Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W343823188', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Employment Mobility Laws and Competition', 'display_name': 'Employment Mobility Laws and Competition', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W343823188', 'mag': '343823188'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1078633211/employment-mobility-laws-and-competition', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201813980', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cJournal of corporation law', 'issn_l': '0360-795X', 'issn': ['0360-795X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084962411', 'display_name': 'April Franco', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'April M. Franco', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047201435', 'display_name': 'Matthew Mitchell', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3806-4582'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew F. Mitchell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 2, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.710557, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 68, 'max': 72}, 'biblio': {'volume': '31', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '375', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11043', 'display_name': 'Merger and Competition Analysis', 'score': 0.9953, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11043', 'display_name': 'Merger and Competition Analysis', 'score': 0.9953, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11437', 'display_name': 'Digital Platforms and Economics', 'score': 0.9711, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11499', 'display_name': 'ICT Impact and Policies', 'score': 0.957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2214', 'display_name': 'Media Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/scope', 'display_name': 'Scope (computer science)', 'score': 0.62085557}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34974158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257', 'display_name': 'Intellectual property', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.74690104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779777834', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277', 'display_name': 'Enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70072365}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778012447', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415', 'display_name': 'Scope (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62085557}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91306197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767', 'display_name': 'Competition (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5867442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.52557546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5045935}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.48191884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.42001218}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20060158}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11187723}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1078633211/employment-mobility-laws-and-competition', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201813980', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cJournal of corporation law', 'issn_l': '0360-795X', 'issn': ['0360-795X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W655208345', 'https://openalex.org/W44520665', 'https://openalex.org/W3167826688', 'https://openalex.org/W2922895388', 'https://openalex.org/W2907579437', 'https://openalex.org/W2777153911', 'https://openalex.org/W2187344925', 'https://openalex.org/W2161674857', 'https://openalex.org/W2156981868', 'https://openalex.org/W2152292449', 'https://openalex.org/W2148951743', 'https://openalex.org/W2134943061', 'https://openalex.org/W1788236010', 'https://openalex.org/W1586659813', 'https://openalex.org/W1581055805', 'https://openalex.org/W1574012896', 'https://openalex.org/W1540501831', 'https://openalex.org/W1539081596', 'https://openalex.org/W1497022772', 'https://openalex.org/W1489221475'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'I.': [0], 'INTRODUCTION': [1], 'Herbert': [2], 'Hovenkamp': [3], 'discusses': [4], 'the': [5, 19, 22, 30, 91, 94, 102, 116, 120, 128, 136, 149, 165, 171, 181, 185, 189, 199, 236, 258, 267, 285, 295, 302, 309, 317, 320, 334, 354, 358, 388, 405, 420, 425, 429, 442, 446, 461, 478, 490, 504, 510, 544, 592, 626, 642], 'relationship': [6], 'between': [7, 21, 49, 246, 615], 'antitrust': [8, 401, 619], 'laws': [9, 64, 99], 'and': [10, 33, 51, 154, 193, 233, 235, 305, 329, 395, 559, 618], 'intellectual': [11, 150], 'property': [12, 151], '(IP)': [13], 'laws.': [14], 'He': [15], 'points': [16], 'out': [17], 'that': [18, 41, 65, 93, 135, 383, 415, 431, 448], 'conflict': [20, 614], 'two': [23, 413, 479], 'is': [83, 138, 168, 191, 242, 252, 463, 470, 496, 519, 530, 620], 'explained': [25], 'by': [26, 180, 275, 436, 535, 582], 'deep': [27], 'uncertainty': [28, 42, 356], 'about': [29, 357], 'optimal': [31, 121, 359, 370], 'amount': [32], 'scope': [34, 95, 122, 360], 'of': [35, 61, 96, 104, 123, 130, 152, 201, 220, 244, 266, 278, 284, 297, 322, 349, 353, 361, 390, 407, 422, 467, 477, 506, 512, 523, 546], 'IP': [36, 50, 62, 98, 124, 350, 557, 576, 616, 631], 'protection.': [37, 125], 'As': [38, 364, 526], 'long': [39, 643], 'as': [40, 75, 110, 159, 209, 498], 'remains': [43], 'there': [44], 'will': [45, 635], 'always': [46], 'be': [47, 563, 591], 'tension': [48], 'antitrust.1': [52], 'In': [53, 126, 