Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1494169163', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150', 'title': 'Range Verification Methods in Particle Therapy: Underlying Physics and Monte Carlo Modeling', 'display_name': 'Range Verification Methods in Particle Therapy: Underlying Physics and Monte Carlo Modeling', 'publication_year': 2015, 'publication_date': '2015-07-07', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1494169163', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150', 'mag': '1494169163', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26217586', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4493660'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'doaj', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5114375695', 'display_name': 'A. Kraan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-8809'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I108290504', 'display_name': 'University of Pisa', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ad39j10', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I108290504']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Aafke Christine Kraan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Pisa, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Pisa, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I108290504']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5114375695'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I108290504'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 2.812, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 135, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99958, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '5', 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11216', 'display_name': 'Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10358', 'display_name': 'Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-therapy', 'display_name': 'Particle Therapy', 'score': 0.6907785}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779244869', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667', 'display_name': 'Proton therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.70720744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778418280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38276304', 'display_name': 'Particle therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6907785}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204323151', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424', 'display_name': 'Range (aeronautics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63489133}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6203429}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19499675', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207', 'display_name': 'Monte Carlo method', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6151673}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C35048267', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587553', 'display_name': 'Charged particle', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.54272485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19694890', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667', 'display_name': 'Hadron', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46267197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41451436}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121864883', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916', 'display_name': 'Statistical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40731016}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54516573', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294', 'display_name': 'Proton', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.37210026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19527891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908', 'display_name': 'Medical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3627324}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C30475298', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554', 'display_name': 'Computational physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33781427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168834538', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329', 'display_name': 'Beam (structure)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1745013}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15212616}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145148216', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496', 'display_name': 