<scp>ESCRT</scp> machinery mediates selective microautophagy of endoplasmic reticulum in yeast

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Jasmin Schäfer; Julia P. Schessner; Peter W. Bircham; Takuma Tsuji; Charlotta Funaya; Oliver Pajonk; Katharina Schaeff; Giulia Ruffini; Dimitrios Papagiannidis; Michael Knop; Toyoshi Fujimoto; Sebastian Schuck
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'Planck': [764], 'Biochemistry,': [767], 'Martinsried,': [768], '5Present': [770], 'Laboratory': [772], 'Systems': [774], 'Biology,': [775], 'VIB': [776], 'Microbiology/Laboratory': [779], 'Genetics': [781], 'Genomics,': [783], 'CMPG,': [784], 'KU': [785], 'Leuven,': [786, 787], 'Belgium': [788], '*Corresponding': [789], 'author.': [790], 'Tel:': [791], '+49': [792], '6221': [793], '546745;': [794], 'E-mail:': [795], 'The': [798, 1054, 1065, 1093, 2186, 2204, 2228, 2276, 2311, 2325, 2357, 2852, 3207, 3274, 3309, 3344, 3402, 3620, 3678, 3748, 3818, 4258], 'EMBO': [799], 'Journal': [800], '(2020)39:e102586https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019102586': [801], 'PDFDownload': [802], 'PDF': [803], 'article': [805], 'text': [806], 'main': [808], 'figures.': [809], 'Peer': [810], 'ReviewDownload': [811], 'a': [812, 965, 968, 975, 1238, 1249, 1546, 1895, 1911, 2018, 2195, 2242, 2330, 2338, 2443, 2580, 2643, 2769, 2869, 2938, 2953, 2958, 3112, 3147, 3164, 3168, 3213, 3218, 3262, 3298, 3316, 3320, 3434, 3766, 3974, 3977, 4011, 4143, 4162, 4235], 'summary': [813], 'the': [815, 842, 876, 893, 911, 917, 944, 952, 957, 979, 994, 1005, 1022, 1034, 1041, 1073, 1096, 1151, 1245, 1348, 1382, 1395, 1467, 1470, 1500, 1535, 1560, 1625, 1636, 1646, 1673, 1685, 1728, 1757, 1767, 1839, 1842, 1844, 1926, 1940, 1959, 1968, 2002, 2012, 2040, 2068, 2074, 2077, 2083, 2101, 2110, 2138, 2141, 2202, 2208, 2212, 2232, 2264, 2274, 2315, 2319, 2334, 2398, 2426, 2482, 2520, 2533, 2544, 2617, 2648, 2667, 2671, 2708, 2715, 2726, 2755, 2780, 2814, 2836, 2841, 2877, 2910, 2929, 3013, 3038, 3063, 3092, 3121, 3128, 3133, 3136, 3155, 3180, 3184, 3269, 3305, 3313, 3325, 3330, 3333, 3370, 3386, 3413, 3443, 3460, 3473, 3481, 3484, 3510, 3527, 3532, 3611, 3651, 3661, 3671, 3682, 3718, 3776, 3841, 3851, 3897, 3907, 3927, 3937, 3941, 3984, 4021, 4030, 4038, 4053, 4064, 4068, 4094, 4103, 4107, 4205, 4271], 'editorial': [816, 820], 'decision': [817, 821], 'process': [818, 2931], 'including': [819, 1322, 3016, 3470], 'letters,': [822], 'reviewer': [823], 'comments': [824], 'responses': [827], 'to': [828, 831, 955, 1089, 1185, 1237, 1355, 1557, 1863, 1887, 2049, 2082, 2272, 2329, 2337, 2404, 2451, 2505, 2519, 2555, 2563, 2596, 2629, 2686, 2937, 2970, 2977, 2983, 2988, 2997, 3006, 3175, 3231, 3412, 3659, 3775, 3812, 3849, 3905, 3935, 4029, 4048, 4059, 4063, 4079, 4106, 4153, 4196, 4238], 'feedback.': [829], 'ToolsAdd': [830], 'favoritesDownload': [832], 'CitationsTrack': [833], 'CitationsPermissions': [834], 'ShareFacebookTwitterLinked': [835], 'InMendeleyWechatReddit': [836], 'Figures': [837], '&': [838, 1139, 1263, 1291, 1484, 1828, 2438], 'Info': [839], 'Abstract': [840], 'ER-phagy,': [841, 1559, 4155], 'autophagy': [844, 982, 1137, 1157, 1167, 1183, 1241, 1247, 1270, 1384, 1478, 1502, 1562, 1638, 1903, 2169, 2635, 2818, 3069, 3358, 3372, 3379, 3387, 3415, 3498, 3553, 3875, 3882, 4207], '(ER),': [848], 'safeguards': [849], 'organelle': [850, 1173, 1768], 'homeostasis': [851, 1170], 'eliminating': [853], 'misfolded': [854, 1148], 'proteins': [855, 1011, 1060, 1149, 1253, 1282, 1303, 1506, 1718, 1792, 1823, 1900, 1987, 2166, 2388, 2393, 2608, 2729, 2751, 2774, 3388, 3489, 3569], 'regulating': [857, 1172], 'ER': [858, 898, 901, 984, 1019, 1045, 1079, 1097, 1112, 1130, 1152, 1169, 1435, 1626, 1629, 1729, 1735, 1748, 1758, 1770, 1786, 1809, 1867, 1879, 1905, 1923, 1941, 1961, 1965, 2041, 2058, 2078, 2102, 2111, 2171, 2240, 2265, 2326, 2335, 2377, 2392, 2399, 2558, 2575, 2600, 2607, 2637, 2649, 2664, 2678, 2727, 2777, 2797, 2807, 2820, 2830, 2898, 3035, 3071, 3096, 3100, 3158, 3237, 3241, 3360, 3410, 3572, 3652, 3842, 3898, 3928, 4031, 4069, 4109, 4138], 'size.': [859], 'ER-phagy': [860, 3672, 4004, 4039], 'can': [861, 1132, 1153, 1227, 1565, 1719, 1901, 2063, 2167, 2379, 2775, 2919, 3087], 'occur': [862, 1566], 'macroautophagic': [864], 'microautophagic': [866, 904, 958, 1709, 2930], 'mechanisms.': [867], 