Title: Beyoğlu’nda çok işlevli yarı kamusal mekânlar; Pasajlar, Geçitler, Çıkmazlar, Siteler
Abstract: The transformation of Beyoğlu which started in the mid-XIX th century as a part of modernisation process of the Ottoman Empire can be defined as a period in which different typologies on architectural and urbanistic scales are observed and consequently, during the same period, the very first examples of apartment buildings and arcades inspired by occidental references to appear in Ottoman architecture.This study mainly focuses on these arcades as well as passages, dead-ends and sites, which are still a part of the vitality of Beyoğlu with their semi-public and multifunctional aspects.It also analyses the motivations behind their construction, their incorporation into the existing urban tissue and their functions.The main aim of this study is to answer the absence of research on the integration of these buildings at the urban level.Moreover, this study targets to create a database on these samples that are considered specimens representing the passage from traditional Ottoman hans to Occident-inspired arcades.This database can be used in future studies that will deepen the study on the subject.Another point is to show the social and commercial potential created by the incorporation of these spaces, to encourage new projects of the same order.The present phase of the rapid transformation of the Beyoğlu brings a heavy sequence of restorations and demolishments, which results in many cases a partial or total loss of functionality of these constructions.This fact is another motivation for this study and adds a hint of emergent necessity.The methodology applied here is the "building typology-urban morphology" approach, which is based on a system of interdependence between architectural and urbanistic scales.Researchers who developed the typology-morphology approach analyse the logic that shapes a city on the basis of relations between the whole and its parts.According to that approach, different phases of typology research are the following; making an inventory of samples, generating clusters, comparing samples and regrouping similar specimens.In this survey that concentrates on arcades, passageways, dead-ends and sites, foremost a geographic parameter is defined and 23 buildings and/or buildings complexes that are constructed before the beginning of the XX th century, were elected.One of the most important findings of this survey is the motivation to build these arcades.Although the investors were targeting, exactly like their occidental pairs, to create more com-