'Ion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13507077}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11589107}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.08242491}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C146978453', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668', 'display_name': 'Aerospace engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08162466}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doaj.org/article/7ec7687bdf7444ed8aec4d8a09b11793', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401280', 'display_name': 'DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4493660', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4493660?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493660', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26217586', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2015.00150/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 113, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1964129600', 'https://openalex.org/W1964528941', 'https://openalex.org/W1964924972', 'https://openalex.org/W1965629911', 'https://openalex.org/W1970689742', 'https://openalex.org/W1970881941', 'https://openalex.org/W1970903755', 'https://openalex.org/W1972114195', 'https://openalex.org/W1973099055', 'https://openalex.org/W1973617788', 'https://openalex.org/W1974162549', 'https://openalex.org/W1974385181', 'https://openalex.org/W1977575254', 'https://openalex.org/W1977658635', 'https://openalex.org/W1982695787', 'https://openalex.org/W1984666539', 'https://openalex.org/W1988259057', 'https://openalex.org/W1988602334', 'https://openalex.org/W1994146274', 'https://openalex.org/W1995749003', 'https://openalex.org/W1996278026', 'https://openalex.org/W1999189079', 'https://openalex.org/W2000500543', 'https://openalex.org/W2000982775', 'https://openalex.org/W2002176218', 'https://openalex.org/W2002740664', 'https://openalex.org/W2003988628', 'https://openalex.org/W2005391728', 'https://openalex.org/W2005801895', 'https://openalex.org/W2007352833', 'https://openalex.org/W2013406493', 'https://openalex.org/W2017366193', 'https://openalex.org/W2020160353', 'https://openalex.org/W2020294369', 'https://openalex.org/W2022855925', 'https://openalex.org/W2030544564', 'https://openalex.org/W2032300726', 'https://openalex.org/W2033233190', 'https://openalex.org/W2035952663', 'https://openalex.org/W2038196526', 'https://openalex.org/W2039699511', 'https://openalex.org/W2039839343', 'https://openalex.org/W2040882849', 'https://openalex.org/W2041596966', 'https://openalex.org/W2041753214', 'https://openalex.org/W2042153174', 'https://openalex.org/W2042411541', 'https://openalex.org/W2043937464', 'https://openalex.org/W2044551810', 'https://openalex.org/W2045415729', 'https://openalex.org/W2046741333', 'https://openalex.org/W2047763793', 'https://openalex.org/W2050319405', 'https://openalex.org/W2050892163', 'https://openalex.org/W2053494105', 'https://openalex.org/W2053700561', 'https://openalex.org/W2055574006', 'https://openalex.org/W2057017907', 'https://openalex.org/W2057326035', 'https://openalex.org/W2058598384', 'https://openalex.org/W2058760793', 'https://openalex.org/W2063156123', 'https://openalex.org/W2063713461', 'https://openalex.org/W2065568288', 'https://openalex.org/W2066357567', 'https://openalex.org/W2066846987', 'https://openalex.org/W2066891744', 'https://openalex.org/W2067491431', 'https://openalex.org/W2069361609', 'https://openalex.org/W2069580542', 'https://openalex.org/W2071899228', 'https://openalex.org/W2072239099', 'https://openalex.org/W2076107349', 'https://openalex.org/W2076139133', 'https://openalex.org/W2077747692', 'https://openalex.org/W2080634330', 'https://openalex.org/W2080781492', 'https://openalex.org/W2081488652', 'https://openalex.org/W2083168358', 'https://openalex.org/W2083770395', 'https://openalex.org/W2084130784', 'https://openalex.org/W2084904372', 'https://openalex.org/W2085672459', 'https://openalex.org/W2087670959', 'https://openalex.org/W2092199671', 'https://openalex.org/W2092775328', 'https://openalex.org/W2098426894', 'https://openalex.org/W2098736080', 'https://openalex.org/W2101433325', 'https://openalex.org/W2109560704', 'https://openalex.org/W2113886915', 'https://openalex.org/W2114345031', 'https://openalex.org/W2116047364', 'https://openalex.org/W2116085429', 'https://openalex.org/W2123172770', 'https://openalex.org/W2129408668', 'https://openalex.org/W2139900007', 'https://openalex.org/W2141849155', 'https://openalex.org/W2142811624', 'https://openalex.org/W2144241398', 'https://openalex.org/W2145373178', 'https://openalex.org/W2149479064', 'https://openalex.org/W2150993402', 