, 576, 666, 1158, 1277, 1317, 1320, 1375, 1692, 1743, 1797, 1804, 1866, 1874, 2035, 2079, 2164, 2254, 2476, 2646, 2978, 3029, 3084, 3135, 3160, 3248, 3442, 3544, 3680, 3747, 4037, 4049, 4140, 4170, 4257, 4328, 4486, 4545, 4554, 4783, 4807, 4822, 4925, 5193, 5268, 5317, 5374, 5602, 5723, 5987, 6015, 6105, 6125], 'either': [7, 167, 1290], 'the': [8, 15, 23, 28, 72, 81, 88, 107, 118, 124, 144, 153, 168, 175, 183, 188, 232, 241, 248, 267, 278, 284, 304, 313, 329, 335, 338, 343, 348, 365, 368, 373, 378, 383, 386, 403, 474, 488, 494, 498, 518, 546, 549, 568, 577, 583, 611, 681, 684, 715, 720, 781, 1132, 1145, 1159, 1280, 1287, 1377, 1392, 1427, 1438, 1568, 1580, 1587, 1617, 1693, 1696, 1744, 1752, 1798, 1856, 2004, 2020, 2085, 2152, 2158, 2166, 2191, 2208, 2251, 2255, 2261, 2292, 2389, 2426, 2468, 2498, 2550, 2602, 2653, 2701, 2717, 2749, 2909, 3022, 3037, 3086, 3257, 3268, 3271, 3282, 3300, 3332, 3358, 3370, 3439, 3507, 3512, 3558, 3598, 3637, 3653, 3684, 3749, 3856, 3876, 3909, 3915, 3985, 3998, 4010, 4050, 4083, 4101, 4111, 4168, 4176, 4203, 4236, 4248, 4260, 4270, 4321, 4329, 4335, 4341, 4345, 4370, 4403, 4420, 4444, 4465, 4479, 4532, 4536, 4540, 4556, 4666, 4691, 4694, 4697, 4707, 4710, 4718, 4733, 4741, 4790, 4798, 4802, 4817, 4884, 4897, 4928, 4989, 5006, 5026, 5057, 5183, 5204, 5209, 5212, 5222, 5227, 5234, 5243, 5321, 5600, 5606, 5713, 5719, 5883, 5948, 6008, 6072, 6086, 6101, 6127, 6161], 'inner': [9, 73, 169, 233, 331, 356, 550, 716, 3333, 4541, 4698, 4719], 'cell': [10, 19, 74, 170, 179, 234, 327, 332, 357, 551, 693, 717, 1043, 3285, 3334, 3538, 4522, 4542, 4699, 4720, 4794, 5717, 5880, 5894, 5990], 'mass': [11, 171, 333, 358, 552, 718, 3335, 4700], 'or': [12, 172, 337, 1274, 1687, 2013, 2225, 2235, 2643, 2688, 2712, 2987, 3514, 3588, 4157], 'trophoblast,': [13, 173, 336], 'is': [14, 129, 138, 150, 174, 289, 298, 310, 347, 388, 504, 553, 661, 1176, 1284, 1364, 1373, 1389, 1400, 2258, 2377, 2451, 2774, 2839, 3270, 3355, 3366, 3530, 4071, 4224, 4255, 4267, 4315, 4325, 4348, 4361, 4408, 4442, 4454, 4463, 4476, 4670, 4680, 4701, 4781, 4863, 4934, 4957, 4966, 5179, 5197, 5211, 5313, 5325, 5998], 'first': [16, 176, 349, 415, 4521, 4742], 'step': [17, 177], 'in': [18, 87, 178, 247, 352, 402, 409, 480, 487, 517, 592, 610, 785, 1144, 1451, 1565, 1631, 1674, 1695, 1777, 1812, 1821, 1950, 2003, 2010, 2069, 2072, 2084, 2157, 2177, 2187, 2223, 2421, 2459, 2537, 2635, 2678, 2714, 2791, 2834, 2846, 2915, 2918, 3025, 3074, 3095, 3124, 3232, 3293, 3301, 3306, 3346, 3357, 3369, 3431, 3535, 3548, 3563, 3575, 3652, 3655, 3683, 3833, 3908, 3976, 4022, 4046, 4085, 4146, 4210, 4356, 4363, 4383, 4419, 4525, 4559, 5041, 5062, 5071, 5188, 5274, 6017, 6021, 6042, 6051, 6061, 6085, 6115, 6122, 6132], 'lineage': [20, 146, 180, 306, 350, 1413, 2641, 3016, 4523, 4795, 5608, 6034, 6055, 6117], 'segregation': [21, 147, 181, 307, 351, 544, 4524, 4692, 4796, 6035, 6056, 6118], 'developing': [24, 184], 'human': [25, 51, 185, 211, 322, 658, 690, 721, 1038, 1040, 1046, 1448, 1573, 1661, 1704, 1708, 1711, 2089, 2171, 2769, 3279, 3283, 4526, 4708, 4746, 4799, 5069, 5109, 5201, 5236, 5335, 5349, 5368, 5961, 5989, 6038, 6053, 6087, 6120, 6133], 'embryo.': [26, 186, 489], 'However,': [27, 123, 187, 283, 2716, 4175], 'intercellular': [29, 189], 'signals': [30, 155, 190, 315, 509, 1442, 4558, 4716, 4730, 4849, 5051, 6028, 6111], 'that': [31, 59, 80, 106, 143, 191, 219, 240, 266, 303, 473, 510, 679, 1068, 1138, 1162, 1353, 1370, 1384, 1405, 1437, 2488, 2508, 2548, 2695, 2728, 2895, 2908, 2981, 3056, 3169, 3227, 3243, 3352, 3483, 3511, 3525, 3825, 3855, 3901, 3913, 3969, 4033, 4042, 4097, 4198, 4219, 4242, 4402, 4425, 4503, 4584, 4672, 4690, 4712, 4724, 4737, 4779, 4792, 4816, 4858, 4874, 4886, 4941, 4954, 4975, 5037, 5101, 5241, 5329, 5341, 5367, 5950, 5978, 5992, 6026, 6076], 'control': [32, 192, 597, 1837, 1862, 4793], 'determination': [34, 194, 5059], 'these': [36, 196, 2195, 2905, 4030, 4686, 4854], 'cells': [37, 43, 197, 203, 1665, 2007, 2091, 2197, 2210, 2222, 2500, 2575, 2590, 2778, 3440, 3447, 3485, 3520, 3565, 3600, 4084, 4182, 4385, 4446, 4467, 4481, 4711, 4723, 5112, 5356, 5372, 5604, 5874, 5966, 6041], 'remain': [38, 198], 'obscure.': [39, 199], 'Human': [40, 200, 5352, 5964], 'embryonic': [41, 53, 201, 213, 659, 691, 699, 1041, 1449, 1574, 2219, 3280, 3291, 3362, 4527, 4747, 5110, 5765, 6054], 'stem': [42, 202, 692, 700, 1042, 1575, 3363, 5111, 5716, 6040], '(hESCs)': [44, 204], 'provide': [45, 205, 507, 1030], 'a': [46, 206, 501, 1031, 1209, 1670, 1765, 1806, 1822, 2043, 2081, 2303, 2452, 2579, 2664, 2675, 2831, 2840, 2924, 2944, 2989, 3003, 3075, 3136, 3187, 3207, 3576, 3643, 3656, 3905, 4023, 4211, 4277, 4311, 4316, 4999, 5038, 5043, 5118, 5132, 5890, 5953, 5999, 6045, 6113, 6140], 'unique': [47, 207, 1032, 5954], 'model': [48, 208, 1033, 3274, 3286, 5214, 5957], 'for': [49, 132, 209, 292, 390, 555, 566, 1034, 1279, 1286, 1391, 1426, 1570, 1623, 1679, 1738, 1835, 1861, 1944, 1990, 2016, 2237, 2260, 2586, 2593, 3263, 3277, 3320, 4061, 4073, 4226, 4235, 4269, 4436, 4515, 4865, 4936, 4960, 5031, 5068, 5215, 5271, 5334, 5892, 5958, 5971, 6048, 6100, 6151, 6158], 'studying': [50, 210, 567, 1035, 3278, 5959, 5972], 'early': [52, 145, 212, 305, 495, 572, 657, 1411, 2167, 5205, 5219, 5350, 5960, 5988, 6037, 6052, 6096, 6116], 'development.': [54, 214, 4748, 5351, 6097], 'We': [55, 103, 215, 263, 1350, 1381, 2485, 2782, 2893, 2976, 4273, 4423, 4895, 4939, 5115, 6024, 6142], 'have': [56, 216, 602, 1065, 2211, 2731, 3823, 4581], 'previously': [57, 217, 1066, 1875, 4582, 5994], 'shown': [58, 218, 1067, 2078, 3083, 3679, 3746, 4583], 'Activin/Nodal': [60, 84, 121, 136, 157, 220, 244, 281, 296, 317, 1069, 1141, 1181, 1398, 1406, 1418, 1439, 2067, 2155, 2175, 2231, 2307, 2436, 2457, 2493, 2535, 2553, 2561, 2633, 2649, 2698, 2736, 2844, 2900, 2912, 2938, 3060, 3122, 3153, 3353, 3528, 3609, 3625, 3665, 3826, 3879, 3902, 3943, 4039, 4053, 4057, 4069, 4116, 4222, 4245, 4266, 4440, 4452, 4474, 4488, 4507, 4585, 4678, 4704, 4715, 4729, 4738, 4810, 4825, 4831, 4841, 4861, 4876, 4890, 4932, 4948, 4965, 4993, 5003, 5022, 5053, 5104, 5311, 6030, 6049, 6108], 'signaling': [61, 85, 128, 137, 221, 245, 288, 297, 482, 1070, 1142, 1252, 1372, 1388, 1399, 1409, 1423, 2075, 2156, 2176, 2232, 2494, 2536, 2554, 2562, 2610, 2699, 2737, 2845, 2913, 2939, 3061, 3123, 3154, 3354, 3529, 3610, 3626, 3676, 3743, 3827, 3832, 3903, 3911, 4040, 4070, 4117, 4223, 4246, 4308, 4347, 4392, 4430, 4441, 4453, 4460, 4475, 4512, 4586, 4679, 4739, 4811, 4832, 4842, 4862, 4956, 5015, 5105, 5312, 5721, 6050], 'contributes': [62, 222], 'maintaining': [64, 224], 'pluripotency': [65, 92, 225, 252, 1073, 1149, 2509, 3067, 3373, 3688, 3988, 4588, 5725], 'hESCs,': [67, 227, 2162, 3557, 4320, 4365], 'which': [68, 228, 376, 601, 1283, 1634, 2048, 2726, 2773, 2942, 3225, 3523, 4129, 4400, 5042, 5191, 5338, 5997, 6091], 'are': [69, 229, 563, 671, 1424, 1775, 2766, 3345, 4977, 5029, 5261, 5331, 5343, 5357, 5362, 5875, 5952, 6082], 'derivatives': [70, 230], 'mass.': [75, 235, 4543], 'Here': [76, 236], 'we': [77, 237, 1135, 1403, 2173, 2651, 2661, 2671, 2921, 3042, 3298, 3822, 3966, 4217, 4688, 4856, 5129], 'further': [78, 238, 1136, 1365, 2150, 2746, 3264, 3552, 3896, 4064, 4788, 5016], 'demonstrate': [79, 239, 1137, 1351, 2547, 6025], 'inhibition': [82, 119, 242, 279, 1139, 1358, 1416, 2551, 2647, 2696, 2910, 