Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1489221475', 'doi': None, 'title': 'The evolution of closely held business forms in Europe', 'display_name': 'The evolution of closely held business forms in Europe', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1489221475', 'mag': '1489221475'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/599800/2003-012.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201813980', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cJournal of corporation law', 'issn_l': '0360-795X', 'issn': ['0360-795X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041911723', 'display_name': 'J.A. Mc Cahery', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J.A. Mc Cahery', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Private Law'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Private Law', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5112088245', 'display_name': 'Erik P. M. Vermeulen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'E.P.M. Vermeulen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Private Law'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Private Law', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.541, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 11, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.888675, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 81, 'max': 82}, 'biblio': {'volume': '2003', 'issue': '12', 'first_page': '191', 'last_page': '239'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14102', 'display_name': 'Corporate Governance and Law', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14102', 'display_name': 'Corporate Governance and Law', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12509', 'display_name': 'Corporate Insolvency and Governance', 'score': 0.9742, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1402', 'display_name': 'Accounting'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14030', 'display_name': 'Taxation and Legal Issues', 'score': 0.9542, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1402', 'display_name': 'Accounting'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/limited-liability', 'display_name': 'Limited liability', 'score': 0.515416}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159091798', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157165', 'display_name': 'Creditor', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7183544}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17319257', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184', 'display_name': 'Statute', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65959144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5862381}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141570072', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568338', 'display_name': 'Limited liability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.515416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777834853', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939', 'display_name': 'Liability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49693397}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4824246}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170706310', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216', 'display_name': 'Common law', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46391287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.38525742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.31797886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24458885}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120527767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867', 'display_name': 'Debt', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1865913}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12961203}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/599800/2003-012.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201813980', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cJournal of corporation law', 'issn_l': '0360-795X', 'issn': ['0360-795X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.69}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W44520665', 'https://openalex.org/W343823188', 'https://openalex.org/W3186296041', 'https://openalex.org/W3122189906', 'https://openalex.org/W3092787810', 'https://openalex.org/W2907579437', 'https://openalex.org/W2906747271', 'https://openalex.org/W2798701224', 'https://openalex.org/W2777153911', 'https://openalex.org/W2729133015', 'https://openalex.org/W2183769941', 'https://openalex.org/W2174002676', 'https://openalex.org/W2156981868', 'https://openalex.org/W1875937481', 'https://openalex.org/W1581055805', 'https://openalex.org/W1574012896', 'https://openalex.org/W1561038340', 'https://openalex.org/W1547269419', 'https://openalex.org/W1533212466', 'https://openalex.org/W1510088853'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'I.': [0], 'INTRODUCTION': [1], 'This': [2, 283], 'Article': [3], 'grows': [4], 'out': [5, 137], 'of': [6, 20, 29, 35, 108, 125, 145, 147, 170, 174, 183, 192, 203, 227, 280, 294, 333, 342, 353, 371, 392, 404, 407, 415, 428, 462, 477, 514, 522, 555, 566, 582, 602, 604, 624], 'the': [7, 14, 18, 27, 94, 106, 143, 148, 168, 181, 196, 207, 225, 240, 254, 260, 278, 292, 309, 325, 338, 345, 351, 366, 369, 374, 380, 402, 413, 419, 422, 432, 460, 475, 485, 492, 511, 520, 523, 538, 553, 564, 580, 600], 'ongoing': [8], 'debate': [9, 179], 'among': [10], 'European': [11, 149, 219, 326], 'academics': [12], 'on': [13, 155, 180, 291, 337], 'need': [15, 197], 'to': [16, 25, 63, 99, 131, 166, 209, 216, 233, 249, 253, 257, 296, 324, 365, 386, 411, 434, 448, 480, 502, 536, 590], 'expand': [17], 'menu': [19], 'available': [21, 98], 'business': [22, 78, 95, 118, 140, 541, 618], 'organization': [23, 79, 96], 'forms': [24, 119, 620], 'meet': [26], 'needs': [28, 107, 521], 'firms': [30, 62, 130, 157, 186, 395], 'at': [31, 458, 519], 'all': [32, 377], 'levels.': [33], 'Advocates': [34], 'such': [36, 263], 