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[27, 565], 'revealed': [28], 'combination': [31], 'of': [32, 64, 85, 115, 352, 438, 498, 669], 'atezolizumab': [33, 567], '(PD-L1': [34], 'inhibitor)': [35], 'and': [36, 72, 99, 122, 149, 159, 175, 192, 208, 231, 240, 247, 287, 331, 346, 376, 495, 666, 676], 'enzalutamide': [37, 68, 116, 127, 302, 569, 571, 628, 630], 'failed': [38], 'to': [39, 112, 126, 130, 293], 'extend': [40], 'overall': [41], 'survival': [42], 'in': [43, 67, 78, 137, 156, 198, 213, 234, 252, 263, 271, 301, 309, 342, 356, 365, 400, 441, 500, 573, 632], 'castration-resistant': [46, 577, 634], '(CRPC).<sup>3–5</sup>': [49], 'The': [50, 83, 134, 166, 337], 'mechanisms': [51, 136], 'underlying': [52], 'treatment': [53, 218], 'failure': [54], 'remain': [55], 'unknown.': [56], 'In': [57], 'this': [58], 'study,': [59], 'we': [60], 'investigated': [61], 'regulation': [63], 'immunosuppressive': [65, 328, 334], 'signaling': [66, 184, 243, 298], 'resistant': [69, 125, 303, 402], 'characterized': [73], 'immune': [75, 168, 241, 312, 353], 'infiltrating': [76], 'cells': [77, 108, 124, 141, 169, 278, 282], 'murine': [79, 235], 'tumors.': [81, 237, 274], '<h3>Methods</h3>': [82], 'interferon': [86], 'gamma-related': [87], 'genes': [88], 'was': [89, 205, 250, 363], 'determined': [90, 143, 171], 'using': [91, 104, 164, 180], 'qRT-PCR': [92], 'and/or': [93], 'western': [94], 'blotting.': [95], 'Androgen': [96], 'receptor': [97], '(AR)': [98], 'AR-V7': [100], 'levels': [101], 'were': [102, 109, 128, 142, 154, 162, 170, 178, 196, 245, 260, 659], 'downregulated': [103], 'specific': [105], 'siRNA.': [106], 'Myc-CaP': [107, 132, 148, 150, 236, 254, 264, 272, 280], 'chronically': [110], 'exposed': [111], 'increasing': [113], 'concentrations': [114], '(5–50': [117], 'μM)': [118], 'for': [119], '>12': [120], 'months,': [121], 'referred': [129], 'as': [131], 'MDVR.': [133], 'gene-regulating': [135], 'drug-resistant': [138], 'by': [144, 172, 211, 318, 326, 367, 661], 'RNA': [145], 'sequencing': [146], 'analyses.': [147], 'MDVR': [151, 200, 215, 255, 265, 281], 'xenograft': [152], 'tumors': [153, 267], 'established': [155], 'FVB': [157], 'mice,': [158], 'tumor-infiltrating': [160], 'lymphocytes': [161], 'isolated': [163], 'Ficoll.': [165], 'stained': [167], 'flow': [173], 'cytometry,': [174], 'analyzed': [179], 'Flowjo.': [181], '<h3>Results</h3>': [182], 'Immune-related': [183], 'pathways': [185, 244], '(interferon': [186], 'alpha/gamma': [187], 'response,': [188], 'T': [189, 221, 343], 'cell': [190, 193, 222, 228, 329], 'activation,': [191], 'chemotaxis': [194, 239], 'pathways)': [195], 'suppressed': [197], 'C4–2B': [199, 214], 'cells.': [201, 216, 256, 306], 'However,': [202], 'PD-L1': [203, 232, 248, 396], 'highly': [206, 398], 'upregulated': [207], 'negatively': [209], 'regulated': [210], 'AR': [212], 'Enzalutamide': [217, 401], 'decreased': [219], 'CD8<sup>+</sup>': [220], 'but': [223], 'monocytic': [225], 'myeloid-derived': [226], 'suppressor': [227], '(M-MDSC)': [229], 'population': [230], 