'While': [868, 1534], 'dedicated': [869], 'macro-ER-phagy': [872, 1029, 1576, 3403], 'has': [873, 1554, 1614, 3283, 4074], 'been': [874, 1555, 1579, 1615, 2684, 2888], 'discovered,': [875], 'molecules': [877], 'mechanisms': [879, 2618], 'mediating': [880, 1176], 'micro-ER-phagy': [881, 889, 931, 972, 1649, 1678, 1693, 1721, 3353, 3514, 3629, 3827], 'remain': [882], 'unknown.': [883], 'Here,': [884, 1670], 'we': [885, 909, 926, 940, 1671, 1753, 1815, 2646, 2785, 2822, 3003, 3051, 3432, 4009], 'first': [886], 'show': [887, 1689, 2281, 2362], 'that': [888, 928, 943, 1469, 1492, 1631, 1690, 1702, 1802, 2022, 2062, 2222, 2389, 2425, 2477, 2501, 2552, 2560, 2616, 2619, 2768, 2832, 2885, 2917, 2928, 2975, 3055, 3068, 3077, 3085, 3160, 3178, 3191, 3216, 3357, 3862, 3940, 3957], 'involves': [892, 1040, 1269, 1343], 'conversion': [894, 2855, 3314], 'stacked': [896, 2556], 'cisternal': [897, 1052, 2557], 'into': [899, 906, 1021, 1278, 1967, 2067, 2623, 2847, 2859, 3091, 3194, 3252, 3319, 3442, 4093], 'multilamellar': [900, 1018, 1044], 'whorls': [902, 1020, 1630, 1736, 1749, 1803, 1868, 1906, 1924, 1974, 2172, 2378, 2564, 2568, 2587, 2597, 2604, 2625, 2638, 2705, 2753, 2788, 2794, 2849, 2861, 2908, 2918, 2980, 2993, 3010, 3031, 3046, 3072, 3086, 3097, 3196, 3238, 3361, 3382, 3501, 3578, 3865, 3942, 3960, 3982], 'during': [903, 1015, 1103, 1677, 1708, 1769, 2599, 3089, 3362, 4005], 'uptake': [905, 959, 1016, 1710, 2950, 2967, 2984, 3014, 3090, 3189], 'lysosomes.': [907], 'Second,': [908], 'identify': [910, 1681, 3427], 'conserved': [912, 1188, 1250], 'Nem1-Spo7': [913, 1006, 1055, 3345, 3621, 3819], 'phosphatase': [914, 1007, 1056, 2429, 3530, 4022, 4054, 4199], 'complex': [915, 1008, 1057, 3346, 3622, 3820], 'as': [920, 1072, 1737, 1824, 2017, 2511, 2513, 2674, 2676, 2789, 2913, 3759, 3765, 3781, 4035], 'key': [921, 1682, 3350, 3626, 3824], 'components': [922, 1683, 3351, 3627, 3825], 'micro-ER-phagy.': [924, 1064, 3762, 4147], 'Third,': [925], 'demonstrate': [927], 'macro-': [929, 1000, 1191, 1224, 1691], 'are': [932, 1061, 1304, 1507, 1694, 1804, 1975, 2150, 2223, 2390, 2395, 2588, 3079, 3161, 3349, 3625, 3794, 3823, 3863, 3878, 3958], 'parallel': [933, 1027, 1697], 'pathways': [934, 1495, 1698], 'with': [935, 1028, 1209, 1727, 1789, 1915, 1950, 2181, 2241, 2270, 2355, 2474, 2532, 2656, 2802, 2835, 3058, 3120, 3268, 3304, 3451, 3657, 3743, 3847, 3903, 3933, 4122, 4131, 4151, 4220], 'distinct': [936, 1475], 'molecular': [937, 1686, 3428], 'requirements.': [938], 'Finally,': [939, 3029], 'provide': [941, 1700], 'evidence': [942, 1701], 'directly': [947, 1216], 'functions': [948], 'scission': [950, 1014, 1071, 1318, 1707], 'lysosomal': [953, 1705], 'membrane': [954, 1013, 1070, 1315, 1344, 1675, 1706, 1836, 2197, 2220, 2522, 2576, 2815, 2903, 2947, 3018, 3027, 3123, 3170, 3177, 3271, 3281, 4032], 'complete': [956], 'ER.': [961, 1053, 1712, 1865], 'These': [962, 1108, 2567], 'findings': [963], 'establish': [964], 'framework': [966], 'mechanistic': [969], 'understanding': [970], 'and,': [973], 'thus,': [974], 'comprehensive': [976], 'appreciation': [977], 'role': [980], 'homeostasis.': [985], 'Synopsis': [986], 'Protein': [987], 'misfolding': [988], 'triggers': [991], 'degradation': [992], '(ER)': [997], 'both': [999, 1570, 3615], 'microautophagy.': [1002, 2892], 'Micro-ER-phagy': [1003, 1024, 1039, 1613], 'requires': [1004, 1244], 'lysosome.': [1023], 'operates': [1025], 'but': [1030, 1970, 2515, 2710, 2799, 2867, 2934, 3282, 3574, 3597, 4110], 'does': [1031, 2071, 3366], 'not': [1032, 1430, 2072, 2627, 3048, 3367, 3384], 'require': [1033, 3385], 'autophagosome': [1037, 1256, 1340], 'formation.': [1038], 'generation': [1042, 3575], 'whorls,': [1046, 2690, 2821, 3082, 3596], 'which': [1047, 1206, 1272, 1342, 1620, 1652, 1820, 1881, 2431, 2509, 2682, 3408, 4052, 4188, 4204], 'arise': [1048, 3098, 3239], 'from': [1049, 1347, 1994, 3034, 3099, 3108, 3240, 3294, 3517, 3717, 3737, 3778, 3973, 4241], 'stacks': [1050, 2688, 2831, 2858, 2899, 2942, 2990, 3036, 3078, 3101, 3242, 3251], 'essential': [1062, 1254], 'promotes': [1068, 1168], 'lysosome': [1069, 1846], 'final': [1074], 'step': [1075], 'whorls.': [1080, 1796, 2631, 2778, 3254, 3885], 'Introduction': [1081], 'Cells': [1082, 1944, 2826, 3590, 4148], 'profoundly': [1083], 'remodel': [1084], 'their': [1085, 1883, 2402, 3540, 