3057, 3120, 3151, 3526, 3877, 4051, 4067, 4113, 4220, 4243, 4264, 4505, 4808, 4823, 4829, 4859, 4990, 4994, 5004, 5020, 5102], 'results': [86, 246, 1143, 1368, 2192, 2526, 2546, 2914, 2992, 4031, 5239, 6019], 'loss': [89, 249, 413, 1146], 'hESC': [91, 251, 1072, 1148, 1412, 1453, 1455, 1561, 1632, 3269, 3499, 3516, 3546, 3635, 3687, 3916, 4074, 4077, 4280], 'and': [93, 115, 158, 253, 275, 318, 334, 367, 400, 426, 559, 676, 780, 1150, 1155, 1195, 1201, 1218, 1224, 1260, 1362, 1407, 1419, 1440, 1515, 1584, 1586, 1614, 1658, 1710, 1727, 1838, 1843, 1863, 1907, 1932, 1956, 1979, 1987, 2019, 2057, 2163, 2183, 2190, 2387, 2431, 2441, 2448, 2473, 2503, 2507, 2515, 2523, 2549, 2565, 2582, 2607, 2612, 2620, 2761, 2764, 2848, 2935, 3011, 3047, 3071, 3092, 3132, 3141, 3158, 3175, 3179, 3185, 3197, 3205, 3251, 3256, 3336, 3444, 3570, 3593, 3617, 3644, 3648, 3658, 3669, 3741, 3830, 3868, 3883, 3892, 3918, 3993, 3997, 4005, 4017, 4041, 4090, 4106, 4126, 4143, 4173, 4180, 4208, 4344, 4381, 4508, 4547, 4838, 4979, 4995, 5010, 5023, 5054, 5064, 5140, 5142, 5226, 5253, 5348, 5353, 5369, 5712, 5955, 5974, 5982, 6031, 6080, 6109, 6124, 6148, 6154], 'trophoblast': [94, 99, 108, 133, 254, 259, 268, 293, 369, 374, 387, 475, 502, 547, 599, 1151, 1393, 1428, 1445, 2718, 2743, 2753, 2789, 2836, 2916, 3009, 3040, 3090, 3176, 3219, 3233, 3253, 3265, 3337, 3554, 4044, 4075, 4227, 4271, 4351, 4373, 4406, 4437, 4450, 4472, 4493, 4516, 4537, 4695, 4785, 4834, 4844, 4866, 4893, 4937, 4942, 4961, 4982, 5032, 5136, 5175, 5187, 5272, 5336, 5607, 5893, 6135], 'differentiation,': [95, 255, 2837, 3041, 3636, 5337], 'similar': [96, 256, 2994, 5249], 'BMP4-induced': [98, 258, 3936, 4043], 'differentiation': [100, 134, 260, 294, 1429, 2491, 2556, 2644, 2666, 2708, 2744, 2790, 2917, 2999, 3163, 3220, 3234, 3547, 3555, 4045, 4078, 4228, 4438, 4494, 4517, 4743, 4835, 4845, 4867, 4943, 5185, 5895, 6136], 'from': [101, 261, 548, 605, 714, 1395, 1430, 1466, 1472, 1715, 1722, 2032, 2194, 2207, 3556, 4239, 4518, 4539, 4696, 4847, 5233], 'hESCs.': [102, 262, 1431, 2178, 2715, 2919, 3236, 4230, 4519, 4869], 'also': [104, 264, 476, 1163, 1382, 2486, 2783, 2922, 3182, 3967, 4122, 4872, 4986, 5066, 5130], 'show': [105, 265], 'induction': [109, 269, 2654, 4983], 'effect': [110, 270, 4114, 4818], 'BMP4': [112, 272, 1207, 1313, 1354, 3534, 3884, 3979, 4034, 4089, 4133, 4160, 4166, 4251, 4261, 4780, 4820, 4848, 4879, 4887, 4929], 'correlates': [113, 273, 4048, 4821], 'with': [114, 274, 1063, 1567, 1914, 1953, 1996, 2012, 2051, 2061, 2248, 2385, 2424, 2462, 2483, 2529, 2541, 2584, 2663, 3172, 3316, 3348, 3586, 3940, 4088, 4153, 4340, 4484, 4579, 6020, 6168], 'depends': [116, 276, 1356, 4309, 4987], 'on': [117, 277, 664, 1357, 1572, 1629, 3138, 3155, 3211, 4115, 4310, 4685, 4853, 4988], 'signaling.': [122, 282, 4054, 4705, 4826], 'activation': [125, 285, 1288, 1385, 1420, 3174, 4427, 4457, 4509, 4997, 5024], 'BMP': [127, 287, 1387, 1408, 1422, 1441, 2570, 2608, 3173, 3674, 4112, 4231, 4307, 4337, 4346, 4391, 4413, 4429, 4459, 4511, 4805, 4898, 4955, 4985, 4996, 5009, 5012, 5014, 5027, 5055, 6032, 6110], 'still': [130, 290, 4945, 4958], 'required': [131, 291, 1285, 1390, 1425, 4268, 4435, 4514, 4935, 4959, 5030], 'when': [135, 295, 1397, 2492, 2735, 2899, 2937, 3608, 3624, 3974, 4186, 4439, 4451, 4473, 4535, 4677, 4875, 4947, 4964, 5310], 'inhibited.': [139, 299, 1401, 2739, 2902], 'These': [140, 300, 2545, 3343, 3894, 5945], 'data': [141, 301, 1435, 2206, 2906, 3023, 4501, 4871, 4952], 'reveal': [142, 302], 'hESCs': [149, 309, 784, 1319, 1396, 1626, 1664, 2070, 2180, 2265, 2418, 2460, 2481, 2489, 2538, 2636, 2729, 2980, 3001, 3125, 3222, 3430, 3492, 3581, 3752, 3834, 3970, 4047, 4147, 4169, 4359, 4590, 4673, 4902, 5061, 5252, 5316, 5760, 5951, 5984, 6138, 6153], 'determined': [151, 311, 2487], 'by': [152, 312, 1256, 1263, 1367, 1462, 1520, 1579, 1616, 1672, 2244, 2382, 2667, 2748, 2776, 2947, 3051, 3150, 3613, 3629, 3875, 3946, 3984, 4081, 4132, 4263, 4354, 4367, 4396, 4410, 4431, 4461, 4703, 4889, 4931, 5052, 6066], 'combinatorial': [154, 314, 6027], 'BMP.': [159, 319, 1165], 'The': [320, 355, 653, 687, 1166, 1789, 1815, 1831, 1894, 1959, 2026, 2037, 2053, 2572, 2740, 2998, 3064, 3237, 3309, 3595, 3851, 4306, 4350, 4388, 4520, 4968, 5365, 6098], 'blastocyst': [323, 722, 4533, 4800], 'consists': [324], 'two': [326, 416, 2196, 5047], 'types:': [328], 'pluripotent': [330], 'outer': [339], 'epithelial': [340], 'layer': [341], 'blastocyst.': [344], 'Trophoblast': [345, 405, 2638, 3423, 3937, 4062, 4237], 'formation': [346], 'mammalian': [353, 573, 5217], 'embryos.': [354, 3308], 'forms': [359], 'all': [360, 1836, 5230, 5764, 5879, 6083], 'three': [361, 1787], 'germ': [362, 5766], 'layers': [363], 'body,': [366, 5884], 'gives': [370], 'rise': [371, 5986], 'lineages,': [375], 'form': [377, 3501, 4717, 4998, 5603], 'major': [379, 6000], 'fetal': [380], 'parts': [381], 'placenta.': [384, 2781], 'Therefore,': [385, 542, 1402, 3021, 4216, 4334, 4499], 'crucial': [389], 'embryo': [391, 398, 560, 5070, 6039, 6121, 6134], 'implantation,': [392], 'as': [393, 395, 522, 1182, 1184, 1206, 1828, 2302, 2512, 2531, 2539, 2756, 2931, 2984, 2988, 3002, 3019, 3982, 3991, 5259, 5593, 5595, 5768, 5770, 6005, 6007, 6139], 'well': [394, 1183, 4343, 5594, 5769, 6006], 'promotion': [396], 'survival': [399], 'growth': [401, 424, 705, 709, 1050, 1056], 'uterus.': [404], 'developmental': [406, 2159, 2168, 5597, 5962], 'disorders': [407], 'result': [408], '"missed': [410], 'abortions"': [411], '(pregnancy': [412], 'during': [414, 1447, 3218, 3634, 5203, 6095], 'months': [417], 'gestation),': [419], 'certain': [420], 'types': [421, 5881, 5991], 'intrauterine': [423], 'restriction,': [425], 'pre-eclampsia': [427], '(1Rossant': [428, 613, 4562], 'J.': [429, 527, 614, 728, 730, 732, 747, 760, 830, 894, 911, 993, 1479, 1531, 1533, 1535, 1550, 2271, 2323, 2329, 2333, 2873, 3110, 3411, 3694, 4291, 4563, 4654, 4910, 5456, 5472, 5528, 5574, 5659, 5673, 5685, 5775, 5845, 5859, 5897, 6146], 'Cross': [430, 615, 4564], 'J.C.': [431, 444, 458, 616, 629, 643, 4565], 'Nat.': [432, 617, 807, 972, 1020, 1340, 2280, 3472, 3731, 3789, 4566, 4768, 5509, 5646, 5832], 'Rev.': [433, 618, 4567, 5699, 5911], 'Genet.': [434, 532, 619, 4568], '2001;': [435, 534, 620, 881, 1022, 2282, 2885, 4569, 5688, 5703, 5900, 5915], '2:': [436, 621, 3734, 4301, 4570, 4920, 5512], '538-548Crossref': [437, 622, 4571], 'PubMed': [438, 463, 537, 623, 648, 752, 775, 812, 838, 859, 884, 901, 926, 951, 977, 1005, 1025, 1085, 1109, 1126, 1243, 1308, 1345, 1494, 1510, 1555, 1609, 1889, 2103, 2127, 2144, 2285, 2345, 2371, 2412, 2823, 2867, 2888, 2968, 3115, 3386, 3417, 3477, 3714, 3736, 3774, 3794, 3816, 3846, 3931, 3961, 4572, 4602, 4626, 4643, 4660, 4773, 5095, 5167, 5304, 5390, 5414, 5431, 5462, 5492, 5514, 5537, 5566, 5588, 5625, 5651, 5679, 5691, 5706, 5755, 5790, 5811, 5837, 5865, 5903, 5918, 5940], 'Scopus': [439, 464, 538, 624, 649, 753, 776, 813, 839, 860, 885, 902, 927, 952, 978, 1006, 1026, 1086, 1110, 1127, 1244, 1309, 1346, 1495, 1511, 1556, 1610, 1890, 2104, 2128, 2145, 2286, 2346, 2372, 2413, 2824, 2868, 2889, 2969, 3116, 3387, 3418, 3478, 3715, 3737, 3775, 3795, 3817, 3847, 3932, 3962, 4573, 4603, 4627, 4644, 4661, 4774, 5096, 5168, 5305, 5391, 5415, 5432, 5463, 5493, 5515, 5538, 5567, 5589, 5626, 5652, 5680, 5692, 5707, 5756, 5791, 5812, 5838, 