'reforms': [37], 'claim': [38], 'that': [39, 70, 81, 312, 368, 436, 613], 'company': [40, 152], 'law': [41, 97, 153, 317, 495, 596, 619], 'structures': [42], 'in': [43, 135, 190, 201, 239, 277, 322, 409, 425, 484, 489, 573, 593, 599, 606], 'Europe,': [44], 'which': [45, 128, 213, 444, 469], 'provide': [46, 297], 'a': [47, 123, 193, 231, 247, 251, 274, 298, 562, 576], 'highly': [48], 'developed': [49], 'legal': [50, 175, 211, 516], 'framework': [51, 496], 'and': [52, 57, 87, 162, 164, 206, 236, 270, 318, 340, 355, 441, 466, 532, 545], 'limited': [53, 307, 570], 'liability,': [54], 'are': [55, 82, 120, 362, 373, 396, 439, 445, 464, 587], 'cumbersome': [56, 440], 'costly': [58, 442, 465], 'for': [59, 198, 300, 376, 389, 401, 505, 543, 559, 569, 621], 'closely': [60, 116, 184, 506, 524], 'held': [61, 117, 185, 507, 525], 'apply.': [64], 'Commentators': [65], 'who': [66, 221], 'favor': [67], 'reform': [68], 'suggest': [69], 'lawmakers': [71, 614], 'address': [72], 'these': [73], 'problems': [74, 311], 'by': [75, 122, 308, 530], 'devising': [76], 'new': [77, 577], 'statutes': [80, 558], 'more': [83, 363, 560], 'varied,': [84], 'less': [85], 'complex,': [86], 'can': [88, 187], 'potentially': [89], 'enhance': [90], 'efficient': [91, 172, 398, 500], 'outcomes.': [92], 'Traditionally,': [93], 'small': [100, 156, 544], 'businesses': [101, 547], 'has': [102, 335, 430, 527], 'been': [103, 431, 528], 'structured': [104], 'around': [105], 'larger,': [109], 'publicly': [110], 'owned': [111], 'firms.': [112, 378, 393, 508, 625], 'In': [113, 418], 'most': [114, 539], 'jurisdictions,': [115], 'burdened': [121], 'number': [124], 'regulatory': [126], 'requirements': [127, 229, 456], 'cause': [129], 'incur': [132], 'substantial': [133], 'costs': [134, 339, 388], 'carrying': [136], 'their': [138, 594], 'normal': [139], 'activities.': [141], 'Moreover,': [142, 359], 'imposition': [144], 'many': [146], "Community's": [150, 327], 'harmonized': [151, 244, 437], 'provisions': [154], 'is': [158, 285, 305], 'viewed': [159], 'as': [160, 230, 246, 264], 'disproportionate': [161], 'over-regulatory,': [163], 'tends': [165], 'impede': [167], 'development': [169, 279], 'an': [171, 499], 'supply': [173, 210, 537], 'rules.': [176], 'The': [177, 316], 'current': [178], 'regulation': [182, 372, 399], 'be': [188, 498, 611], 'explained': [189], 'terms': [191], 'tradeoff': [194], 'between': [195], 'creditor': [199, 301], 'protection': [200, 483], 'case': [202], 'firm': [204, 241, 526], 'failure': [205], 'commitment': [208], 'rules': [212, 245, 349, 361, 384, 408, 438, 517], 'enable': [214], 'owners': [215], 'maximize': [217], 'wealth.1': [218], 'scholars': [220, 550], 'express': [222], 'concern': [223], 'about': [224], 'importance': [226], 'mandatory': [228, 261, 494], 'mechanism': [232], 'protect': [234], 'creditors': [235, 313, 463], 'other': [237, 381], 'interests': [238], 'have': [242, 350, 551], 'justified': [243], 'means': [248], 'avoid': [250], 'race': [252], 'bottom.2': [255], 'According': [256], 'this': [258, 426], 'view': [259], 'rules,': [262, 269, 272], 'minimum': [265, 454], 'capital': [266, 455, 533], 'requirements,': [267], 'disclosure': [268], 'accounting': [271], 'play': [273], 'fundamental': [275], 'role': [276], 'corporate': [281, 595, 607], 'law.3': [282], 'position': [284], 'rhetorically': [286], 'forceful': [287], 'because': [288], 'it': [289, 304, 609], 'relies': [290], 'idea': [293], 'uniformity': [295], 'basis': [299], 'protection,': [302], 'but': [303], 'conceptually': [306], 'bargaining': [310], 'inevitably': [314], 'face.': [315], 'economics': [319], 'perspective': [320], 'stands': [321], 'contrast': [323], 'uniform': [328, 348, 360, 383], 'approach.': [329], 'A': [330], 'large': [331], 'body': [332, 427], 'work': [334, 429], 'focused': [336], 'benefits': [341, 370], 'uniformity.': [343, 417], 'On': [344, 379], 'one': [346], 'hand,': [347, 382], 'advantage': [352], 'simplicity': [354], 'lower': [356], 'administrative': [357], 'costs.': [358], 'appealing': [364], 'extent': [367], 'same': [375], 'lead': [385], 'higher': [387], 'different': [390, 622], 'types': [391, 623], 'If': [394], 'heterogeneous,': [397], 'calls': [400], 'provision': [403], 'diverse': [405], 'menus': [406], 'order': [410], 'reduce': [412], 'risk': [414], 'suboptimal': [416], 'E.C.': [420, 493], 'context,': [421], 'common': [423], 'thread': [424], 'effort': [433], 'demonstrate': [435], 'measures': [443], 'not': [446], 'sufficient': [447], 'regulate': [449], 'externality': [450], 'problems.': [451], 'For': [452], 'instance,': [453], 'aimed': [457, 518], 'protecting': [459], 'welfare': [461], 'haphazard': [467], 'restrictions': [468], 'interfere': [470], 'with': [471], 'private': [472, 478], 'orderings.4': [473], 'Consequently,': [474], 'ability': [476], 'parties': [479], 'obtain': [481], 'superior': [482], 'market': [486, 534], 'demonstrates': [487], 'that,': [488], 'certain': [490], 'circumstances,': [491], 'cannot': [497, 610], 'approach': [501], 'limit': [503], 'externalities': [504], 'More': [509], 'recently,': [510], 'relative': [512], 'merits': [513], 'designing': [515], 'stimulated': [529], 'product': [531], 'pressures': [535], 'competitive': [540], 'statute': [542], 'medium': [546], '(SME).5': [548], 'While': [549], 'debated': [552], 'advantages': [554], 'close': [556], 'corporation': [557], 'than': [561], 'decade,': [563], 'discussion': [565], 'competition-based': [567], 'lawmaking': [568], 'liability': [571], 'companies': [572], 'Europe': [574], 'represents': [575], 'departure.': [578], 'Given': [579], 'presence': [581], 'market-driven': [583], 'pressures,': [584], 'monopolistic': [585], 'regulators': [586], 'being': [588], 'forced': [589], 'make': [591], 'changes': [592], 'regimes.': [597], 'However,': [598], 'absence': [601], 'freedom': [603], 'choice': [605], 'law,': [608], 'assumed': [612], 'will': [615], 'generate': [616], 'optimal': [617], '…': [626]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1489221475', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T15:02:17.101262', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}