3550], 'organelles': [1086, 1231, 1277], 'response': [1088], 'changing': [1090], 'physiological': [1091, 1661], 'demands.': [1092], 'architecture': [1094], 'particular': [1099], 'undergoes': [1100], 'extensive': [1101], 'changes': [1102, 1109], 'differentiation,': [1104], 'stress,': [1105, 4008], 'disease.': [1107], 'include': [1110], 'massive': [1111], 'expansion': [1113, 1131, 1765, 1957], 'when': [1114, 2445], 'cells': [1115, 1938, 1996, 1998, 2038, 2095, 2128, 2258, 2304, 2345, 2500, 3638, 3644, 3702, 3738, 3837, 3893, 3923, 3945], 'boost': [1116], 'lipid': [1117, 1411], 'synthesis': [1118], 'or': [1119, 1232, 1732, 1784, 1948, 2004, 2007, 2052, 2106, 2135, 2353, 2394, 2991, 3020, 3197, 3394, 3515, 3582, 3614, 3640, 3704, 4137, 4251, 4276, 4290, 4293], 'protein': [1120, 1177, 1621, 1871, 2444, 2621, 2651, 3363, 3493, 3529, 4006, 4033, 4301], 'secretion': [1121], '(Pathak': [1122], 'et': [1123, 1127, 1143, 1159, 1163, 1195, 1259, 1287, 1310, 1329, 1333, 1362, 1366, 1370, 1398, 1402, 1417, 1422, 1426, 1437, 1449, 1453, 1480, 1515, 1519, 1523, 1527, 1531, 1582, 1586, 1590, 1594, 1598, 1602, 1606, 1610, 1641, 1743, 1775, 2407, 2411, 2415, 2419, 2693, 2697, 2701, 2737, 2741, 2745, 3375, 3418, 3555, 3559, 3563, 4043, 4125, 4182, 4227, 4309], 'al,': [1124, 1128, 1144, 1160, 1164, 1196, 1260, 1288, 1311, 1330, 1334, 1363, 1367, 1371, 1399, 1403, 1418, 1423, 1427, 1438, 1450, 1454, 1481, 1516, 1520, 1524, 1528, 1532, 1583, 1587, 1591, 1595, 1599, 1603, 1607, 1611, 1642, 1744, 1776, 2408, 2412, 2416, 2420, 2694, 2698, 2702, 2738, 2742, 2746, 3376, 3419, 3556, 3560, 3564, 4044, 4126, 4183, 4228, 4310], '1986;': [1125], 'Wiest': [1126], '1990).': [1129], 'be': [1133, 1154, 1186, 1406, 1460, 1801, 2064, 2381, 2978, 4176], 'reversed': [1134], 'organelle-selective': [1136], '(Bolender': [1138], 'Weibel,': [1140], '1973;': [1141], 'Fumagalli': [1142, 1593], '2016).': [1145, 1265], 'In': [1146, 1336, 1380, 1487, 2779, 4046], 'addition,': [1147, 1488], 'eliminated': [1155], '(Ishida': [1158], '2009;': [1161], 'Forrester': [1162], '2019).': [1165, 1293, 1372, 1612], 'Hence,': [1166, 1866], 'size': [1174], 'quality': [1178, 4306], 'control.': [1179, 2020, 3768], 'Two': [1180], 'types': [1181, 1476, 1511], 'appear': [1184], 'universally': [1187], 'eukaryotes:': [1190], '(Galluzzi': [1194, 1286], '2017).': [1197, 1455], 'During': [1198, 1211], 'macroautophagy,': [1199], 'autophagic': [1200, 1213, 4091], 'cargo': [1201, 1214], 'is': [1202, 1215, 1351, 1374, 1386, 1429, 1544, 1650, 2080, 3276, 4018, 4056, 4086, 4120, 4142, 4191, 4212], 'enclosed': [1203, 2880], 'autophagosomes,': [1205], 'then': [1207, 2987], 'fuse': [1208], 'endolysosomes.': [1210, 1222], 'microautophagy,': [1212, 3075], 'engulfed': [1217], 'taken': [1219, 2065, 2889], 'up': [1220, 2066, 2890, 2936], 'Both': [1223], 'selectively': [1228], 'target': [1229, 1276], 'certain': [1230, 1414, 1808], 'operate': [1233], 'non-selectively,': [1234], 'giving': [1235], 'rise': [1236], 'variety': [1239], 'pathways.': [1242], 'Macroautophagy': [1243], 'core': [1246, 1383, 1501, 1637, 3371, 3414, 4206], 'machinery,': [1248, 3483], 'set': [1251], 'formation': [1257, 1325, 1963, 2721, 3211, 3454], '(Mizushima': [1258], '2011;': [1261, 1517, 3561], 'Farré': [1262], 'Subramani,': [1264], 'Organelle-selective': [1266], 'macroautophagy': [1267, 1285, 1308, 1568, 4211], 'additionally': [1268, 2350, 2718], 'receptors,': [1271], 'facilitate': [1273, 1339], 'inclusion': [1274], 'autophagosomes.': [1279], 'Many': [1280, 2527], 'other': [1281, 1356, 1541, 1782, 3488, 3722], 'participate': [1283], '2017;': [1289, 1525, 1529, 1600], 'Zhao': [1290], 'Zhang,': [1292], 'Of': [1294], 'note,': [1295, 4164], 'endosomal': [1296], 'sorting': [1297, 3494], 'complexes': [1298], 'required': [1299, 1387, 1407, 1431, 1508], 'transport': [1301, 4092], '(ESCRT)': [1302], 'needed': [1305], 'efficient': [1307], '(Filimonenko': [1309], '2007).': [1312], 'ESCRTs': [1313, 1338, 1703, 3348, 3538, 3624, 3822], 'mediate': [1314, 1704], 'remodeling': [1316], 'various': [1320, 2606], 'processes,': [1321], 'multivesicular': [1323], 'endosome': [1324], 'cytokinesis': [1327], '(Schöneberg': [1328], '2016;': [1331, 1596], 'McCullough': [1332], '2018).': [1335, 1486, 1533], 'autophagy,': [1337, 2594], 'closure,': [1341], 'budding': [1345], 'away': [1346], 'cytosol': [1349, 1447, 