Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W756795054', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Evolution of Sectarianism in Pakistan: A Threat to the State and Society', 'display_name': 'Evolution of Sectarianism in Pakistan: A Threat to the State and Society', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W756795054', 'mag': '756795054'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/7._Evolution_of_sectarianism_v29_no2_2014.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S44159187', 'display_name': 'South Asian Studies', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5070582738', 'display_name': 'Muhammad Nadeem Shah', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-4646'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Muhammad Nadeem Shah', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5070582738'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.425, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 17, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.962507, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 89, 'max': 90}, 'biblio': {'volume': '29', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '443', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12550', 'display_name': 'Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East', 'score': 0.979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12550', 'display_name': 'Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East', 'score': 0.979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12353', 'display_name': 'Lexicography and Language Studies', 'score': 0.9521, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13445', 'display_name': 'American Constitutional Law and Politics', 'score': 0.9448, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sectarianism', 'display_name': 'Sectarianism', 'score': 0.9284952}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sect', 'display_name': 'Sect', 'score': 0.70287395}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/radicalization', 'display_name': 'Radicalization', 'score': 0.4104124}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776518542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352121', 'display_name': 'Sectarianism', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9284952}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776993492', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19097', 'display_name': 'Sect', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70287395}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48103436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031', 'display_name': 'State (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57806605}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203133693', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283', 'display_name': 'Terrorism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57752883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.539735}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73484699', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733', 'display_name': 'Criminology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47493273}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44136685}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4445939', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432', 'display_name': 'Islam', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42866638}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777113924', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3416483', 'display_name': 'Radicalization', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4104124}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36511108}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20572063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.19965383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/7._Evolution_of_sectarianism_v29_no2_2014.