Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1589985420', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994', 'title': 'Comparison of PCR assay with bacterial culture for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media', 'display_name': 'Comparison of PCR assay with bacterial culture for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media', 'publication_year': 1994, 'publication_date': '1994-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1589985420', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994', 'mag': '1589985420', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7852553', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/264139'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994', 'pdf_url': 'https://jcm.asm.org/content/jcm/32/11/2667.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S53087977', 'display_name': 'Journal of Clinical Microbiology', 'issn_l': '0095-1137', 'issn': ['0095-1137', '1070-633X', '1098-660X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320263', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society for Microbiology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320263'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society for Microbiology'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://jcm.asm.org/content/jcm/32/11/2667.full.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047391051', 'display_name': 'Anni Virolainen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A Virolainen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5040153202', 'display_name': 'Paula Salo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P Salo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5080729683', 'display_name': 'Jussi Jero', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1945-4008'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J Jero', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5014206749', 'display_name': 'P. Karma', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P Karma', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086649718', 'display_name': 'Juhani Eskola', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J Eskola', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5038880802', 'display_name': 'M. Leinonen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-1167'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586', 'display_name': 'Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030sbze61', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I133731052', 'https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M Leinonen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210133586']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 6.118, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 106, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.907998, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '32', 'issue': '11', 'first_page': '2667', 'last_page': '2670'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10654', 'display_name': 'Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10654', 'display_name': 'Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11243', 'display_name': 'Respiratory viral infections research', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11153', 'display_name': 'Streptococcal Infections and Treatments', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumolysin', 'display_name': 'Pneumolysin', 'score': 0.9933302}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiological-culture', 'display_name': 'Microbiological culture', 'score': 0.52267164}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-otitis-media', 'display_name': 'Acute Otitis Media', 'score': 0.44567773}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776088486', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205996', 'display_name': 'Pneumolysin', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.9933302}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781253189', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221179', 'display_name': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9342518}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89423630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193', 'display_name': 'Microbiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.70148927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776439223', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q480700', 'display_name': 'Otitis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6258234}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49105822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996', 'display_name': 'Polymerase chain reaction', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5705994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189539697', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125312', 'display_name': 'Microbiological culture', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.52267164}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5072274}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908979688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223254', 'display_name': 'Acute otitis media', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44567773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C523546767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876', 'display_name': 'Bacteria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.28928345}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.24206352}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C501593827', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187', 'display_name': 'Antibiotics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1310057}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.060863078}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004432', 'descriptor_name': 'Ear, Middle', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010033', 'descriptor_name': 'Otitis Media', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013296', 'descriptor_name': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000302', 'qualifier_name': 'isolation & purification', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000208', 'descriptor_name': 'Acute Disease', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002675', 'descriptor_name': 'Child, Preschool', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004269', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Bacterial', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004269', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Bacterial', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004432', 'descriptor_name': 'Ear, Middle', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007223', 'descriptor_name': 'Infant', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010033', 'descriptor_name': 'Otitis Media', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016133', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013296', 'descriptor_name': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013296', 'descriptor_name': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994', 'pdf_url': 'https://jcm.asm.org/content/jcm/32/11/2667.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S53087977', 'display_name': 'Journal of Clinical Microbiology', 'issn_l': '0095-1137', 'issn': ['0095-1137', '1070-633X', '1098-660X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320263', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society for Microbiology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320263'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society for Microbiology'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc264139', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc264139?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC264139', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7852553', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994', 'pdf_url': 'https://jcm.asm.org/content/jcm/32/11/2667.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S53087977', 'display_name': 'Journal of Clinical Microbiology', 'issn_l': '0095-1137', 'issn': ['0095-1137', '1070-633X', '1098-660X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320263', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society for Microbiology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320263'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society for Microbiology'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.72}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 20, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W129762789', 'https://openalex.org/W1517171756', 'https://openalex.org/W1596521429', 'https://openalex.org/W1658542218', 'https://openalex.org/W1844215996', 'https://openalex.org/W1906347711', 'https://openalex.org/W1914233799', 'https://openalex.org/W2006825138', 'https://openalex.org/W2036026020', 'https://openalex.org/W2047480444', 'https://openalex.org/W2081783368', 'https://openalex.org/W2105818435', 'https://openalex.org/W2107512551', 'https://openalex.org/W2122894476', 'https://openalex.org/W2136064236', 'https://openalex.org/W2140615178', 'https://openalex.org/W2157757451', 'https://openalex.org/W2164153503', 'https://openalex.org/W2166785990', 'https://openalex.org/W2414984668'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4237788997', 'https://openalex.org/W4221125579', 'https://openalex.org/W3035528006', 'https://openalex.org/W3031860666', 'https://openalex.org/W2525759404', 'https://openalex.org/W2409093871', 'https://openalex.org/W2096662626', 'https://openalex.org/W2012607141', 'https://openalex.org/W1976925323', 'https://openalex.org/W1589985420'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0], 'have': [1], 'studied': [2], 'etiological': [3], 'diagnosis': [4], 'of': [5, 30, 36, 58, 86, 92, 114, 120, 141], 'acute': [6], 'otitis': [7, 103], 'media': [8], '(AOM)': [9], 'by': [10, 48], 'comparing': [11], 'a': [12, 55, 67, 128], 'newly': [13], 'developed': [14], 'pneumococcal': [15, 39, 121, 136], 'PCR': [16, 40, 80, 110, 126], 'for': [17, 83, 101], 'Streptococcus': [18], 'pneumoniae': [19, 71, 96], 'to': [20, 134], 'bacterial': [21], 'culture': [22, 108], 'with': [23, 33, 143], '180': [24, 87, 115], 'middle': [25], 'ear': [26], 'fluid': [27], '(MEF)': [28], 'samples': [29, 45, 98, 117, 140], '125': [31, 34], 'children': [32, 142], 'episodes': [35], 'AOM.': [37, 144], 'For': [38], 'assay,': [41], 'DNA': [42], 'from': [43], 'MEF': [44, 88, 107, 116, 139], 'was': [46, 72, 81], 'extracted': [47], 'phenol-chloroform.': [49], 'The': [50], 'outer': [51], 'primers': [52, 65], 'used': [53], 'amplified': [54, 66], '348-bp': [56], 'region': [57], 'the': [59, 63], 'pneumolysin': [60, 79, 125], 'gene,': [61], 'and': [62, 78, 109, 130], 'inner': [64], '208-bp': [68], 'region.': [69], 'S.': [70, 95], 'cultured': [73], 'in': [74, 138], '33': [75], '(18%)': [76], 'samples,': [77], 'positive': [82, 100], '51': [84], '(28%)': [85], 'samples.': [89], 'Only': [90], '2': [91], '21': [93], 'PCR-positive,': [94], 'culture-negative': [97], 'were': [99], 'other': [102], 'pathogens.': [104], 'By': [105], 'combining': [106], 'results,': [111], '54': [112], '(30%)': [113], 'had': [118], 'evidence': [119], 'etiology.': [122], 'In': [123], 'conclusion,': [124], 'is': [127], 'sensitive': [129], 'specific': [131], 'new': [132], 'method': [133], 'study': [135], 'involvement': [137]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1589985420', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T05:57:28.504838', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}