1840], 'therefore': [1352, 4174], 'topologically': [1353], 'equivalent': [1354], 'ESCRT-mediated': [1357], 'processes': [1358, 1543], '(Hurley,': [1359], '2015;': [1360, 1364, 1521, 1588, 1592], 'Spitzer': [1361], 'Takahashi': [1365], '2019;': [1368, 1608], 'Zhou': [1369], 'Microautophagy': [1373], 'less': [1375], 'well': [1376, 2675], 'understood': [1377], 'than': [1378], 'macroautophagy.': [1379], 'yeast,': [1381, 1618, 1680], 'peroxisomes': [1391], 'portions': [1393], 'nucleus': [1396], '(Mukaiyama': [1397], '2002;': [1400], 'Krick': [1401], '2008),': [1404], 'may': [1405, 1441, 1459], 'droplets': [1412], 'under': [1413, 2001, 2011, 2137, 2806], 'conditions': [1415, 2809], '(Wang': [1416], '2014;': [1419, 1424, 1482], 'van': [1420], 'Zutphen': [1421], 'Oku': [1425, 1452, 1483, 1522], '2017),': [1428], '(Schuck': [1436, 1479, 1640, 3374, 4042, 4181], '2014),': [1439], 'promote': [1442], 'efficiency': [1443], '(Müller': [1448], '2000;': [1451], 'This': [1456, 1761, 2613, 4016, 4084], 'puzzling': [1457], 'picture': [1458], 'explained,': [1461], 'at': [1462, 2215, 2322, 2666, 2754, 3037], 'least': [1463], 'part,': [1465], 'fact': [1468], 'term': [1471], '"microautophagy"': [1472], 'likely': [1473], 'conflates': [1474], 'Sakai,': [1485], 'it': [1489, 2478, 3056], 'remains': [1490], 'possible': [1491, 1798, 2758], 'some': [1493], 'utilize': [1496], 'only': [1497, 4089], 'part': [1498, 3162, 4036], 'machinery.': [1503], 'Importantly,': [1504], 'many': [1510, 1878], '(Sahu': [1514], 'Liu': [1518], 'Mejlvang': [1530], 'topological': [1536], 'equivalence': [1537], 'ESCRT-dependent': [1542], 'compelling,': [1545], 'direct': [1547, 3507], 'involvement': [1548, 3551], 'difficult': [1556], 'demonstrate.': [1558], 'ER,': [1564, 2483], 'mammals,': [1573], 'several': [1575, 2571, 3487], 'receptors': [1577, 3404], 'have': [1578, 2683], 'identified': [1580], '(Hamasaki': [1581], '2005;': [1584], 'Khaminets': [1585], 'Mochida': [1589], 'Grumati': [1597], 'Smith': [1601], '2018;': [1604], 'An': [1605], 'Chino': [1609], 'found': [1616, 2424], 'folding': [1622, 1872, 3364, 4007], 'stress': [1623, 1771, 1873, 2798, 2808, 3365], 'induces': [1627, 1956], 'spherical': [1628, 2191, 2590], 'undergo': [1632, 3103, 3244], 'independently': [1634], '2014).': [1643, 1745, 3377, 3565, 4045, 4184, 4229], 'At': [1644, 2459], 'present,': [1645], 'unknown,': [1651], 'hinders': [1653], 'analysis': [1654], 'its': [1656, 1660, 1666, 2434, 2446, 4129, 4247, 4252, 4265], 'mechanism,': [1657], 'clarification': [1658], 'functions,': [1662], 'assessment': [1664], 'conservation': [1667], 'mammals.': [1669], 'define': [1672, 2813], 'dynamic': [1674], 'rearrangements': [1676], 'involved,': [1688], 'genetically': [1695], 'separable,': [1696], 'Results': [1713], 'Expression': [1714, 1893, 2162], 'ER-resident': [1716, 1898, 2164, 2772, 3528], 'transmembrane': [1717, 1783, 1822, 1899, 1986, 2165, 2387, 2428, 2650, 2728, 2773], 'induce': [1720, 1902, 2168, 4154], 'micrographs': [1723, 2895], 'treated': [1726, 1914, 1949, 2180, 3742, 4150], 'stressors': [1730], 'DTT': [1731, 1916, 1951, 1955, 2182, 4165], 'tunicamycin': [1733, 3706, 3744, 4152], 'revealed': [1734, 1833, 2896, 3076], 'ring-shaped': [1738, 2677], 'structures': [1739, 1794, 1972, 2115, 2497, 2679, 2974, 3861, 3956], '(Fig': [1740, 1772, 1847, 2523, 2565, 2653, 2680, 2734, 2762, 2850, 2873, 2905, 2923, 2961, 2994, 3041, 3424, 3616, 4070, 4113, 4224], 'EV1A;': [1741], 'To': [1746, 1811, 2632, 2812, 3426, 3995], 'visualize': [1747], 'light': [1751, 2299, 2547], 'microscopy,': [1752, 1819], 'imaged': [1754], 'expressing': [1756, 1939, 1999, 2039, 2096, 2129, 2259, 2305, 2346, 2351, 2827, 3114, 3149, 3264, 3300, 3646, 3739, 3838, 3894, 3924], 'marker': [1759, 1942, 2042, 2266, 3653, 3843, 3899, 3929], 'Sec63-GFP.': [1760, 1943], 'approach': [1762], 'highlighted': [1763], 'pronounced': [1764], 'EV1B;': [1773], '2009).': [1777, 2421], 'However,': [1778, 2602], 'neither': [1779], 'Sec63-GFP': [1780, 3740, 3772], 'nor': [1781], 'lumenal': [1785, 2435], 'markers': [1787, 2103, 2112], 'tagged': [1788], 'diverse': [1790], 'fluorescent': [1791], 'labeled': [1793, 2487], 'resembling': [1795, 1973], 'explanation': [1799], 'could': [1800, 2981, 3505], 'strongly': [1805, 3580, 4255], 'depleted': [1806], 'proteins.': [1810], 'address': [1812], 'possibility,': [1814], 