5866, 5904, 5919, 5941], '(1016)': [440, 625, 4574], 'Google': [441, 466, 540, 626, 651, 755, 778, 815, 841, 862, 887, 904, 929, 954, 980, 1008, 1028, 1088, 1112, 1129, 1246, 1311, 1348, 1497, 1513, 1558, 1612, 1892, 2106, 2130, 2147, 2288, 2348, 2374, 2415, 2826, 2870, 2891, 2971, 3118, 3389, 3420, 3480, 3717, 3739, 3777, 3797, 3819, 3849, 3934, 3964, 4304, 4575, 4605, 4629, 4646, 4663, 4776, 4923, 5098, 5170, 5307, 5393, 5417, 5434, 5465, 5495, 5517, 5540, 5569, 5591, 5628, 5654, 5682, 5694, 5709, 5758, 5793, 5814, 5840, 5868, 5906, 5921, 5943], 'Scholar,': [442, 627, 756, 816, 842, 863, 888, 905, 930, 955, 981, 1009, 1089, 1113, 1498, 2107, 2131, 2349, 2871, 3390, 3718, 3778, 3798, 4606, 4630, 4647, 5394, 5418, 5435, 5466, 5496, 5518, 5541, 5570, 5629, 5655, 5683, 5695, 5794, 5815, 5841, 5907, 5922], '2Cross': [443, 628], 'Baczyk': [445, 630], 'D.': [446, 631, 742, 932, 1115, 1119, 1545, 2133, 2137, 3098, 3375, 3379, 3402, 4632, 4636, 5420, 5424, 5447, 5532, 5557, 5670, 5856, 6149], 'Dobric': [447, 632], 'N.': [448, 633, 745, 822, 915, 1095, 1548, 2113, 2853, 3780, 4612, 5400], 'Hemberger': [449, 634], 'M.': [450, 452, 635, 637, 820, 826, 848, 890, 907, 991, 1013, 2958, 3704, 4651, 5085, 5157, 5482, 5530, 5614, 5800], 'Hughes': [451, 636], 'Simmons': [453, 638], 'D.G.': [454, 639], 'Yamamoto': [455, 640], 'H.': [456, 641, 989, 1598, 2403, 2407, 3396, 3398, 3408, 3758, 5441, 5443, 5453], 'Kingdom': [457, 642], 'Placenta.': [459, 644], '2003;': [460, 645, 5580], '24:': [461, 646, 810, 836, 1083, 1508, 1887, 2101, 3844, 3929, 3959, 4600, 5388], '123-130Crossref': [462, 647], '(288)': [465, 650, 1087, 1512, 1891, 2105, 3848, 3933, 3963, 4604, 5392], 'Scholar).': [467, 541, 652, 1130, 1247, 1312, 1349, 1559, 1893, 2148, 2289, 2375, 2416, 2827, 2892, 3421, 3820, 3850, 3935, 4305, 4576, 4664, 5710, 5869, 5944], 'Moreover,': [468], 'it': [469, 2838, 4550, 4669, 5178, 6012], 'has': [470, 588, 1314, 2076, 3081, 3677, 3744, 4551, 5265, 6057], 'become': [471], 'clear': [472], 'plays': [477, 2830, 3904], 'key': [478, 2082, 2786, 2832, 3087, 3906, 4557, 5245, 6128], 'roles': [479], 'epiblast': [481, 5715], 'establish': [484, 6126], 'axial': [485], 'patterning': [486], 'Prior': [490], 'gastrulation': [492], 'post-implantation': [496, 5206], 'embryo,': [497], 'extraembryonic': [499, 5224], 'ectoderm,': [500], 'derivative,': [503], 'thought': [505], 'general': [508], 'promote': [511], 'expression': [512, 1790, 1816, 1833, 1859, 2241, 2427, 2469, 2679, 3013, 3050, 3065, 3128, 3133, 3147, 3199, 3239, 3857, 3885, 4013, 4102, 4249, 4371, 5007, 5250, 5322], 'posterior': [514], 'mesoderm-specific': [515], 'genes': [516], 'underlying': [519], 'epiblast,': [520], 'such': [521, 1205, 2511, 2755, 2930, 3018, 3990, 5258], 'Brachyury': [523], '(3Lu': [524], 'C.C.': [525, 738, 1101, 1541, 2119, 2875, 4618, 5406], 'Brennan': [526], 'Robertson': [528, 2882], 'E.J.': [529, 2883], 'Curr.': [530], 'Opin.': [531], 'Dev.': [533, 2963, 5090, 5162, 5701, 5913], '11:': [535], '384-392Crossref': [536], '(191)': [539], 'correct': [543], 'essential': [554, 4072, 4225, 4864, 5270, 5333], 'body': [556], 'plan': [557], 'establishment': [558], 'survival.': [561], 'Mice': [562], 'used': [564, 697, 1255, 1262, 2186, 4896], 'extensively': [565], 'molecular': [569], 'regulation': [570, 3371], 'development,': [574, 600, 3281], 'due': [575, 2645, 4327], 'advances': [578], 'genetic': [580, 596], 'manipulation.': [581], 'In': [582, 1131, 1432, 3505, 3632, 4193, 4318, 4665, 4706, 4827, 5073, 5870], 'past': [584], 'few': [585], 'years,': [586], 'there': [587, 670, 5342], 'been': [589, 1315, 2077, 2212, 3082, 3678, 3745, 4552, 5266, 6059], 'significant': [590, 672, 2676], 'progress': [591], 'our': [593, 1434, 3898, 4500], 'understanding': [594, 655], 'mainly': [603], 'stemmed': [604], 'analyses': [606, 4196], 'targeted': [608], 'mutations': [609], 'mouse': [612, 667, 685, 2835, 3307, 3312, 3361, 5210, 5254, 5347, 5354, 5370, 5714, 5872], 'current': [654], 'development': [660, 678, 1394, 1450, 3292, 4352, 4407, 4528, 4962, 5202, 5273, 5973], 'based': [662], 'largely': [663, 4020], 'comparisons': [665], 'development;': [668], 'however,': [669, 2991, 5128, 5309, 5360, 6002, 6044], 'differences': [673, 5345, 5946], 'between': [674, 1855, 5251, 5346, 5980], 'murine': [675, 2218], 'primate': [677], 'limit': [680], 'usefulness': [682], 'model.': [686, 6141], 'derivation': [688], '(hESC)': [694], '3The': [695], 'abbreviations': [696], 'are:hESChuman': [698], 'cellCMconditioned': [701], 'mediumhCGhuman': [702], 'chorionic': [703, 1047, 2770], 'gonadotropinTGFtransforming': [704], 'factorBMPbone': [706], 'morphogenic': [707, 1053], 'proteinFGFfibroblast': [708], 'factorELISAenzyme-linked': [710], 'immunosorbent': [711, 1059], 'assay.': [712, 1060], 'lines': [713, 2198], '(4Cowan': [723, 1526], 'C.A.': [724, 1527, 3100], 'Klimanskaya': [725, 1528], 'I.': [726, 1529, 5576], 'McMahon': [727, 739, 1530, 1542], 'Atienza': [729, 1532], 'Witmyer': [731, 1534], 'Zucker': [733, 1536], 'J.P.': [734, 1537], 'Wang': [735, 1538], 'S.': [736, 792, 824, 879, 921, 946, 1539, 2321, 2798, 3400, 5279, 5445, 5547, 5661, 5847, 5930, 6145], 'Morton': [737, 1540], 'A.P.': [740, 1543, 2796, 5277], 'Powers': [741, 1544], 'Melton': [743, 912, 1546, 6150], 'D.A.': [744, 913, 1547], 'Engl.': [746, 1549], 'Med.': [748, 1551, 3790], '2004;': [749, 856, 898, 997, 1235, 1300, 1552, 3791, 5622, 5676, 5808, 5862], '350:': [750, 1553], '1353-1356Crossref': [751, 1554], '(832)': [754, 1557], '5Thomson': [757], 'J.A.': [758, 852, 873, 971, 1019, 1339, 1477, 3471, 3730, 4767, 5508, 5618, 5645, 5773, 5804, 5831], 'Itskovitz-Eldor': [759, 829, 910, 1478, 5774], 'Shapiro': [761, 1480, 5776], 'S.S.': [762, 1481, 5777], 'Waknitz': [763, 1482, 5778], 'M.A.': [764, 800, 1483, 2810, 5291, 5779], 'Swiergiel': [765, 1484, 5780], 'J.J.': [766, 1485, 2806, 5287, 5781], 'Marshall': [767, 1486, 5782], 'V.S.': [768, 1487, 5783], 'Jones': [769, 1488, 5784], 'J.M.': [770, 1489, 5785], 'Science.': [771, 1490, 2408, 5786], '1998;': [772, 1491, 5787], '282:': [773, 1492, 5788], '1145-1147Crossref': [774, 1493, 5789], '(12479)': [777, 1496, 5792], 'Scholar),': [779, 1514, 1613, 3740, 3965, 5592, 5759], 'manipulation': [782], 'vitro': [786, 6018], "(6D'Amour": [787], 'K.A.': [788], 'Bang': [789], 'A.G.': [790, 5520, 5697, 5909], 'Eliazer': [791], 'Kelly': [793], 'O.G.': [794], 'Agulnick': [795], 'A.D.': [796, 1093, 2111, 2361, 4610, 5398], 'Smart': [797], 'N.G.': [798], 'Moorman': [799], 'Kroon': [801], 'E.': [802, 938, 2317, 3692, 5470, 5926], 'Carpenter': [803, 2278, 3707, 5485], 'M.K.': [804, 2279, 3708, 5486], 'Baetge': [805], 'E.E.': [806], 'Biotechnol.': [808, 973, 1021, 1341, 2281, 3473, 4769, 5647, 5833], '2006;': [809, 835, 1082, 1507, 1606, 1886, 2100, 3843, 3928, 3958, 4599, 5387], '1392-1401Crossref': [811], '(1546)': [814], '7Dolnikov': [817], 'K.': [818, 2273, 2399, 2405, 2812, 2851, 3106, 3392, 3410, 3702, 5293, 5437, 5455, 5480, 5924], 'Shilkrut': [819], 'Zeevi-Levin': [821], 'Gerecht-Nir': [823], 'Amit': [825], 'Danon': [827], 'A.': [828, 880, 922, 947, 1097, 1103, 1121, 2115, 2121, 2139, 2319, 2855, 3104, 3381, 3394, 3706, 3762, 4094, 4165, 4614, 4620, 4638, 5402, 5408, 5426, 5439, 5484, 5578, 5665, 5744, 5851], 'Binah': [831], 'O.': [832, 909, 1017], 'Stem': [833, 1080, 1104, 1505, 1884, 2098, 2122, 3709, 3769, 3841, 3926, 3956, 