Abstract: Publisher SummaryThe production and maintenance of vacuum involves flow of gas from the vacuum vessel through pipelines and pumps to the atmosphere. Typically, gas flow in vacuum systems can be divided into three main categories or regimes—turbulent flow, viscous or laminar flow, and molecular flow. Turbulent flow of gas occurs at high-pressure gradients, is characterized by eddies and vortices in the gas stream, and is rarely encountered in most vacuum applications. The motion of gas molecules undergoing turbulent flow is complex and lacks order, the gas swirls and eddies, and the individual particles of the gas may have velocities and directions that are quite different from the average velocity and the overall flow direction. The viscous or laminar flow is smooth and orderly and every particle passing a point follows the same path as the preceding particle passing that point. Flow rates are proportional to the pressure gradient, and the viscosity of the gas. Flow lines are straight lines or gradual curves unlike the case with turbulent flow.
Publication Year: 1998
Publication Date: 1998-01-01
Language: en
Type: book-chapter
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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