'applied': [1816, 2823], 'freeze-fracture': [1817], 'electron': [1818, 2175, 2301, 2320, 2549, 2894], 'visualizes': [1821], 'intramembrane': [1825, 1859, 2226, 2246], 'particles': [1826], '(Kuby': [1827], 'Wofsy,': [1829], '1981).': [1830], 'Freeze-fracture': [1831, 2174], 'images': [1832, 1936, 2035, 2092, 2125, 2256, 2343, 3260, 3633, 3830, 3888, 3915], 'DTT-induced': [1834], 'multilayered': [1835], 'spheres': [1837, 1851], 'vacuole,': [1843, 3613, 4095], '1A).': [1848], 'Strikingly,': [1849], 'these': [1850, 2750, 3045, 3503, 3568, 3598, 3998], 'consisted': [1852, 2569], 'smooth': [1854], 'membranes': [1855], 'largely': [1856], 'devoid': [1857], 'particles,': [1860], 'contrast': [1862, 4047], 'regular': [1864, 2050, 2452], 'induced': [1869, 2382, 2485, 2639, 2752, 2795], 'contain': [1874, 3946], 'low': [1875, 3059, 4075], 'concentrations': [1876], 'proteins,': [1880, 4288], 'complicates': [1882], 'analysis.': [1884], 'Click': [1885, 3229, 3810], 'here': [1886, 3230, 3811], 'expand': [1888, 3232, 3813], 'figure.': [1890, 2155, 3234, 3799, 3815], 'Figure': [1891, 2160, 3094, 3235, 3618, 3803, 3816], 'EV1.': [1892], 'subset': [1896, 2770], 'A.': [1907, 2173, 3105, 3246, 3828], 'micrograph': [1909, 2176, 2321, 3145], 'cell': [1913, 2672, 3039, 3113, 3148, 3263, 3299, 3979], '3': [1918, 1953, 2184, 3804], 'h.': [1919, 1954, 2185], 'White': [1920], 'arrows': [1921], 'indicate': [1922, 2219, 3127, 3154, 3324], 'vacuole.': [1927, 1933, 2069, 2203, 2253, 2275, 2545, 2716, 3093, 3662, 3852, 3908, 3938, 3986], 'Cy,': [1928, 2248], 'cytosol;': [1929, 2249], 'N,': [1930, 2250], 'nucleus;': [1931, 2251], 'V,': [1932, 2252], 'B.': [1934, 2254, 3143, 3258, 3631, 3857], 'Fluorescence': [1935, 2034, 2091, 2124, 2255, 2342, 3259, 3632, 3829, 3887, 3914], 'were': [1945, 2530, 2542, 2706, 2713, 2833, 2845, 2879, 3004, 3192, 3421, 3462, 3599, 3757, 4000, 4149, 4194, 4232], 'left': [1946, 2187, 2213], 'untreated': [1947, 3701], 'peripheral': [1960, 3317, 4108], 'extensions': [1966], 'cytosol,': [1969, 2709], 'no': [1971, 4134], 'visible.': [1976], 'Scale': [1977, 2086, 2119, 2144, 2293, 2369, 3139, 3221, 3287, 3336, 3663, 3853, 3909, 3948, 3987], 'bar:': [1978, 2087, 2120, 2145, 3140, 3222, 3288, 3337, 3664, 3854, 3910, 3949, 3988], '2': [1979, 2088, 2121, 2146, 2295, 2371, 3141, 3223, 3289, 3338, 3665, 3855, 3911, 3950, 3989], 'μm.': [1980, 2089, 2122, 2147, 2296, 2372, 2584, 3142, 3224, 3290, 3339, 3666, 3856, 3912, 3951, 3990], 'C.': [1981, 2297, 3186, 3291, 3667, 3886], 'Schematic': [1982], 'representation': [1983], 'GFP-tagged': [1985], 'used.': [1988], 'D.': [1989, 2341, 3202, 3913], 'Western': [1990, 3733, 3779], 'blot': [1991, 3734], 'Pho8': [1993, 2047, 2465, 2503, 3699], 'wild-type': [1995, 2178, 3867, 3962, 4217], 'GFP-Pho8': [2000, 2028, 2056, 2099, 2108, 2262, 2285, 2290, 2308, 2472, 2514, 2528, 2540, 2586, 2603, 2630, 2641, 2787, 2803, 2828, 3066, 3117, 3265, 3301, 3381, 3439, 3500, 3649, 3839, 3860, 3884, 3895, 3925, 3955], 'GAL': [2003, 2097, 2142, 3115, 3647], 'GPD': [2005, 2013, 2045, 2260, 2306, 3150], 'promoter,': [2006], 'monomeric': [2008, 2053, 2507], 'GFP(L221K)-Pho8': [2009], '(mGFP-Pho8)': [2010], 'promoter.': [2014, 2143], 'Pgk1': [2015, 3763], 'served': [2016, 3764], 'loading': [2019, 3767], 'Note': [2021, 3939], 'GAL-': [2023], 'GPD-driven': [2025], 'expression': [2026, 2385, 2660, 2724, 2756], 'resulted': [2029], 'similar': [2031, 2595], 'levels.': [2032], 'E.': [2033, 3694, 3952], 'CMAC-stained': [2037, 2094, 2117, 2127], 'Sec63-mCherry': [2043, 2130, 2267, 2352, 3441, 3654, 3844, 3900, 3930], 'promoter-driven': [2046, 2098, 2261, 2307, 3116, 3151, 3648], 'fused': [2048, 2450, 2504, 4028], 'GFP': [2051, 2453, 3736], 'GFP(L221K)': [2054], '(mGFP).': [2055], 'forms': [2057], 'stretches': [2059, 2286, 2488, 2529, 2553, 2665], 'rings': [2061, 2490, 2541, 2561], 'mGFP-Pho8': [2070], 'alter': [2073], 'structure': [2075], 'transported': [2081, 2518], 'vacuole': [2084, 2196, 2521, 2534, 2837, 2842, 2878, 2882, 2902, 2911, 2946, 3017, 3026, 3122, 3169, 3176, 3270, 3280, 3306, 3468, 3522, 3605], 'membrane.': [2085], 'F.': [2090, 3732, 3970], 'Sec61-mCherry,': [2104], 'mCherry-Ubc6,': [2105], 'dsRed-HDEL.': [2107], 'highlight': [2113], 'ring': [2114, 2327], 'inside': [2116, 2201, 2543, 2714, 2876, 2909], 'vacuoles.': [2118], 'G.': [2123, 3769], 'either': [2132, 2349], 