4298, 4597, 4621, 4917, 5385, 5409, 5487, 5686, 5898, 5935], 'Cells.': [834, 1081, 1105, 1506, 1885, 2099, 2123, 3710, 3770, 3842, 3927, 3957, 4598, 4622, 5386, 5410, 5488, 5687, 5899, 5936], '236-245Crossref': [837], '(159)': [840], '8Gerami-Naini': [843, 5795], 'B.': [844, 5610, 5663, 5735, 5796, 5849], 'Dovzhenko': [845, 5611, 5797], 'O.V.': [846, 5612, 5798], 'Durning': [847, 5613, 5799], 'Wegner': [849, 5615, 5801], 'F.H.': [850, 5616, 5802], 'Thomson': [851, 872, 970, 1018, 1338, 3470, 3729, 4766, 5507, 5617, 5644, 5803, 5830], 'Golos': [853, 5619, 5805], 'T.G.': [854, 5620, 5806], 'Endocrinology.': [855, 5621, 5807], '145:': [857, 5623, 5809], '1517-1524Crossref': [858, 5624, 5810], '(151)': [861, 3419, 5464, 5627, 5813], '9Kaufman': [864], 'D.S.': [865, 961, 1329, 3461, 3724, 4757, 5502, 5635, 5821], 'Hanson': [866], 'E.T.': [867], 'Lewis': [868], 'R.L.': [869, 5543], 'Auerbach': [870], 'R.': [871, 963, 1331, 2331, 3463, 4295, 4759, 4914, 5637, 5823], 'Proc.': [874, 916, 941], 'Natl.': [875, 917, 942], 'Acad.': [876, 918, 943], 'Sci.': [877, 919, 944, 1234, 1299, 3413, 4656, 5458, 5675, 5861], 'U.': [878, 920, 945], '98:': [882], '10716-10721Crossref': [883], '(785)': [886], '10Reppel': [889], 'Boettinger': [891], 'C.': [892, 967, 1335, 2267, 2325, 3467, 3690, 3700, 3808, 4763, 5468, 5478, 5641, 5672, 5827, 5858], 'Hescheler': [893], 'Physiol.': [896], 'Biochem.': [897, 1233, 1298], '14:': [899], '187-196Crossref': [900], '(85)': [903], '11Schuldiner': [906], 'Yanuka': [908], 'Benvenisty': [914], '2000;': [923, 2820, 5301], '97:': [924], '11307-11312Crossref': [925], '(977)': [928], '12Wang': [931], 'Haviland': [933], 'D.L.': [934], 'Burns': [935], 'A.R.': [936], 'Zsigmond': [937], 'Wetsel': [939], 'R.A.': [940, 2962, 4653, 5089, 5161, 5748], '2007;': [948, 3414, 3813, 5459, 5752, 5937], '104:': [949], '4449-4454Crossref': [950], '(197)': [953], '13Xu': [956, 5630, 5816], 'R.H.': [957, 1325, 3457, 3720, 4753, 5498, 5631, 5817], 'Chen': [958, 1326, 3458, 3759, 4754, 5632, 5818], 'X.': [959, 983, 1077, 1327, 1502, 1881, 2095, 3459, 3726, 3766, 3838, 3923, 3953, 4289, 4594, 4755, 4908, 5382, 5504, 5633, 5819], 'Li': [960, 962, 1328, 1330, 1603, 3460, 3462, 3723, 4756, 4758, 5501, 5634, 5636, 5820, 5822], 'Addicks': [964, 1332, 3464, 4760, 5638, 5824], 'G.C.': [965, 1333, 3465, 4761, 5639, 5825], 'Glennon': [966, 1334, 3466, 4762, 5640, 5826], 'Zwaka': [968, 1336, 3468, 4764, 5642, 5828], 'T.P.': [969, 1337, 3469, 4765, 5643, 5829], '2002;': [974, 1342, 2342, 2368, 3474, 4770, 5648, 5834], '20:': [975, 1343, 3475, 4771, 5649, 5835], '1261-1264Crossref': [976, 1344, 3476, 4772, 5650, 5836], '(894)': [979, 1347, 3479, 4775, 5653, 5839], '14Zhan': [982], 'Dravid': [984], 'G.': [985, 2956, 3754, 3760, 4285, 4904, 5083, 5155], 'Ye': [986, 3755, 3801, 4286, 4905], 'Z.': [987, 3756, 3802, 4287, 4906], 'Hammond': [988, 3757], 'Shamblott': [990], 'Gearhart': [992], 'Cheng': [994, 3767, 3809, 4296, 4915], 'L.': [995, 1075, 1500, 1594, 1604, 1879, 2093, 2335, 2954, 3768, 3782, 3784, 3800, 3810, 3836, 3921, 3951, 4297, 4592, 4649, 4916, 5081, 5153, 5380, 5746, 5750], 'Lancet.': [996], '364:': [998], '163-171Abstract': [999], 'Full': [1000, 1002, 1238, 1240, 1303, 1305, 2862, 2864, 5583, 5585], 'Text': [1001, 1003, 1239, 1241, 1304, 1306, 2863, 2865, 5584, 5586], 'PDF': [1004, 1242, 1307, 2866, 5587], '(138)': [1007], '15Zhang': [1010], 'S.C.': [1011, 2808, 5289], 'Wernig': [1012], 'Duncan': [1014], 'I.D.': [1015], 'Brustle': [1016], '19:': [1023, 2283, 5689, 5901], '1129-1133Crossref': [1024], '(1564)': [1027], 'Scholar)': [1029, 2972, 3481, 4777, 4924, 5099, 5171], 'mechanisms': [1036, 2169, 4791, 5366], 'embryogenesis.': [1039], 'conditioned': [1044, 1700, 2027, 2252], 'medium': [1045, 1642, 1701, 2021, 2028], 'gonadotropin': [1048, 2771], 'transforming': [1049], 'factor': [1051, 1057, 6130], 'bone': [1052], 'protein': [1054, 1939], 'fibroblast': [1055, 2220], 'enzyme-linked': [1058], 'We,': [1061, 4577], 'along': [1062, 4578], 'others,': [1064, 4580], 'maintains': [1071, 3914, 4587], '(16Xiao': [1074, 1878, 2092, 3835, 3920, 3950, 4591, 5379], 'Yuan': [1076, 1501, 1880, 2094, 3837, 3922, 3952, 4593, 5381], 'Sharkis': [1078, 1465, 1503, 1882, 2096, 3839, 3924, 3954, 4595, 5383, 6147], 'S.J.': [1079, 1504, 1883, 2097, 3840, 3925, 3955, 4596, 5384], '1476-1486Crossref': [1084, 1509, 1888, 2102, 3845, 3930, 3960, 4601, 5389], '17Beattie': [1090, 2108, 4607, 5395], 'G.M.': [1091, 2109, 4608, 5396], 'Lopez': [1092, 2110, 4609, 5397], 'Bucay': [1094, 2112, 4611, 5399], 'Hinton': [1096, 2114, 4613, 5401], 'Firpo': [1098, 2116, 4615, 5403], 'M.T.': [1099, 2117, 4616, 5404], 'King': [1100, 2118, 4617, 5405], 'Hayek': [1102, 2120, 4619, 5407], '2005;': [1106, 1123, 2124, 2141, 3112, 3383, 3711, 3733, 3771, 4623, 4640, 4657, 5411, 5428, 5489, 5511], '23:': [1107, 2125, 3712, 3772, 4624, 5412, 5490], '489-495Crossref': [1108, 2126, 4625, 5413], '(429)': [1111, 2129, 4628, 5416], '18James': [1114, 2132, 4631, 5419], 'Levine': [1116, 2134, 3376, 4633, 5421], 'A.J.': [1117, 2135, 3377, 4634, 5422], 'Besser': [1118, 2136, 3378, 4635, 5423], 'Hemmati-Brivanlou': [1120, 2138, 3380, 4637, 5425], 'Development.': [1122, 2140, 3111, 3382, 4639, 5427], '132:': [1124, 2142, 3113, 3384, 4641, 5429], '1273-1282Crossref': [1125, 2143, 3385, 4642, 5430], '(745)': [1128, 2146, 3388, 4645, 5433], 'present': [1133, 1811, 3487, 3508, 3852, 4667], 'study,': [1134, 2189, 4668], 'differentiation.': [1152, 4076, 4272, 4786, 4894, 4938, 5033], 'Both': [1153, 1415, 3568, 5019], 'activin': [1154], 'Nodal': [1156, 4018], 'belongs': [1157], 'TGF-β': [1160, 1185], 'superfamily': [1161, 1175], 'includes': [1164], 'action': [1167], 'specificity': [1169], 'various': [1171], 'ligands': [1172, 2600], 'this': [1174, 1363, 2188, 2203, 3026, 4560], 'controlled': [1177, 4702], 'at': [1178, 1682, 1785, 3190, 3202, 3328, 3494, 4531, 4797, 6071], 'multiple': [1179, 3449], 'levels.': [1180], 'use': [1186, 5373, 5718], 'one': [1187, 1254, 1261], 'set': [1188, 1211], 'receptors': [1190, 1213, 2298], '(Activin': [1191, 1214], 'receptor-like': [1192, 1215, 2296], 'kinase': [1193, 1216, 2297], '4/5/7)': [1194], 'downstream': [1196, 2433, 2841], 'signal': [1198, 4806, 5028], 'molecules': [1199], '(SMAD2': [1200], 'SMAD3),': [1202], 'whereas': [1203, 3497, 4840], 'BMPs': [1204, 1257, 2313, 4355, 4432, 4462, 6081], 'utilize': [1208], 'different': [1210, 1220, 2228], '1/2/3/6)': [1217], 'activates': [1219, 5011], 'SMAD': [1221], 'transducers': [1222], '(SMAD1/5/8)': [1223], 'other': [1225, 2752, 3015, 3252, 4417, 4722], 'targets': [1226, 2434], '(19ten': [1227, 1292], 'Dijke': [1228, 1293], 'P.': [1229, 1294, 2275, 3764, 3786, 3806, 4293, 4912, 5733], 'Hill': [1230, 1295, 2364], 'C.S.': [1231, 1296, 2365], 'Trends': [1232, 1297], '29:': [1236, 1301], '265-273Abstract': [1237, 1302], '(1053)': [1245, 1310], 'Two': [1248, 2179, 3166], 'branches': [1249], 'TGF-β/BMP': [1251], 'pathways,': [1253], '(and': [1258, 1265], 'Smad1/5/8)': [1259], 'Activin/Nodal/TGF-β': [1264], 'SMA2/3)': [1266], 'naturally': [1267], 'antagonize': [1268], 'each': [1269, 1793, 1813, 1819, 1945], 'other,': [1270], 'because': [1271, 2497], 'activated': [1272], 'Smad1/5/8': [1273], 'SMAD2/3': [1275], 'need': [1276], 'compete': [1278], 'common': [1281], 'SMAD4,': [1282], 'branch': [1291], 'reported': [1316, 3482, 3824, 