162, 183, 257, 293, 566], 'this': [54, 108, 347, 468, 555, 589], 'Article': [55], 'we': [56, 372], 'study': [57, 346], 'a': [58, 87, 111, 160, 229, 264, 365, 474, 499, 533, 537, 548, 610], 'particular': [59], 'sort': [60], 'protection,': [63, 577], 'help': [66], 'firms': [67, 248, 273, 298, 323, 391, 454, 640], 'to': [68, 78, 84, 331, 345, 374, 399, 428, 445, 455, 471, 483, 531, 590, 623, 637], 'impose': [69], 'barriers': [70], 'on': [71, 101, 170, 509, 609], 'employee': [72, 517], 'mobility,': [73], 'such': [74, 202, 208, 362, 547], 'covenants': [76], 'not': [77, 195, 215, 253, 562], 'compete': [79], '(CNC).': [80], 'Our': [81, 550], 'goal': [82], 'analyze,': [85], 'in': [86, 145, 188, 231, 249, 255, 269, 287, 299, 301, 308, 324, 336, 339, 392, 481, 514, 543, 554, 564, 568, 625, 641], 'simple': [88, 475], 'economic': [89, 540], 'model,': [90], 'role': [92, 505], 'these': [97, 221, 376, 384, 416, 432, 507], 'have': [100, 155], 'degree': [103, 129], 'competition.': [105, 380, 408, 440], 'We': [106, 342, 587], 'see': [107], 'analysis': [109], 'necessary': [112, 542], 'step': [113, 367], 'toward': [114, 148, 368], 'understanding': [115, 369], 'complicated': [117], 'interactions': [118], 'underlying': [119], 'practice,': [127], 'protection': [131, 462, 558, 617, 632], 'afforded': [132], 'employers': [133, 634], 'suggests': [134, 382], 'issue': [137], 'an': [139, 393, 400, 520], 'important': [140, 521], 'one.': [141], 'States': [142], 'differ': [143], 'significantly': [144, 327], 'their': [146], 'policies': [147, 385, 433, 508], 'employers,': [153], 'seen': [156], 'different': [157], 'histories': [158], 'result.': [161], 'Massachusetts,': [163], 'where': [164, 211, 516], 'legal': [166], 'system': [167], 'based': [169], 'English': [172], 'system,': [173], 'employment': [174], 'contracts': [175], 'with': [176, 404, 457, 584], 'CNCs': [177, 212], 'are': [178, 205, 213, 238, 343, 397, 410], 'enforceable': [179], 'courts.': [182], 'California,': [184, 234, 250], 'law,': [186], 'written': [187], 'mid-1800s,': [190], 'codified': [192], 'does': [194], 'specifically': [196, 307], 'allow': [197], 'for': [198, 226, 379, 502, 633], 'enforcement': [200, 219], 'contracts.2': [203], 'There': [204, 241, 409], 'some': [206, 569], 'states,': [207], 'Texas,': [210], 'typically': [214], 'enforced.3': [216], 'The': [217, 465, 494, 613], 'differential': [218], 'clauses': [222], 'has': [223, 605], 'been': [224], 'constant': [225], 'more': [227, 262, 306, 571], 'than': [228, 263], 'century': [230], 'Massachusetts': [232, 288, 300, 337], 'results': [237, 551, 573], 'strikingly': [239], 'different.4': [240], 'evidence': [243], 'hyper-mobility': [245], 'high-tech': [247], 'which': [251], 'evident': [254], 'Massachusetts.5': [256], 'hard': [259, 310], 'drive': [260, 311], 'industry,': [261, 304, 312, 394], 'quarter': [265], 'startups': [268], 'California': [270, 325], 'were': [271, 289], 'spin-outs,': [272], 'started': [274], 'former': [276], 'employees': [277], 'incumbent': [279], 'firms,': [280], 'while': [281, 333], 'almost': [282], 'all': [283], 'start-ups': [286, 435], 'de': [290], 'novo': [291], 'firms.6': [292], 'addition,': [294], 'number': [296, 321, 335, 389, 421], 'electronics': [303], 'was': [313, 326, 338], 'initially': [314], 'higher.': [315], 'By': [316], 'mid-1980s,': [318], 'however,': [319], 'higher': [328], 'continued': [330], 'grow,': [332], 'significant': [340], 'decline.7': [341], 'motivated': [344], 'form': [348], 'law': [351], 'because': [352], 'great': [355], 'regulations.': [363], 'first': [366], 'policy,': [371], 'seek': [373], 'understand': [375], "laws'": [377], 'implications': [378], 'History': [381], 'clearly': [386], 'affect': [387, 419], 'therefore': [396], 'relevant': [398], 'authority': [402], 'concerned': [403], 'level': [406, 511], 'at': [411], 'least': [412], 'ways': [414], 'rules': [417], 'might': [418, 492], 'firms.': [423, 525], 'On': [424, 441], 'one': [426, 488], 'hand,': [427, 444], 'extent': [430, 447], 'reduce': [434], 'employees,': [437], 'they': [438, 449, 452], 'thwart': [439], 'other': [443, 491], 'protect': [450], 'IP,': [451], 'encourage': [453], 'enter': [456], 'new': [458, 524, 585], 'ideas': [459], 'when': [460, 594, 602], 'better.': [464], 'purpose': [466], 'paper': [469], 'put': [472], 'forward': [473], 'model': [476, 495], 'effects,': [480], 'order': [482], 'determine': [484], 'under': [485], 'what': [486], 'conditions': [487], 'or': [489, 601], 'dominate.': [493], 'intended': [497], 'starting': [500], 'point': [501], 'discussing': [503], 'competition': [513, 560, 572, 597, 604], 'industries': [515], 'turnover': [518], 'source': [522], 'such,': [527], 'our': [528], 'intent': [529], 'provide': [532], 'guide': [534], 'including': [536], 'few': [538], 'key': [539], 'ingredients': [541], 'construction': [545], 'model.': [549], 'suggest': [552], 'that,': [553], 'case,': [556], 'need': [561], 'conflict.': [565], 'fact,': [567], 'cases,': [570], 'from': [574], 'greater': [575], 'since': [578], 'it': [579], 'encourages': [580], 'entry': [581], 'entrepreneurs': [583], 'ideas.': [586], 'find': [588], 'case': [593], 'either': [595], 'additional': [596, 603], 'reduces': [598], 'profits': [599], 'greatly,': [600], 'nearly': [606], 'no': [607], 'effect': [608], "firm's": [611], 'profits.': [612], 'most': [621], 'likely': [622], 'arise': [624], 'intermediate': [627], 'cases.': [628], 'There,': [629], 'strong': [630], 'tend': [636], 'foster': [638], 'fewer': [639], 'run.': [644], '…': [645]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W343823188', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-06T22:58:24.029488', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}