'Hmg1-GFP,': [2133, 2730], 'GFP-Cyb5,': [2134], 'P450M4-GFP': [2136, 2733], 'control': [2139, 4307], 'Source': [2148, 3792, 3800], 'data': [2149, 2766, 3793, 4223], 'available': [2151, 3795], 'online': [2152, 3796], 'Download': [2156, 2158, 2373, 2375, 3225, 3227, 3340, 3342, 3806, 3808, 3991, 3993], 'figure': [2157, 2374, 3226, 3341, 3807, 3992], 'PowerPoint': [2159, 2376, 3228, 3343, 3809, 3994], '1.': [2161], 'panel': [2188, 2206, 2214, 2230, 2313, 3205, 3784], 'shows': [2189, 2207, 2231, 2314, 3210, 3312], 'two': [2190, 2468, 3749], 'structures,': [2192], 'one': [2193, 2200], 'invagination': [2198], 'middle': [2205], 'boxed': [2209, 2316], 'area': [2210, 2317], 'higher': [2216, 2323], 'magnification.': [2217, 2324], 'Arrows': [2218, 3153], 'layers': [2221, 2572], 'free': [2224], 'particles.': [2227, 2247], 'right': [2229], 'protoplasmic': [2233], 'fracture': [2234], 'face': [2235], '(P': [2236], 'face)': [2237], 'cortical': [2239], 'high': [2243], 'density': [2244], 'stained': [2269, 2354, 3119, 3267, 3303, 3656, 3846, 3902, 3932], 'CMAC': [2271, 3658, 3848, 3904, 3934], 'label': [2273, 3660, 3850, 3906, 3936], 'upper': [2277, 2358], 'lower': [2279, 2312, 2360], 'panels': [2280, 2361], 'vacuole-associated': [2282, 2971, 2989], 'perinuclear': [2284, 2339], 'an': [2288, 2790, 2921, 3284, 4080, 4097, 4299], 'intravacuolar': [2289], 'ring,': [2291], 'respectively.': [2292, 2368], 'bars:': [2294, 2370], 'Correlative': [2298, 2546], 'microscopy': [2302, 2550], 'Sec63-mCherry.': [2310], 'corresponds': [2328], 'vacuolar': [2331, 2365, 2427, 2848, 2860, 2959, 2979, 3195, 3214, 3253, 3492, 3533, 3577, 3595, 3864, 3959, 4167, 4189], 'whorl': [2332, 2720, 2960, 3215, 3275, 3453], 'stretch': [2336], 'stack.': [2340], 'Hmg2-GFP': [2347, 2366, 2652, 2662], 'CMAC.': [2356, 3308, 3947], 'cytosolic': [2363, 2447, 2992, 3030, 3219, 3321, 4065], 'rings,': [2367, 2915], 'also': [2380, 3422, 4001], 'high-level': [2384, 2659, 2723], 'genuine': [2391], 'retained': [2396, 2480, 4214], 'because': [2400, 3539], 'propensity': [2403], 'oligomerize': [2405], '(Gong': [2406], '1996;': [2409, 2413, 2699], 'Koning': [2410, 2696], 'Snapp': [2414], '2003;': [2417], 'Lingwood': [2418], 'We': [2422, 2717, 3354, 3437, 3524], 'fortuitously': [2423], 'Pho8,': [2430, 4025, 4050], 'dimerizes': [2432], 'via': [2433], 'domain': [2436, 4023, 4055], '(Dancourt': [2437], 'Barlowe,': [2439], '2009),': [2440], 'became': [2441], 'such': [2442, 2496, 3009], 'N-terminus': [2448], 'was': [2449, 2479, 2510, 2516, 2862, 2932, 3047, 3579, 3715, 4111, 4159, 4260], '(see': [2454], 'Fig': [2455, 4277], 'EV1C': [2456], 'schematic).': [2458], 'levels': [2460, 2757], 'exceeding': [2461], 'those': [2462], 'endogenous': [2464, 3698, 4049], 'roughly': [2467], 'orders': [2469], 'magnitude,': [2471], 'co-localized': [2473], 'Sec63-mCherry,': [2475], 'indicating': [2476], 'brightly': [2486], '(Figs': [2491, 2609, 3396, 3584], '1B': [2492, 2610], 'EV1D).': [2494], 'No': [2495], 'formed': [2498, 2598, 3033, 3594], 'expressed': [2502], 'strictly': [2506], 'GFP(L221K),': [2508], 'abundant': [2512], 'still': [2517, 3570, 3593, 3879], 'EV1D': [2524], 'E).': [2526, 3589], 'associated': [2531, 2834], 'membrane,': [2535, 2838, 2883], 'about': [2537, 2711, 2964], '80%': [2538], 'demonstrated': [2551], 'corresponded': [2554, 2562], '1C).': [2566], 'ribosome-free': [2574], 'typically': [2578], 'had': [2579, 2887, 2952, 3011, 3021, 3548, 4279, 4312], 'diameter': [2581], '1.5': [2583], 'Thus,': [2585, 2764], 'multilamellar,': [2589], 'targeted': [2592], 'stress.': [2601], 'contained': [2605, 3604], 'EV1F).': [2612], 'observation': [2614], 'indicates': [2615, 3681], 'restrain': [2620], 'entry': [2622], 'stress-induced': [2624], 'do': [2626], 'apply': [2628], 'test': [2633, 3996], 'whether': [2634, 3008, 3997], 'reflected': [2642], 'unique': [2644], 'phenomenon,': [2645], 'examined': [2647], 'EV1C).': [2654], 'Consistent': [2655], 'earlier': [2657, 3546, 4222], 'studies,': [2658], 'yielded': [2663, 3542], 'nuclear': [2668, 4304], 'envelope': [2669, 4305], 'cortex': [2673, 3040], '1D),': [2681], 'shown': [2685, 3782], 'represent': [2687], 'respectively': [2691], '(Wright': [2692], '1988;': [2695, 2739], 'Federovitch': [2700], '2008).': [2703], 'Most': [2704], '20%': [2712], 'tested': [2719, 4233], 'upon': [2722, 4090], 'GFP-Cyb5': [2731], 'EV1C;': [2735], 