3945, 5100, 5267], 'induce': [1318, 3249, 3545], 'differentiate': [1321, 2979, 4448, 4470, 5318, 5762], 'into': [1322, 2733, 3972, 4449, 4471, 4675, 4732, 5113, 5319, 5763], 'trophectoderm': [1323], '(13Xu': [1324, 3456, 4752], 'here': [1352], 'activity': [1355], 'TGF-β/Activin/Nodal': [1360, 1371], 'signaling,': [1361, 2308, 2437, 2650, 3880, 4414, 4489], 'supported': [1366, 2747], 'showing': [1369], 'able': [1374, 4782], 'reverse': [1376], 'effects': [1378, 3303], 'BMP4.': [1380], 'found': [1383, 4940], 'conclude': [1404, 4218, 4857], 'regulates': [1410, 4740, 5056], 'segregation.': [1414], 'addition,': [1433, 3633, 4194, 4828], 'suggest': [1436], 'might': [1443, 2730, 3229, 3261, 5339], 'regulate': [1444, 6033], 'commitment,': [1446, 3177], 'vivo.': [1452, 3294, 5072, 6062], 'Culture—The': [1454], 'line': [1456], 'H1': [1457, 2182, 2209, 2573], '(WA01)': [1458], 'was': [1459, 1517, 1720, 1733, 1749, 1762, 1783, 1795, 1825, 1848, 1853, 1871, 1942, 2022, 2029, 2040, 2242, 2495, 2721, 2738, 2745, 2901, 2940, 3148, 3541, 3566, 3601, 3611, 3627, 3872, 3886, 4019, 4035, 4079, 4130, 4183, 4189, 4433, 4495, 4812, 4877, 4880, 4944, 4949], 'kindly': [1460, 1518], 'provided': [1461, 1519], 'Dr.': [1463, 1521, 6144, 6155], 'Saul': [1464], 'Johns': [1467], 'Hopkins': [1468], 'University,': [1469], 'under': [1470, 2578, 2700], 'permission': [1471], 'WiCell': [1473], 'Research': [1474], 'Institute': [1475], '(5Thomson': [1476, 5772], '16Xiao': [1499], 'HUES-17': [1516], 'Douglas': [1522], 'Melton,': [1523], 'Harvard': [1524], 'University': [1525], 'All': [1560], 'experiments': [1562, 3046], 'were': [1563, 1627, 1666, 1689, 1713, 1841, 1897, 1912, 1948, 1962, 1984, 1994, 2008, 2059, 2185, 2199, 2215, 2419, 2443, 2517, 2527, 2576, 2591, 2982, 2993, 3181, 3314, 3326, 3435, 3486, 3573, 3650, 4138, 4482, 4513, 5993], 'conducted': [1564, 1854], 'accordance': [1566, 3347], 'guidelines': [1569], 'research': [1571], 'cells,': [1576, 3364], 'jointly': [1577], 'issued': [1578], 'Ministry': [1581, 1588], 'Science': [1583], 'Technology': [1585], 'Health': [1590], 'China': [1592], '(20Cheng': [1593], 'Qiu': [1595], 'R.Z.': [1596], 'Deng': [1597], 'Zhang': [1599], 'Y.A.': [1600], 'Jin': [1601], 'Y.': [1602, 2401, 3102, 3404, 5449], 'Nature.': [1605, 2819, 2884, 5300, 5533, 5562, 5751], '440:': [1607], '992Crossref': [1608], '(18)': [1611], 'approved': [1615], 'ethical': [1618, 4546, 6003], 'committee': [1619], 'Shanghai': [1621], 'Institutes': [1622], 'Biological': [1624], 'Sciences.': [1625], 'maintained': [1628], 'feeders': [1630], 'medium,': [1633], 'contained': [1635, 3448], '80%': [1636], "Dulbecco's": [1637], 'modified': [1638], "Eagle's": [1639], "medium/Ham's": [1640], 'F-12': [1641], '(F12),': [1643], '20%': [1644], 'knock-out': [1645], 'serum': [1646], 'replacement,': [1647], '1': [1648, 1675, 1829, 1929], 'mm': [1649, 1652, 1919, 1924, 1930], 'l-glutamine,': [1650], '0.1': [1651], 'β-mercaptoethanol,': [1653], '1%': [1654, 1926], 'nonessential': [1655], 'amino': [1656], 'acids,': [1657], '4': [1659, 3157], 'ng/ml': [1660, 4155, 4159, 4163], 'basic': [1662], 'FGF.': [1663], 'passaged': [1667], 'approximately': [1668], 'once': [1669], 'week': [1671], 'incubation': [1673], 'mg/ml': [1676], 'collagenase': [1677], 'IV': [1678], '∼30': [1680], 'min': [1681], '37': [1683], '°C.': [1684], 'Protein': [1685], 'factors': [1686, 5247], 'SB431542': [1688, 1719, 2015, 2234, 2290, 2450, 2542, 2585, 3305, 3319, 3434, 3587, 4485], 'added': [1690, 4190], 'directly': [1691, 2383], 'culture': [1694, 2256, 2703], 'continued': [1697, 3159, 3441], 'presence': [1698], '(CM).': [1702], 'Recombinant': [1703], 'Activin': [1705, 2295, 2381, 2386, 4093, 4098, 4120, 4164, 4187, 4199, 6077], 'A,': [1706, 6078], 'recombinant': [1707], 'BMP-4,': [1709], 'Follistatin': [1712, 2376, 2530, 3589], 'purchased': [1714, 1721], 'R&D': [1716], 'Systems': [1717], 'Inc.': [1718], 'Tocris': [1723], 'Bioscience.': [1724], 'RNA': [1725, 1740, 1810], 'Isolation': [1726], 'Real-time': [1728, 1760], 'Reverse': [1729], 'Transcription-Polymerase': [1730], 'Chain': [1731], 'Reaction—RNA': [1732], 'extracted': [1734], 'using': [1735, 1751, 1764, 2042, 6137], 'TRIzol': [1736], 'reagent': [1737], 'total': [1739], 'isolation': [1741], 'according': [1742], "manufacturer's": [1745], 'instructions': [1746], '(Invitrogen).': [1747], 'cDNA': [1748, 1756, 1803], 'synthesized': [1750], 'RevertAid™': [1753], 'First': [1754], 'Strand': [1755], 'Synthesis': [1757], 'Kit': [1758], '(Fermentas).': [1759], 'PCR': [1761, 1769, 1773], 'performed': [1763, 1872, 3043, 3436], 'Synergy': [1766], 'Brand': [1767], 'GreenI-based': [1768], 'Master': [1770], 'mixture': [1771, 1936], '(TOYOBO).': [1772], 'primers': [1774], 'listed': [1776], 'supplemental': [1778, 5143], 'Table': [1779], 'S1.': [1780], 'Each': [1781], 'experiment': [1782], 'repeated': [1784], 'least': [1786], 'times.': [1788], 'value': [1791], 'gene': [1794, 1820, 2240], 'normalized': [1796, 1832, 1857], 'amount': [1799, 1808, 3559], 'glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate': [1801], 'dehydrogenase': [1802], 'calculate': [1805], 'relative': [1807, 1858], 'sample.': [1814], 'level': [1817, 3189, 3210], 'single': [1823], 'sample': [1824], 'arbitrarily': [1826], 'defined': [1827], 'unit.': [1830], 'values': [1834, 1860], 'treated': [1839, 1864, 2499, 2583, 4483], 'samples': [1840, 1865], 'averaged,': [1842], 'an': [1844, 2062, 2378, 2392, 2532], 'average': [1845], '-fold': [1846], 'change': [1847], 'determined.': [1849], 'Analysis': [1850], 'variance': [1852], 'determine': [1867, 2640, 4555, 6106], 'statistical': [1868], 'significance.': [1869, 6023], 'Immunostaining—Immunostaining': [1870], 'similarly': [1873], 'described': [1876], 'protocol': [1877], 'following': [1895, 1960], 'antibodies': [1896, 1961, 1983, 1989], 'used:': [1898, 1963], 'anti-SSEA4': [1899], '(Developmental': [1900], 'Studies': [1901], 'Hybridoma': [1902], 'Bank),': [1903], 'anti-hCGα': [1904], '(R&D': [1905], 'Systems),': [1906], 'anti-hCGβ': [1908], '(Abcam).': [1909, 1981], 'Western': [1910, 2613], 'Blotting—Cells': [1911], 'lysed': [1913], '1×': [1915], 'lysis': [1916], 'buffer:': [1917], '20': [1918], 'Tris': [1920], '(pH': [1921], '7.5),': [1922], '150': [1923], 'NaCl,': [1925], 'Triton': [1927], 'X-100,': [1928], 'Na3VO4,': [1931], 'complete': [1933], 'mini-protease': [1934], 'inhibitor': [1935, 2305, 2379, 2455, 2533], '(Roche).': [1937], 'Total': [1938], '(10': [1940], 'μg)': [1941], 'loaded': [1943], 'lane.': [1946], 'Membranes': [1947], 'blocked': [1949, 4362, 4946], 'Tris-buffered': [1951], 'saline': [1952], '0.1%': [1954, 2479], 'Tween': [1955], '5%': [1957, 3604], 'milk.': [1958], 'anti-phospho-Smad2/3': [1964], '(Cell': [1965, 1968], 'Signaling),': [1966, 1969], 'anti-Smad2/3': [1967], 'anti-phospho-Smad1': [1970], '(Santa': [1971, 1974, 1977], 'Cruz),': [1972, 1975, 1978], 'anti-Smad1': [1973], 'anti-Oct4': [1976], 'β-Actin': [1980], 'Primary': [1982], 'incubated': [1985], 'overnight': [1986], 'secondary': [1988], '2': [1991, 2034, 3130, 4837, 5139], 'h.': [1992], 'Proteins': [1993], 'detected': [1995, 3327, 3574], 'chemiluminescent': [1997], '(Pierce).': [1998], 'Immunoassays': [1999], 'Placental': [2001, 3426], 'Hormones': [2002], 'Culture': [2005], 'Medium—H1': [2006], 'cultured': [2009, 2216, 2420, 2461, 2482, 2577, 3315, 3975], 'CM': [2011, 2226, 