'https://openalex.org/W2153962442', 'https://openalex.org/W2161481032', 'https://openalex.org/W2163897127', 'https://openalex.org/W2166679673', 'https://openalex.org/W2167056404', 'https://openalex.org/W2527755053', 'https://openalex.org/W3097364771', 'https://openalex.org/W3102998791', 'https://openalex.org/W3121548678', 'https://openalex.org/W3173599476'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4288083030', 'https://openalex.org/W4283277733', 'https://openalex.org/W3025724153', 'https://openalex.org/W3011224823', 'https://openalex.org/W2901288344', 'https://openalex.org/W2747322794', 'https://openalex.org/W2724825583', 'https://openalex.org/W2486532545', 'https://openalex.org/W2029285485', 'https://openalex.org/W2025329640'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Hadron': [0], 'therapy': [1, 28, 69], 'allows': [2], 'for': [3, 195], 'highly': [4], 'conformal': [5], 'dose': [6, 17, 124], 'distributions': [7, 134], 'and': [8, 38, 117, 132, 205, 212, 247, 257, 265, 278], 'better': [9], 'sparing': [10], 'of': [11, 21, 26, 56, 62, 86, 104, 107, 122, 135, 141, 154, 178, 187, 215, 226, 240, 271], 'organs-at-risk,': [12], 'thanks': [13], 'to': [14, 36, 53, 76, 173, 182, 286], 'the': [15, 24, 34, 45, 54, 60, 78, 87, 99, 123, 136, 152, 192, 272], 'characteristic': [16], 'deposition': [18], 'as': [19, 101, 280, 282], 'function': [20], 'depth.': [22], 'However,': [23], 'quality': [25], 'hadron': [27, 233], 'treatments': [29], 'is': [30, 70, 146, 156, 181, 221], 'closely': [31], 'connected': [32], 'with': [33, 110, 198], 'ability': [35], 'predict': [37], 'achieve': [39], 'a': [40, 102, 147, 157, 184, 224], 'given': [41], 'beam': [42], 'range': [43, 51, 80, 89, 196, 251], 'in': [44, 49, 67, 81, 190, 202, 218, 232, 249], 'patient.': [46], 'Currently,': [47], 'uncertainties': [48], 'particle': [50, 68, 79, 88, 259], 'lead': [52], 'employment': [55], 'safety': [57], 'margins,': [58], 'at': [59, 73, 166], 'expense': [61], 'treatment': [63], 'quality.': [64], 'Much': [65], 'research': [66, 263], 'therefore': [71], 'aimed': [72], 'developing': [74], 'methods': [75], 'verify': [77], 'patients.': [82], 'Non-invasive': [83], 'in-vivo': [84], 'monitoring': [85], 'can': [90, 126], 'be': [91, 127, 287], 'performed': [92], 'by': [93, 129, 223], 'detecting': [94], 'secondary': [95, 137, 199], 'radiation,': [96], 'emitted': [97], 'from': [98], 'patient': [100], 'result': [103], 'nuclear': [105, 163, 213], 'interactions': [106, 165, 214], 'charged': [108, 118, 216, 258], 'hadrons': [109, 217], 'tissue,': [111], 'including': [112], 'beta+': [113], 'emitters,': [114], 'prompt': [115, 255], 'photons,': [116], 'fragments.': [119], 'The': [120, 139, 176], 'correctness': [121], 'delivery': [125], 'verified': [128], 'comparing': [130], 'measured': [131], 'pre-calculated': [133], 'particles.': [138], 'reliability': [140], 'Monte': [142], 'Carlo': [143], '(MC)': [144], 'predictions': [145], 'key': [148], 'issue.': [149], 'Correctly': [150], 'modelling': [151, 191], 'production': [153], 'secondaries': [155], 'non-trivial': [158], 'task,': [159], 'because': [160], 'it': [161], 'involves': [162], 'physics': [164, 193], 'energies,': [167], 'where': [168], 'no': [169], 'rigorous': [170], 'theories': [171], 'exist': [172], 'describe': [174, 237], 'them.': [175], 'goal': [177], 'this': [179], 'review': [180], 'provide': [183], 'comprehensive': [185], 'overview': [186], 'various': [188], 'aspects': [189], 'processes': [194], 'verification': [197, 252], 'particles': [200], 'produced': [201], 'proton,': [203], 'carbon,': [204], 'heavier': [206], 'ion': [207], 'irradiation.': [208], 'We': [209, 261], 'discuss': [210], 'electromagnetic': [211], 'matter,': [219], 'which': [220], 'followed': [222], 'summary': [225], 'some': [227], 'widely': [228], 'used': [229, 248], 'MC': [230, 291], 'codes': [231, 243], 'therapy.': [234], 'Then': [235], 'we': [236, 274], 'selected': [238], 'examples': [239], 'how': [241], 'these': [242], 'have': [244], 'been': [245], 'validated': [246], 'three': [250], 'techniques:': [253], 'PET,': [254], 'gamma,': [256], 'detection.': [260], 'include': [262], 'studies': [264], 'clinically': [266], 'applied': [267], 'methods.': [268], 'For': [269], 'each': [270], 'techniques': [273], 'point': [275], 'out': [276], 'advantages': [277], 'disadvantages,': [279], 'well': [281], 'clinical': [283], 'challenges': [284], 'still': [285], 'addressed,': [288], 'focusing': [289], 'on': [290], 'simulation': [292], 'aspects.': [293]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1494169163', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-20T12:45:08.179289', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}