'Wright': [2736], 'Vergères': [2740], '1993;': [2743], 'Zimmer': [2744], '1997).': [2747], 'None': [2748], 'our': [2760, 2765, 4221], 'system': [2761], 'EV1G).': [2763], 'suggest': [2767], 'generate': [2776], 'remainder': [2781], 'study,': [2784], 'use': [2786, 3064], 'informative': [2791], 'substitute': [2792], 'validate': [2800], 'observations': [2801], 'analyses': [2805], 'wherever': [2810], 'possible.': [2811], 'dynamics': [2816], 'time-lapse': [2824, 3109, 3295], 'imaging.': [2825], 'showed': [2829, 2868, 3084, 3356, 4102], 'bent': [2839, 2857, 2897, 3165, 3181, 3250], 'toward': [2840], 'lumen,': [2843, 3606], 'converted': [2846, 3193], '2A).': [2851], 'time': [2853, 3129, 3326], '6': [2863], 'min': [2864], 'on': [2865, 3369, 3526, 4020], 'average': [2866], 'broad,': [2870], 'bimodal': [2871], 'distribution': [2872], 'EV2A).': [2874], 'Whorls': [2875], 'showing': [2884, 3980], 'they': [2886], 'Accordingly,': [2893], 'large': [2901], 'invaginations': [2904], '2B).': [2906], 'Occasionally,': [2907], 'appeared': [2912], 'incomplete': [2914], 'suggesting': [2916], 'retain': [2920], 'opening': [2922, 3285], 'EV2B).': [2924], 'Time-lapse': [2925], 'imaging': [2926, 3110, 3296], 'established': [2927, 4013], 'directional': [2933], 'reversible': [2935], 'late': [2939], 'stage.': [2940], 'Bent': [2941], 'clearly': [2944], 'discernible': [2945], 'invaginations,': [2948], 'termed': [2949], 'intermediates,': [2951], '90%': [2954], 'chance': [2955], 'becoming': [2957], '2C).': [2962], 'Yet,': [2963], '10%': [2965], 'intermediates': [2968, 2985, 3190], 'reverted': [2969], 'stacks.': [2972, 3198], 'Even': [2973], 'seemed': [2976], 'revert': [2982], '2D).': [2995], 'Due': [2996], 'limited': [2998], 'temporal': [2999], 'spatial': [3001], 'resolution,': [3002], 'unable': [3005], 'determine': [3007, 4197], 'completed': [3012], 'process,': [3015], 'scission,': [3019], 'simply': [3022], 'remained': [3023], 'long-lived': [3025], 'invaginations.': [3028], 'sometimes': [3032], 'EV2C).': [3042], 'Autophagy': [3043], 'observed,': [3049], 'although': [3050], 'cannot': [3052, 4175], 'rule': [3053], 'out': [3054], 'occurred': [3057, 3607], 'frequency.': [3060], 'Taken': [3061], 'together,': [3062], 'confirmed': [3067], 'occurs': [3073], 'precursors': [3080], 'form': [3088], '2.': [3095], 'Individual': [3106, 3292, 3971], 'frames': [3107, 3293], 'dye': [3124, 3272, 3307], 'FM4-64.': [3125, 3273], 'Numbers': [3126, 3323], 'minutes': [3131, 3328], 'after': [3132, 3329, 3705], 'start': [3134, 3331], 'image': [3137, 3208, 3310, 3334], 'sequence.': [3138, 3335], 'GFP-Pho8.': [3152], 'edges': [3156], 'cisternae': [3159], 'stack': [3166, 3182, 3318], 'invagination.': [3171], 'Black': [3172], 'arrowheads': [3173], 'point': [3174], 'encases': [3179], 'whorl.': [3185, 3220, 3322], 'Fraction': [3187, 3858, 3953], 'n': [3199, 3255, 3690, 3727, 3789], '=': [3200, 3256, 3728, 3790], '43.': [3201], 'As': [3203], '(A).': [3206], 'sequence': [3209, 3311], 'becomes': [3217], 'EV2.': [3236], 'Conversion': [3247], 'times': [3248], '29.': [3257], 'completely': [3277], 'surrounded': [3278], '(arrow).': [3286], 'previously': [3355, 4012], 'depend': [3368], 'Likewise,': [3378], 'did': [3383], 'Atg1,': [3389], '6,': [3390], '7,': [3391], '8,': [3392], '14,': [3393], '16': [3395], '3A': [3397], 'EV3A': [3399], 'B).': [3401], 'Atg39': [3405], '40,': [3407], 'link': [3409], 'subdomains': [3411], '(Mochida': [3417], '2015),': [3420], 'dispensable': [3423], 'EV3C).': [3425], 'micro-ER-phagy,': [3431], 'conducted': [3433], 'genetic': [3435], 'screen.': [3436], 'introduced': [3438], 'knockout': [3445], 'collection,': [3446], 'visually': [3447], 'screened': [3448], 'mutants': [3450, 3504, 3714, 3877, 3999], 'aberrant': [3452, 3601], 'obtained': [3456], '119': [3457], 'hits.': [3458], 'Among': [3459], 'hits': [3461], 'over': [3463], 'twenty': [3464], 'genes': [3465, 3512, 4231], 'important': [3466, 4302], 'function,': [3469], 'members': [3471], 'retromer,': [3474], 'CORVET,': [3475], 'HOPS,': [3476], 'Mon1-Ccz1,': [3477], 'Fab1': [3479, 3536, 4263, 4272], 'complexes,': [3480], 'V-ATPase,': [3485], 'involved': [3490], '(Table': [3495], 'EV1).': [3496], 'Defective': [3497], 'reflect': [3506], 'roles': [3508], 'missing': [3511], 'result': [3516], 'indirect': [3518], 'effects': [3519], 'disrupted': [3521, 4192], 'function.': [3523], 