2422, 2463, 3432, 3977, 4086], 'without': [2014, 2217], '12': [2017, 3213, 3583], 'days,': [2018, 3131], 'changed': [2023], 'every': [2024], 'day.': [2025], 'collected': [2030], 'daily': [2031], 'days': [2033, 3330, 3584, 4150], '12.': [2036], 'hCG': [2038, 2044, 3640], 'concentration': [2039, 2054], 'analyzed': [2041, 2060, 2243, 2652, 2784, 3048], 'ELISA': [2045, 2063, 4195], 'kit': [2046], '(RECI),': [2047], 'specifically': [2049, 2722, 3033], 'reacts': [2050], 'CG-β.': [2052, 2762, 4174], 'estradiol': [2056], 'progesterone': [2058], 'kit.': [2064], 'Inhibition': [2065, 2631, 3663, 3941, 4055], 'Signaling': [2068, 2634, 3666, 4058], 'Results': [2071, 3054, 4095, 4814], 'Rapid': [2073], 'Differentiation—Activin/Nodal': [2074], 'play': [2080, 6112], 'role': [2083, 2833, 3907, 6047, 6114], 'maintenance': [2086, 2262, 3685], 'undifferentiated': [2088, 2264], 'ES': [2090, 3284, 5355, 5371, 5873, 5965], 'To': [2149, 3035, 3295, 3551, 4787], 'address': [2151, 4789], 'function': [2153, 2293, 3245, 3919, 4322, 5975, 6094], 'understand': [2165, 3036], 'embryogenesis,': [2172], 'inhibited': [2174, 2445, 3612, 3628, 4021, 4124, 4681, 4843], 'lines,': [2181], 'HUES-17,': [2184], 'obtained': [2193, 2528], 'very': [2200, 2453, 5119], 'similar.': [2201], 'For': [2202], 'reason,': [2204], 'only': [2205, 3272, 3488, 3502], 'presented.': [2213], 'HESCs': [2214, 5711], 'feeder': [2221], 'CM,': [2224], 'plus': [2227, 2464, 3433, 3978, 4161], 'concentrations': [2229], 'inhibitors,': [2233], 'Follistatin,': [2236, 3630, 6079], '6': [2238, 2587, 3140, 3204, 4149], 'days;': [2239], 'real-time': [2245, 2594, 3052], 'PCR.': [2246, 3053], 'Consistent': [2247], 'previous': [2249, 3349, 3899], 'studies,': [2250], 'media': [2253], 'system': [2257], 'sufficient': [2259, 4036, 4728], '(21Xu': [2266], 'Inokuma': [2268], 'M.S.': [2269], 'Denham': [2270], 'Golds': [2272], 'Kundu': [2274], 'Gold': [2276, 3697, 5475], 'J.D.': [2277, 2357, 3698, 5476], '971-974Crossref': [2284], '(1603)': [2287], 'inhibits': [2291, 5017], '4/5/7': [2299], 'thereby': [2300], 'acting': [2301], 'selective': [2304], 'but': [2309, 2568, 3365, 3672, 3881, 5049, 5885], 'not': [2310, 2673, 2706, 3288, 3341, 3367, 3542, 4415, 4434, 4469, 4726, 4971, 5173, 5332, 5363, 5887, 6058], 'those': [2311], '(22Laping': [2314], 'N.J.': [2315, 2363], 'Grygielko': [2316], 'Mathur': [2318], 'Butter': [2320], 'Bomberger': [2322], 'Tweed': [2324], 'Martin': [2326], 'W.': [2327], 'Fornwald': [2328], 'Lehr': [2330], 'Harling': [2332, 2356], 'Gaster': [2334, 2358], 'Callahan': [2336, 2354], 'J.F.': [2337, 2355], 'Olson': [2338], 'B.A.': [2339], 'Mol.': [2340, 2366], 'Pharmacol.': [2341, 2367], '62:': [2343, 2369], '58-64Crossref': [2344], '(536)': [2347], '23Inman': [2350], 'G.J.': [2351], 'Nicolas': [2352], 'F.J.': [2353], 'L.M.': [2359], 'Reith': [2360], 'Laping': [2362], '65-74Crossref': [2370], '(1348)': [2373], 'binding': [2384], 'preventing': [2388], 'assembly': [2390], 'active': [2393, 4714], 'Activin-receptor': [2394], 'complex': [2395, 3910], '(24Nakamura': [2396], 'T.': [2397, 3406, 3728, 5451, 5506], 'Takio': [2398], 'Eto': [2400], 'Shibai': [2402], 'Titani': [2404], 'Sugino': [2406], '1990;': [2409], '247:': [2410], '836-838Crossref': [2411], '(796)': [2414], 'When': [2417, 4478], 'supplied': [2423], 'SB431542,': [2425, 2467, 3616], 'levels': [2428], 'p-Smad2,': [2430, 2618], 'known': [2432, 5198], 'namely': [2438, 3069, 4282], 'Nodal,': [2439, 2471, 4107], 'Lefty-A,': [2440, 2472, 4015, 4104], 'Lefty-B,': [2442, 4016, 4105], 'significantly': [2444, 2518, 3200, 3873, 3887, 4123, 4201], '(Figs.': [2446, 4836, 5138], '1A': [2447], '5C).': [2449], 'potent': [2454], 'signaling;': [2458, 5013], '10': [2465, 3192, 3317, 3614, 4154, 4158], 'μm': [2466, 3318, 3615], 'Lefty-B': [2474], 'decreased': [2475, 3073, 3142, 3217], 'less': [2477], 'than': [2478, 3533], 'CM.': [2484], 'underwent': [2490], 'inhibited,': [2496, 2941, 5314], 'became': [2501], 'flattened': [2502], 'enlarged': [2504], '(Fig.': [2505, 2520, 2543, 2692, 2724, 3062, 3078, 3144, 3164, 3193, 3214, 3223, 3451, 3521, 3590, 3661, 3860, 3863, 3866, 3870, 3889, 3995, 4007, 4026, 4118, 4134, 4191, 4214, 4252, 4379, 4386, 4497, 4682, 4850], '1B)': [2506], 'markers,': [2510, 2754, 2929, 3017, 3068, 3989], 'Oct4,': [2513, 2616], 'Nanog,': [2514, 3072], 'SSEA4': [2516], 'down-regulated': [2519], '1,': [2521], 'C': [2522], 'D).': [2524], 'Similar': [2525], 'observed': [2540, 2662, 2894, 2923, 3968, 4496, 5131], '1).': [2544], 'promoted': [2555], 'hESCs.FIGURE': [2558], '5Inhibition': [2559], 'down-regulates': [2563], 'FGF': [2564, 2603, 3668, 3829], 'Wnt': [2566, 2605, 3670, 3742, 3831], 'signals,': [2567], 'up-regulates': [2569, 3828], 'signals.': [2571], 'hES': [2574], 'feeder-free': [2580], 'condition': [2581, 2704], 'days.': [2588, 3322], 'Then': [2589], 'harvested': [2592], 'polymerase': [2595], 'chain': [2596], 'reaction': [2597], 'analysis': [2598, 2614, 6067], '(A),': [2604, 2606], '(B)': [2609], 'pathways': [2611, 5722, 6131], 'Smad2,': [2617], 'Smad1,': [2619], 'p-Smad1': [2621, 3882], '(C).View': [2622], 'Large': [2623], 'Image': [2624], 'Figure': [2625], 'ViewerDownload': [2626], 'Hi-res': [2627], 'image': [2628], 'Download': [2629, 6163], '(PPT)': [2630], 'Initiates': [2637], 'Differentiation—To': [2639], 'lineage-specific': [2656], 'marker': [2657, 2719, 3049, 5176], 'expression.': [2658], 'Unlike': [2659], 'what': [2660], 'standard': [2665], 'embryoid': [2668, 2985], 'bodies': [2669, 2986], 'formation,': [2670], 'did': [2672, 2705, 5116, 5172], 'observe': [2674, 5117], 'up-regulation': [2677, 2750, 2926, 3999, 5121, 5134], 'ectoderm': [2681, 2713], '(neurofilament': [2682], 'heavy': [2683], 'chain),': [2684], 'mesoderm': [2685], '(cardiac': [2686], 'actin),': [2687], 'endoderm': [2689], '(α1-antitrypsin)': [2690], 'markers': [2691, 3010, 3168, 4374, 5124, 5137], '2A),': [2693], 'indicating': [2694, 4108], 'monolayer': [2702, 3004, 3030], 'initiate': [2707, 4784], 'endoderm,': [2710], 'mesoderm,': [2711], 'GCM1': [2720], 'up-regulated': [2723, 3184, 3888], '2B),': [2725], 'suggests': [2727, 3226, 3242, 3524, 4736, 5328], 'differentiated': [2732, 3446, 3564, 3580, 3971], 'trophoblasts': [2734, 3973, 5771], 'notion': [2741], 'Cdx2,': [2757, 4001], 'GATA2,': [2758, 4003], 'Msx2,': [2759, 3180], 'CG-α,': [2760, 4004], 'CG-α': [2763, 3196, 3569, 4125, 4142, 4172], 'CG-β': [2765, 3198, 3571, 4006, 4127, 4144], 'subunits': [2767], '(hCG),': [2772], 'secreted': [2775, 3651], 'giant': [2777], 'trophoblast-derived': [2780], 'another': [2785], 'regulator': [2787, 3088], 'mice,': [2792], 'eomesodermin': [2793], '(Eomes)': [2794], '(25Russ': [2795, 5276], 'Wattler': [2797, 5278], 'Colledge': [2799, 5280], 'W.H.': [2800, 5281], 'Aparicio': [2801, 5282], 'S.A.': [2802, 5283], 'Carlton': [2803, 5284], 'M.B.': [2804, 5285], 'Pearce': [2805, 5286], 'Barton': [2807, 5288], 'Surani': [2809, 5290], 'Ryan': [2811, 5292], 'Nehls': [2813, 5294], 'M.C.': [2814, 5295], 'Wilson': [2815, 5296], 'V.': [2816, 5297], 'Evans': [2817, 5298], 'M.J.': [2818, 5299], '404:': [2821, 5302], '95-99Crossref': [2822, 5303], '(494)': [2825, 5306], 'Although': [2828, 3267, 5208], 'Eomes': [2829, 2896, 3216, 3228, 5264, 5324, 5330], 'target': [2842], 'mice': [2847, 3096, 5275, 5981], 'Xenopus': [2849], '(26Ryan': [2850], 'Garrett': [2852], 'Mitchell': [2854], 'Gurdon': [2856], 