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S44159187', 'display_name': 'South Asian Studies', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.83, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W103222531', 'https://openalex.org/W1506899057', 'https://openalex.org/W1575400960', 'https://openalex.org/W1602659612', 'https://openalex.org/W2045740075', 'https://openalex.org/W2166351770', 'https://openalex.org/W2337092275', 'https://openalex.org/W2552504445', 'https://openalex.org/W426992187', 'https://openalex.org/W438962219'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W820889911', 'https://openalex.org/W54055944', 'https://openalex.org/W319994415', 'https://openalex.org/W3195182226', 'https://openalex.org/W3180324639', 'https://openalex.org/W3118181701', 'https://openalex.org/W3040759429', 'https://openalex.org/W303880403', 'https://openalex.org/W2993704048', 'https://openalex.org/W298781116', 'https://openalex.org/W2953427825', 'https://openalex.org/W2592348790', 'https://openalex.org/W2561804760', 'https://openalex.org/W2481362568', 'https://openalex.org/W2470225995', 'https://openalex.org/W23096392', 'https://openalex.org/W2187475323', 'https://openalex.org/W206279510', 'https://openalex.org/W1499039147', 'https://openalex.org/W1429471194'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'AbstractContemporary': [0], 'Pakistan': [1, 515, 590], 'has': [2, 37, 71, 96, 294, 380], 'been': [3, 38, 89, 295, 381], 'passing': [4], 'through': [5, 153], 'the': [215], 'worst': [7], 'phase': [8], 'of': [9, 59, 62, 81, 85, 102, 147, 158, 166, 190, 213, 223, 230, 234, 245, 256, 263, 286, 300, 306, 320, 334, 349, 354, 376, 386, 414, 599, 601], 'its': [10, 193, 279, 283, 307, 554], 'history': [11], 'due': [12, 468], 'to': [13, 76, 123, 131, 138, 203, 225, 261, 369, 404, 409, 436, 438, 446, 458, 469, 509], 'internal': [14], 'law': [15], 'and': [16, 18, 22, 52, 164, 199, 282, 315, 358, 364, 378, 388, 417, 433, 450, 471, 507, 514, 525, 556, 563, 578, 596, 614], 'order': [17], 'security': [19], 'issues.': [20], 'Terrorism': [21], 'sectarianism': [23], 'had': [24], 'never': [25], 'struck': [26], 'state': [28, 163, 212], 'with': [29, 185, 205, 465, 488, 550], 'such': [30, 127, 186, 567], 'intensity': [31, 467], 'in': [32, 49, 68, 143, 179, 220, 249, 343, 361, 371, 505, 523, 589], 'past': [34], 'as': [35, 54, 56, 195, 397, 454, 512, 516, 553], 'it': [36], 'since': [39, 303, 591], 'last': [41], 'two': [42], 'decades.': [43], 'Suicide': [44], 'attacks': [45], 'on': [46, 155, 161, 429, 527, 544, 547], 'worshippers': [48], 'Mosques': [51, 363], 'Imambargahs': [53], 'well': [55], 'target': [57, 597], 'killing': [58, 111, 568, 598], 'religious': [60, 177, 231, 276, 356, 473, 481], 'leaders': [61, 482, 487], 'either': [63, 602], 'sect,': [64], 'at': [65, 105], 'various': [66, 176], 'places': [67, 285], 'country': [70, 104], 'posed': [72], 'a': [73, 180, 196, 211, 227, 240, 243, 273, 297, 384, 517], 'serious': [74, 298], 'threat': [75, 299], 'peace': [78, 377], 'loving': [79], 'nation': [80], 'Pakistan.': [82], 'The': [83, 149, 309, 318, 330, 411], 'feelings': [84], 'vulnerability': [86], 'have': [87, 346, 420, 462], 'continuously': [88], 'increasing': [90], 'day': [91], 'by': [92, 476, 484, 530], 'day.': [93], 'This': [94, 134], 'situation': [95, 495], 'put': [97], 'entire': [99], 'social': [100], 'structure': [101], 'stake.': [106], 'Why': [107], 'Muslims': [109], 'are': [110, 115, 129, 259, 312, 401, 587, 604, 620], 'Muslims?': [113], 'Who': [114], 'masterminds?': [117], 'And': [118], 'what': [119], 'is': [120, 218, 242, 270, 322, 337, 367, 434], 'remedy': [122], 'this': [124, 144, 268, 335], 'menace?': [125], 'All': [126], 'questions': [128], 'yet': [130], 'be': [132, 210, 262], 'answered.': [133], 'paper': [135], 'will': [136, 151], 'try': [137], 'unveil': [139], 'elements': [141], 'involved': [142, 342], 'bloody': [145], 'game': [146], 'viciousness.': [148], 'work': [150], 'also': [152, 327, 400], 'light': [154], 'affects': [157], 'sectarian': [159, 301, 494, 613], 'ferocity': [160], 'society': [165, 181], 'Pakistan.Key': [167], 'Words:': [168], 'Extremism,': [169], 'Militancy,': [170], 'Pakistan,': [171], 'Religion,': [172], 'Sectarianism,': [173], 'Terrorism,': [174], 'Violence.IntroductionIf': [175], 'factions': [178], 'antagonize': [182], 'each': [183, 189], 'other': [184], 'stringency': [187], 'that': [188, 338], 'them': [191, 406], 'reflect': [192], 'beliefs': [194], 'complete': [197], 'religion': [198, 224, 370, 375, 385, 444], 'do': [200, 345, 610], 'not': [201, 323, 