'Consistently,': [238], 'response-regulating': [242], 'suppressed,': [246], 'enzalutamide-resistant': [253, 319, 357, 442], 'Notably,': [257], 'MDSC': [258, 285], 'populations': [259], 'significantly': [261, 283], 'orthotopic': [266], 'compared': [268], 'those': [270], 'parental': [273], 'Co-culturing': [275], 'bone': [276], 'marrow': [277], 'promoted': [284, 316], 'differentiation': [286], 'polarized': [288], 'macrophages': [289, 347], 'M1': [292], 'M2': [294], 'phase.': [295], '<h3>Conclusions</h3>': [296], 'Immunosuppressive': [297, 307], 'is': [299, 397], 'dysregulated': [300], 'alterations': [308], 'tumor': [311, 335], 'microenvironment': [313], 'can': [314], 'be': [315], 'directly': [317], 'CRPC': [320], 'cells,': [321, 344], 'which': [322], 'promote': [323], 'self-immune': [324], 'evasion': [325], 'inducing': [327], 'infiltration': [330], 'forming': [332], 'an': [333], 'microenvironment.': [336], 'activated': [338], 'immune-related': [339], 'signatures': [340], 'involved': [341], 'MDSC,': [345], 'reduce': [349], 'efficacy': [351], 'checkpoint': [354], 'inhibitors': [355], 'cancer.': [359, 404, 444], '<h3>Acknowledgements</h3>': [360], 'This': [361], 'work': [362], 'supported': [364], 'part': [366], 'grants': [368], 'NIH/NCI': [369], 'R37CA249108': [370], '(C,': [371, 374, 379], 'Liu),': [372, 375], 'R01CA251253': [373], 'DoD': [377], 'HT94252310144': [378], 'Liu).': [380], '<h3>References</h3>': [381], 'Bishop': [382], 'JL,': [383], 'Sio': [384], 'A,': [385, 387, 619], 'Angeles': [386], 'Roberts': [388], 'ME,': [389], 'Azad': [390], 'AA,': [391], 'Chi': [392], 'KN,': [393], 'Zoubeidi': [394], 'A.': [395], 'expressed': [399], '<i>Oncotarget</i>.': [405, 445], '2015;<b>6</b>(1):234–42.': [406], 'doi:': [407, 449, 515, 647], '10.18632/oncotarget.2703.': [408], 'PubMed': [409, 451, 517, 649], 'PMID:': [410, 452, 518, 650], '25428917;': [411], 'PMCID:': [412, 454], '4381591.': [413], 'Graff': [414], 'JN,': [415], 'Alumkal': [416], 'JJ,': [417], 'Drake': [418, 597], 'CG,': [419, 598], 'Thomas': [420, 559], 'GV,': [421], 'Redmond': [422], 'WL,': [423], 'Farhad': [424], 'M,': [425, 473, 489], 'Cetnar': [426], 'JP,': [427, 471], 'Ey': [428], 'FS,': [429], 'Bergan': [430], 'RC,': [431], 'Slottke': [432], 'R,': [433], 'Beer': [434], 'TM.': [435], 'Early': [436], 'evidence': [437], 'anti-PD-1': [439], 'activity': [440], '2016;<b>7</b>(33):52810–7.': [446], 'Epub': [447, 645], '2016/07/19.': [448], '10.18632/oncotarget.10547.': [450], '27429197;': [453], 'PMC5288150.': [455], 'Petrylak': [456], 'DP,': [457], 'Loriot': [458], 'Y,': [459], 'Shaffer': [460], 'DR,': [461], 'Braiteh': [462], 'F,': [463], 'Powderly': [464], 'J,': [465], 'Harshman': [466], 'LC,': [467], 'Conkling': [468], 'P,': [469, 623], 'Delord': [470], 'Gordon': [472], 'Kim': [474], 'JW,': [475], 'Sarkar': [476], 'I,': [477], 'Yuen': [478, 587], 'K,': [479, 600], 'Kadel': [480, 591], 'EE,': [481, 592], 'Mariathasan': [482, 620], 'S,': [483, 487, 491, 524, 590, 621], "O'Hear": [484], 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