'J.B.': [2857], 'Cell.': [2858, 4299, 4918, 5579], '1996;': [2859], '87:': [2860], '989-1000Abstract': [2861], '(212)': [2869], '27Brennan': [2872], 'Lu': [2874], 'Norris': [2876], 'D.P.': [2877, 5553], 'Rodriguez': [2878], 'T.A.': [2879, 5549], 'Beddington': [2880], 'R.S.': [2881], '411:': [2886], '965-969Crossref': [2887], '(415)': [2890], 'showed': [2897, 3055, 4096, 4241, 4778, 4815, 4873], 'down-regulation': [2898, 3258, 3986], 'Taken': [2903, 4028], 'together,': [2904, 4029], 'indicate': [2907, 4032], 'Notably,': [2920], 'slight': [2925, 5120], 'neuroectoderm': [2928, 5123], 'Nestin,': [2932], 'Sox1,': [2933], 'Sox3,': [2934], 'NGN2,': [2936], 'supports': [2943], 'recent': [2945], 'article': [2946], 'Smith': [2948, 5075, 5147, 5577], 'et': [2949, 3454, 3948, 4750, 5076, 5148], 'al.': [2950, 3455, 3949, 4751, 5077, 5149], '(28Smith': [2951, 5078, 5150], 'J.R.': [2952, 5079, 5151], 'Vallier': [2953, 5080, 5152, 5749], 'Lupo': [2955, 5082, 5154], 'Alexander': [2957, 4650, 5084, 5156], 'Harris': [2959, 5086, 5158], 'W.A.': [2960, 5087, 5159], 'Pedersen': [2961, 4652, 5088, 5160, 5747], 'Biol.': [2964, 5091, 5163, 5702, 5914], '2008;': [2965, 4300, 4919, 5092, 5164], '313:': [2966, 5093, 5165], '107-117Crossref': [2967, 5094, 5166], '(238)': [2970, 5097, 5169], '(supplemental': [2973, 2995, 5125], 'Fig.': [2974, 2996, 5126, 5144], 'S1).': [2975, 2997, 5145], 'attempted': [2977, 3543], 'growing': [2983], 'monolayer;': [2990], 'produced': [3005], 'higher': [3006], 'expressions': [3007], 'lower': [3012], 'Sox3.': [3020], 'presented': [3024], 'paper': [3027], 'pertain': [3028], 'cultures,': [3031], 'unless': [3032], 'mentioned.': [3034], 'kinetics': [3038], 'time': [3044], 'course': [3045], 'constantly': [3058], 'repressed': [3059, 3874, 4202], '3A).': [3063], 'Oct4': [3070, 3992], 'time-dependent': [3076], 'manner': [3077, 3660, 4025, 4213], '3B).': [3079], 'Cdx2': [3080, 3127, 3241, 3260], 'be': [3085, 3230, 3247, 3681, 4394, 4972, 5269, 5968, 6104], 'subsequent': [3093], 'self-renewal': [3094], '(29Strumpf': [3097], 'Mao': [3099], 'Yamanaka': [3101], 'Ralston': [3103], 'Chawengsaksophak': [3105], 'Beck': [3107], 'F.': [3108], 'Rossant': [3109], '2093-2102Crossref': [3114], '(850)': [3117], 'Scholar);': [3119, 5308], 'initiated': [3126], 'after': [3129, 3582, 4148], 'rose': [3134], 'peak': [3137, 3188], 'day': [3139, 3156, 3191, 3203, 3212], 'thereafter': [3143], '3C).': [3145, 3165, 3194, 3215], 'Gcm1': [3146, 3250], 'induced': [3149, 4080, 4131, 4167, 4247, 4262, 4353, 4833, 4888, 4930], 'increase': [3161], 'throughout': [3162], 'additional': [3167], 'often': [3170], 'associated': [3171], 'GATA2': [3178], 'dramatically': [3183, 4185], 'reached': [3186, 3206], 'Furthermore,': [3195], 'increased': [3201], 'surprisingly': [3208], 'high': [3209], '3C),': [3224], 'dispensable': [3231], 'transient': [3238], 'its': [3244], 'could': [3246], 'transcriptional': [3254, 5246, 6129], 'factors,': [3255], 'allow': [3262], 'maturation.': [3266], 'available': [3273], 'thus': [3275], 'far': [3276], 'may': [3287], 'entirely': [3289], 'reflect': [3290], 'explore': [3296], 'this,': [3297], 'tested': [3299], 'vivo': [3302, 6022], '8-cell': [3310], 'stage': [3311], 'embryos': [3313], '3': [3321, 5141], 'No': [3323], 'gross': [3324], 'abnormalities': [3325], '4.5': [3329], 'postcoitum;': [3331], 'formed': [3338, 3518], 'normally': [3339], '(data': [3340], 'shown).': [3342], 'observations': [3344, 3895], 'reports,': [3350], 'demonstrating': [3351], 'involved': [3356, 3368], 'propagation': [3359], '(18James': [3374], '30Ogawa': [3391, 5436], 'Saito': [3393, 5438], 'Matsui': [3395, 5440], 'Suzuki': [3397, 5442], 'Ohtsuka': [3399, 5444], 'Shimosato': [3401, 5446], 'Morishita': [3403, 5448], 'Watabe': [3405, 5450], 'Niwa': [3407, 5452], 'Miyazono': [3409, 5454], '120:': [3415, 5460], '55-65Crossref': [3416, 5461], 'hESC-derived': [3422], 'Cells': [3424], 'Secrete': [3425], 'Hormones—Prolonged': [3427], 'cultures': [3428], '(12': [3437], 'days);': [3438], 'develop,': [3443], 'numerous': [3445], 'nuclei': [3450], '2C).': [3452], 'Xu': [3453, 3947, 4749], 'syncytial': [3484, 3519, 3537], 'among': [3489], 'individualized': [3490], 'BMP4-treated': [3491, 3498], 'plated': [3493], 'low': [3495], 'density,': [3496], 'colonies': [3500, 3517], 'mononuclear': [3503], 'cells.': [3504, 3550], 'contrast,': [3506, 5074, 5871], 'study': [3509, 3853], 'demonstrated': [3510, 4197, 4671, 6060], 'SB431542-': [3513], 'Follistatin-treated': [3515], '2C),': [3522], 'more': [3531], 'efficient': [3532], 'inducing': [3536], 'formation.': [3539], 'It': [3540, 4254], 'individual': [3549], 'confirm': [3553], 'placental': [3561, 3638, 4204], 'hormones': [3562], 'measured.': [3567], 'proteins': [3572, 4145], 'large': [3577], 'percentage': [3578, 3596], 'treatment': [3585, 4152], '4,': [3591], 'A': [3592, 4099, 4121, 4188, 4200], 'B).': [3594], 'CG-α-expressing': [3599], '74': [3602], '±': [3603, 3619], '(n': [3605, 3621], '=': [3606, 3622], '3)': [3607, 3623], '66': [3618], '3%': [3620], 'respectively.': [3631], 'hormones,': [3639, 4205], '(consisting': [3641], 'both': [3642, 4504, 5358], 'b': [3645], 'subunits),': [3646], 'estradiol,': [3647, 4207], 'progesterone,': [3649, 4209], 'supernatant': [3654], 'time-': [3657], 'dose-dependent': [3659, 4024, 4212], '4C).': [3662], 'Down-regulates': [3667], 'Signals,': [3671], 'Up-regulates': [3673], 'Signals—FGF': [3675], 'important': [3682], '(31Xu': [3689], 'Rosler': [3691, 5469], 'Jiang': [3693, 5471], 'Lebkowski': [3695, 5473], 'J.S.': [3696, 5474], "O'Sullivan": [3699, 5477], 'Delavan-Boorsma': [3701, 5479], 'Mok': [3703, 5481], 'Bronstein': [3705, 5483], '315-323Crossref': [3713, 5491], '(357)': [3716, 5494], '32Xu': [3719, 5497], 'Peck': [3721, 5499], 'R.M.': [3722, 5500], 'Feng': [3725, 5503], 'Ludwig': [3727, 5505], 'Methods.': [3732, 5510], '185-190Crossref': [3735, 5513], '(842)': [3738, 5516], 'stimulate': [3748], 'proliferation': [3750], '(33Dravid': [3753], 'Pyle': [3761], 'Donovan': [3763], 'Yu': [3765, 4288, 4907], '1489-1501Crossref': [3773], '(295)': [3776], '34Sato': [3779], 'Meijer': [3781], 'Skaltsounis': [3783], 'Greengard': [3785], 'Brivanlou': [3787], 'A.H.': [3788], '10:': [3792], '55-63Crossref': [3793], '(1749)': [3796], '35Cai': [3799], 'Zhou': [3803, 3807], 'B.Y.': [3804], 'Mali': [3805, 4292, 4911], 'Res.': [3812], '17:': [3814, 5704, 5916], '62-72Crossref': [3815], '(81)': [3818], 'Previously,': [3821], 'demonstrates': [3854], 'FGF2': [3859], '5A),': [3861, 3864, 3867], 'FGF4': [3862], 'FGF8': [3865], 'Wnt3': [3869], '5A)': [3871], '5,': [3890], 'B': [3891], 'C).': [3893], 'strengthen': [3897], 'hypothesis': [3900], 'network': [3912], 'phenotype': [3917], 'Differentiation': [3938, 4238], 'Correlates': [3939], 'Signaling—As': [3944], '(10-50': [3980], 'ng/ml),': [3981], 'evidenced': [3983, 4366], 'Nanog': [3994], '6A),': [3996], 'Gcm1,': [4002], '6A).': [4008], 'At': [4009], 'same': [4011, 5720], 'time,': [4012], '6B).': [4027], 'inhibit': [4038, 4487], 'Is': [4059, 4233], 'Essential': [4060], 'Differentiation—We': [4063], 'investigated': [4065], 'whether': [4066, 6107], 'incubating': [4082], 'supplemented': [4087], 'gradients': [4091], 'restored': [4100], 'release': [4109], '6C).': [4119], 'expression,': [4128, 5177], '6D).': [4135], 'Immunostaining': [4136], 'methods': [4137], 'utilized': [4139], 