392, 403], 'prepared': [202], 'reconcile': [204], 'diverse': [207], 'view,': [208], 'would': [209], 'sectarianism.': [214], 'term': [216], 'Sect': [217], 'used': [219, 271], 'sociology': [222], 'designate': [226], 'particular': [228], 'kind': [229], 'group(International': [232], 'Encyclopedia': [233], 'Social': [236], 'Sciences,': [237], '1968:': [238], '130).Usually': [239], 'sect': [241, 426, 603], 'body': [244], 'people': [246, 600], 'who': [247, 258], 'bond': [248], 'holding': [250], 'certain': [251], 'opinions': [252], 'divergent': [253], 'from': [254, 570, 612], 'those': [255], 'others': [257, 453], 'accounted': [260], 'same': [265], 'religion.': [266, 352], 'Normally': [267], 'word': [269], 'for': [272, 540], 'separately': [274], 'organized': [275], 'group': [277], 'having': [278], 'typical': [280], 'name': [281], 'own': [284, 448], 'worship': [287], '(The': [288], 'Oxford': [289], 'English': [290], 'Dictionary,': [291], '1961:': [292], '361).Pakistan': [293], 'under': [296], 'fierceness': [302], 'time': [305], 'inception.': [308], 'main': [310], 'contenders': [311], 'Sunnis': [314], 'Shias.': [317], 'nature': [319], 'hostility': [321], 'only': [324, 393], 'inter-sects': [325], 'bet': [326], 'intra': [328], 'sects.': [329], 'most': [331], 'unfortunate': [332], 'facet': [333], 'encounter': [336], 'all': [339], 'sects': [341], 'violence': [344], 'claim': [348], 'serving': [350], 'Killing': [353], 'intellectuals,': [355, 561], 'scholars,': [357], 'innocent': [359], 'worshipers': [360], 'Imam': [365], 'Bargahs': [366], 'service': [368], 'their': [372, 395, 447, 618], 'judgments.': [373], 'A': [374], 'tolerance': [379], 'transformed': [382], 'into': [383], 'extremism': [387], 'radicalism.': [389], 'These': [390], 'fanatics': [391], 'consider': [394, 451], 'adversaries': [396], 'infidels': [398], 'but': [399, 594, 617], 'convinced': [402], 'give': [405], 'right': [408], 'alive.': [410], 'vested': [412, 489], 'interests': [490], 'political': [415, 486], 'bosses': [416], 'foreign': [418], 'aid': [419], 'further': [421], 'intensified': [422], 'situation.': [424], 'Each': [425], 'justifies': [427], 'itself': [428], 'true': [431], 'path': [432], 'sure': [435], 'go': [437], 'paradise.': [440], 'They': [441], 'construe': [442], 'according': [445], 'concern': [449], 'non-believer': [455], 'even': [456], 'inferior': [457], 'that.': [459], 'Sectarian': [460], 'differences': [461], 're-emerged': [463], 'now': [464], 'atrocious': [466], 'unchecked': [470], 'uncontrolled': [472], 'intolerance': [474], 'promoted': [475], 'semi-literate,': [478], 'little': [479], 'educated': [480], 'supported': [483], 'selfish': [485], '(Naek,': [491], '2001:': [492], '29).The': [493], 'become': [496], 'worsen': [497], 'when': [498], 'Haq': [499], 'Nawaz': [500], 'Jhangvi': [501], 'created': [502], 'Sipah-e-Sahaba': [503], 'Pakistan(SSP)': [504], '1985': [506], 'demanded': [508], 'pronounce': [510], 'Shias': [511, 559, 569], 'non-Muslims': [513], 'Sunni': [518], 'State.': [519], 'He': [520], 'took': [521], 'part': [522], 'politics': [524], 'later': [526], 'was': [528], 'murdered': [529], 'his': [531, 534, 541], 'opponents.': [532], 'But': [533], 'followers': [535], 'alleged': [536], 'Shia': [537], 'community,': [538], 'responsible': [539], 'assassination.': [542], 'Later': [543], 'Lashkar-e-Jhangvi(LeJ)': [545], 'came': [546], 'scene': [549], 'Riaz': [551], 'Basra': [552], 'chief,': [555], 'exterminated': [557], 'many': [558, 592], 'including': [560], 'scholars': [562], 'worshipers.': [564], 'To': [565], 'respond': [566], 'Thokar': [571], 'Niaz': [572], 'Beg,': [573], 'Lahore': [574], 'made': [575], 'Sipah-e-Muhammad': [576], 'Pakistan(SMP)': [577], 'embattled': [579], "Deobandis'(Rana,": [580], '2004:': [581], '415).': [582], 'Although': [583], 'both': [584], 'organizations': [586], 'banned': [588], 'years': [593], 'bloodshed': [595], 'persist': [605], 'without': [606], 'any': [607], 'restraint.Generally': [608], 'terrorists': [609], 'come': [611], 'Jihadi': [615], 'groups,': [616], 'masterminds': [619], 'somewhere': [621], 'else.': [622], '…': [623]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W756795054', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T07:55:17.495631', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}