'focused': [3525], 'Nem1,': [3531, 4246], 'phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate': [3534], '5-kinase': [3535], 'removal': [3541, 4244], 'strong': [3543], 'phenotypes': [3544], 'reports': [3547], 'indicated': [3549], '(Rusten': [3554], '2007;': [3557], 'Sahu': [3558], 'Wang': [3562], 'Mutants': [3566], 'lacking': [3567, 3591], 'generated': [3571], 'stacks,': [3573], 'reduced': [3581, 4256, 4292], 'abolished': [3583], '3B': [3585], 'EV3D': [3587], 'Nem1': [3592], 'morphologically': [3600], 'frequently': [3603], 'multiples': [3609], 'same': [3612, 3985, 4259], 'EV3D–F).': [3617], '3.': [3619, 3692, 3729], 'A,': [3630], '∆atg7': [3635, 3685, 4201, 4236], '∆atg8': [3637], '(A)': [3639], '∆snf7': [3641], '∆vps4': [3643, 3968], '(B)': [3645], 'Relative': [3668, 3695], 'activity': [3669, 3683, 3696, 3710, 3719, 4077, 4158], 'reporter': [3673, 4040, 4145], 'Yop1-Pho8∆60': [3674, 4041, 4101, 4141, 4157, 4172], 'tunicamycin-treated': [3676], 'cells.': [3677, 3686, 3873, 3969], 'dotted': [3679], 'line': [3680], 'Mean': [3687, 3724, 3786], '+': [3688, 3725, 3787], 'SEM,': [3689, 3726, 3788], '≥': [3691], 'D,': [3693], '(D)': [3703], 'treatment': [3707], '(E).': [3708], 'Background': [3709], 'determined': [3711], '∆pho8': [3713], 'subtracted': [3716], 'all': [3721], 'strains.': [3723], 'WT,': [3730], 'wild-type.': [3731], '(Tm)': [3745], 'where': [3746], 'indicated.': [3747], 'Atg7-independent': [3750], 'cleavage': [3751, 3773], 'products': [3752], 'around': [3754], '55': [3755], 'kDa': [3756], 'used': [3758, 4195], 'readout': [3760], 'Quantification': [3770], 'normalized': [3774], 'WT': [3777], 'blots': [3780], '(F).': [3785], '4.': [3791], 'Data': [3801], '[embj2019102586-sup-0004-SDataFig3.pdf]': [3805], 'EV3.': [3817], '∆atg1,': [3832, 3869], '∆atg6,': [3833], '∆atg14,': [3834], '∆atg16': [3836], '(WT),': [3868, 3963], '∆atg7,': [3870], '∆atg14': [3872], 'capable': [3880], '∆atg39': [3890], '∆atg40': [3892], '∆nem1,': [3917, 3964], '∆fab1,': [3918], '∆vps23,': [3919, 3965], '∆vps2,': [3920], '∆vps24': [3922], '∆nem1': [3944, 3978], '∆snf7,': [3966], 'planes': [3972], 'z-stack': [3975], 'multiple': [3981], 'defective': [4002], 'employed': [4010, 4177], 'biochemical': [4014], 'assay.': [4015], 'assay': [4017, 4180], 'based': [4019], 'called': [4026], 'Pho8∆60,': [4027], 'Yop1': [4034, 4060, 4119], 'lumenal,': [4057], 'fusion': [4058], 'tethers': [4061], 'Pho8∆60': [4062, 4073, 4132], 'surface': [4066], 'EV4A).': [4071], 'Cytosolic': [4072], 'catalytic': [4076], 'due': [4078], 'autoinhibitory': [4081], 'C-terminal': [4082], 'propeptide.': [4083], 'propeptide': [4085], 'cleaved': [4087], 'off': [4088], 'yielding': [4096], 'active': [4098], 'enzyme.': [4099], 'Interestingly,': [4100], 'expected': [4104], 'localization': [4105], 'non-functional': [4112], 'EV4B': [4114], 'C).': [4116], 'Nevertheless,': [4117], 'since': [4118], 'redundant': [4121], 'Rtn1': [4123], '(Voeltz': [4124], '2006)': [4127], 'tagging': [4130], 'caused': [4133], 'noticeable': [4135], 'growth': [4136], 'morphology': [4139], 'phenotypes,': [4140], 'suitable': [4144], 'measured.': [4160], 'On': [4161], 'technical': [4163], 'disrupts': [4166], 'proteolysis,': [4168], 'blocks': [4169], 'activation': [4170], '∆pep4': [4185], 'mutants,': [4186, 4202], 'proteolysis': [4190], 'genetically,': [4193], 'background': [4198, 4237], 'activity.': [4200], 'hence': [4210], 'disabled,': [4213], '60%': [4215], 'activity,': [4218], 'consistent': [4219], '3C;': [4225], 'Candidate': [4230], 'exclude': [4239], 'contributions': [4240], 'macro-ER-phagy.': [4242], 'Additional': [4243], 'binding': [4248], 'partner': [4249], 'Spo7,': [4250], 'substrate': [4253], 'Pah1': [4254], 'ER-phagy.': [4257, 4295], 'true': [4261], 'activator': [4266], 'Vac7,': [4267], 'whereas': [4268], 'elimination': [4269], 'regulators': [4273], 'Vac14,': [4274], 'Atg18,': [4275], '4': [4278], 'little': [4280], 'effect.': [4281], 'Removal': [4282, 4296], 'ESCRT-0,': [4284], '-I,': [4285], '-II,': [4286], '-III': [4287], 'Bro1,': [4289], 'Vps4': [4291], 'blocked': [4294], 'Chm7,': [4298], '(Webster': [4308], '2016),': [4311]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2992148597', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-07T07:36:33.169167', 'created_date': '2019-12-13'}
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