'detect': [4141], 'BMP4,': [4156], '100': [4162], 'produce': [4171], 'number': [4177], 'CG-α-': [4179], 'CG-β-positive': [4181], 'reduced': [4184], '6E).': [4192], 'hCG,': [4206], '6F).': [4215], 'Activation': [4232], 'Required': [4234], 'hESCs—We': [4240], '5B).': [4253], 'interesting': [4256], 'know': [4258], 'if': [4259, 4426, 4927], 'took': [4274], 'advantage': [4275], 'glycosylphosphatidylinositol-AP': [4278], 'deficient': [4279, 4901], 'line,': [4281], 'AR1-C1': [4283, 4319, 4364, 4384, 4421, 4445, 4466], '(37Chen': [4284, 4903], 'Zou': [4290, 4909], 'Brodsky': [4294, 4913], '345-355Scopus': [4302, 4921], '(42)': [4303, 4922], 'co-receptor,': [4312, 4899], 'Dragon.': [4313], 'Dragon': [4314, 4324], 'glycosylphosphatidylinositol-AP.': [4317], 'disrupted': [4326], 'lacking': [4330], 'glycosylphosphatidylinositol': [4332], 'anchor.': [4333], 'extracellular': [4336], 'cannot': [4338], 'bind': [4339], 'receptor': [4342], 'blocked.': [4349], 'wild': [4357], 'type': [4358], '(G-GFP)': [4360], 'absence': [4368], 'like': [4375], 'CDX2,': [4376], 'CG-a,': [4377], 'CG-b': [4378], '7A),': [4380], 'Troma-1': [4382], '7B).': [4387], 'deficiency': [4389, 4404, 4411], 'can': [4393, 5761], 'rescued': [4395], 'transfection': [4397], 'Dragon,': [4399, 4900], 'indicates': [4401], 'caused': [4409], 'any': [4416], 'signal,': [4418], 'cell.4': [4422], 'expected': [4424], 'repressed,': [4443, 4878], 'would': [4447, 4468], 'repressed.': [4455, 4477, 4950, 4967], 'If': [4456], 'required,': [4464], 'Ar1-C1': [4480], 'no': [4490], 'evidence': [4491], '7).': [4498], 'indicated': [4502], 'takes': [4529], 'place': [4530], 'stage,': [4534, 4801], 'segregates': [4538], 'Due': [4544], 'practical': [4548], 'reasons,': [4549], 'difficult': [4553, 6014], 'event': [4561, 4744], '36Vallier': [4648], '118:': [4658], '4495-4509Crossref': [4659], '(762)': [4662], 'develop': [4674, 4731], 'trophoblasts,': [4676, 5320], '2).': [4683], 'Based': [4684, 4852], 'observations,': [4687], 'propose': [4689], 'morula,': [4709], 'receive': [4713, 4727], 'mass;': [4721], 'do': [4725, 5886], 'trophoblast.': [4734], 'This': [4735, 4882, 5327], 'relation': [4803], 'investigated.': [4813], '3),': [4839], 'resulting': [4846], '6).': [4851], 'results,': [4855], 'Our': [4870, 4951, 5034, 5238], 'induced.': [4881], 'raised': [4883], 'possibility': [4885], 'repression': [4891, 4933], 'promotes': [4892, 5106], 'investigate': [4926], 'suggested': [4953], 'even': [4963], 'observation': [4969, 5035], 'should': [4970], 'simply': [4973], 'interpreted': [4974], 'they': [4976, 5181, 5361], 'upstream': [4978], 'downstream.': [4980], 'Because': [4981, 5146], 'Activin/Nodal.': [4992, 5018], 'reciprocal': [5000], 'feedback': [5001], 'loop.': [5002], 'induces': [5005], 'reveals': [5036], 'novel': [5039], 'mechanism': [5040], 'critical': [5044], 'interaction': [5045], 'related': [5048], 'antagonizing': [5050], 'culture,': [5063], 'possibly': [5065], 'true': [5067], 'specification': [5107], 'neuroectoderm.': [5114], 'S1);': [5127], 'dramatic': [5133, 5184], 'analyze': [5174], 'likely': [5180], 'overlooked': [5182], 'their': [5189, 5596, 6093], 'experiments,': [5190], 'led': [5192], 'improper': [5194], 'conclusions.': [5195], 'Little': [5196], 'about': [5199], 'normal': [5200], 'period.': [5207], 'typical': [5213], 'experimental': [5216], 'embryology,': [5218], 'structures,': [5220], 'including': [5221], 'placenta,': [5223], 'membranes,': [5225], 'egg': [5228], 'cylinder,': [5229], 'differ': [5231, 5377, 5979], 'substantially': [5232], 'corresponding': [5235], 'structure.': [5237], 'display': [5240], 'although': [5242], 'most': [5244], 'exhibit': [5248, 5889], 'ESCs,': [5255], 'some': [5256], 'genes,': [5257], 'Eomes,': [5260], 'completely': [5262], 'different.': [5263], 'causing': [5315], 'down-regulated.': [5326], 'imply': [5340], 'substantial': [5344], 'blastocyst-derived;': [5359], 'equivalent.': [5364], 'maintain': [5375, 5724], '"stemness"': [5376], 'greatly': [5378], '31Xu': [5467], '38Smith': [5519], 'Heath': [5521], 'J.K.': [5522], 'Donaldson': [5523], 'D.D.': [5524], 'Wong': [5525], 'G.G.': [5526], 'Moreau': [5527], 'Stahl': [5529], 'Rogers': [5531], '1988;': [5534, 5563], '336:': [5535, 5564], '688-690Crossref': [5536], '(1483)': [5539], '39Williams': [5542], 'Hilton': [5544], 'D.J.': [5545], 'Pease': [5546], 'Willson': [5548], 'Stewart': [5550], 'C.L.': [5551], 'Gearing': [5552], 'Wagner': [5554], 'E.F.': [5555], 'Metcalf': [5556], 'Nicola': [5558], 'N.A.': [5559], 'Gough': [5560], 'N.M.': [5561], '684-687Crossref': [5565], '(1543)': [5568], '40Ying': [5571], 'Q.L.': [5572], 'Nichols': [5573], 'Chambers': [5575], '115:': [5581], '281-292Abstract': [5582], '(1729)': [5590], 'potential,': [5598], 'especially': [5599], 'capacity': [5601, 5891], '(8Gerami-Naini': [5609], '41Pera': [5656, 5842], 'M.F.': [5657, 5843], 'Andrade': [5658, 5844], 'Houssami': [5660, 5846], 'Reubinoff': [5662, 5848], 'Trounson': [5664, 5850], 'Stanley': [5666, 5852], 'E.G.': [5667, 5853], 'Ward-van': [5668, 5854], 'Oostwaard': [5669, 5855], 'Mummery': [5671, 5857], '117:': [5677, 5863], '1269-1280Crossref': [5678, 5864], '(414)': [5681, 5867], '42Rossant': [5684], '477-482Crossref': [5690, 5902], '(200)': [5693, 5905], '43Smith': [5696, 5908], 'Annu.': [5698, 5910], '435-462Crossref': [5705, 5917], '(1045)': [5708, 5920], '(44Brons': [5726], 'I.G.': [5727], 'Smithers': [5728], 'L.E.': [5729], 'Trotter': [5730], 'M.W.': [5731], 'Rugg-Gunn': [5732], 'Sun': [5734], 'Chuva': [5736], 'de': [5737], 'Sousa': [5738], 'Lopes': [5739], 'S.M.': [5740], 'Howlett': [5741], 'S.K.': [5742], 'Clarkson': [5743], 'Ahrlund-Richter': [5745], '448:': [5753], '191-195Crossref': [5754], '(1576)': [5757], 'layers,': [5767], 'capable': [5876], 'reconstituting': [5878], 'routinely': [5888], '(42Rossant': [5896], '45Schenke-Layland': [5923], 'Angelis': [5925], 'Rhodes': [5927], 'K.E.': [5928], 'Heydarkhan-Hagvall': [5929], 'Mikkola': [5931], 'H.K.': [5932], 'Maclellan': [5933], 'W.R.': [5934], '25:': [5938], '1529-1538Crossref': [5939], '(89)': [5942], 'highlight': [5947], 'fact': [5949], 'irreplaceable': [5956], 'events.': [5963], 'will': [5967, 6010, 6103], 'particularly': [5969], 'valuable': [5970], 'tissues': [5977], 'humans.': [5983], 'give': [5985], 'almost': [5995], 'unobtainable,': [5996], 'advantage;': [6001], 'considerations,': [6004], 'practicalities,': [6009], 'make': [6011], 'extremely': [6013], 'validate': [6016], 'vitro;': [6043], 'direct': [6046], 'Expression': [6063], 'profiles,': [6064], 'attained': [6065], 'EST': [6069], 'counts': [6070], 'NCBI': [6073], 'database,': [6074], 'shows': [6075], 'expressed': [6084], 'ovary': [6088], 'and/or': [6089], 'uterus,': [6090], 'implies': [6092], 'challenge': [6099], 'future': [6102], 'vivo,': [6123], 'thank': [6143], 'providing': [6152], 'Chun': [6156], 'Cui': [6157], 'review': [6159], 'manuscript.': [6162], '.zip': [6164], '(.36': [6165], 'MB)': [6166], 'Help': [6167], 'zip': [6169], 'files': [6170]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1964405000', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 9}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T13:21:27.831163', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
Publication Information

Basic Information

Access and Citation

AI Researcher Chatbot

Primary Location

Authors

Topics

Keywords

Related Works
