Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2800410106', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz014', 'title': 'Prices, Policing and Policy: The Dynamics of Crime Booms and Busts', 'display_name': 'Prices, Policing and Policy: The Dynamics of Crime Booms and Busts', 'publication_year': 2019, 'publication_date': '2019-05-09', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2800410106', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz014', 'mag': '2800410106'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz014', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S165087003', 'display_name': 'Journal of the European Economic Association', 'issn_l': '1542-4766', 'issn': ['1542-4766', '1542-4774'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88686/1/dp1535.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007751344', 'display_name': 'Tom Kirchmaier', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-2206'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180519160', 'display_name': 'Copenhagen Business School', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04sppb023', 'country_code': 'DK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180519160']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0090zs177', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389']}], 'countries': ['DK', 'GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Tom Kirchmaier', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Copenhagen Business School and CEP, London School of Economics'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Copenhagen Business School and CEP, London School of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180519160', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048922901', 'display_name': 'Stephen Machin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8130-2701'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0090zs177', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephen Machin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics and CEP, London School of Economics'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics and CEP, London School of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091165265', 'display_name': 'Matteo Sandi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-8821'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0090zs177', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Matteo Sandi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CEP, London School of Economics'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CEP, London School of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037117359', 'display_name': 'Robert Witt', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0242-1434'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0090zs177', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28290843', 'display_name': 'University of Surrey', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00ks66431', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28290843']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert Witt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Surrey and CEP, London School of Economics'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Surrey and CEP, London School of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'https://openalex.org/I28290843']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5007751344', 'https://openalex.org/A5048922901', 'https://openalex.org/A5091165265', 'https://openalex.org/A5037117359'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180519160', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'https://openalex.org/I28290843'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3241, 'currency': 'GBP', 'value_usd': 3975, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.13, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 14, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.949251, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 88, 'max': 89}, 'biblio': {'volume': '18', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '1040', 'last_page': '1077'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10574', 'display_name': 'Crime Patterns and Interventions', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10574', 'display_name': 'Crime Patterns and Interventions', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11838', 'display_name': 'Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance', 'score': 0.9985, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12965', 'display_name': 'Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses', 'score': 0.9906, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2309', 'display_name': 'Nature and Landscape Conservation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bust', 'display_name': 'Bust', 'score': 0.9705661}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'score': 0.4862996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/face-value', 'display_name': 'Face value', 'score': 0.42873856}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778929795', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17489160', 'display_name': 'Bust', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9705661}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141441539', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970908', 'display_name': 'Boom', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.93025404}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779439359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088', 'display_name': 'Commodity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6776211}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.64509606}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776291640', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4862996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777544581', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931754', 'display_name': 'Face value', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42873856}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C556758197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018', 'display_name': 'Monetary economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4215844}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1560078}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12764081}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.078226954}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87717796', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326', 'display_name': 'Environmental engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 8, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz014', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S165087003', 'display_name': 'Journal of the European Economic Association', 'issn_l': '1542-4766', 'issn': ['1542-4766', '1542-4774'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88686/1/dp1535.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88686/1/dp1535.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401594', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'host_organization_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['London School of Economics and Political Science'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1535.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1535.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101677/1/tk_sm_ms_rw_november_2018.docx', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401594', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'host_organization_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['London School of Economics and Political Science'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://research.cbs.dk/en/publications/d910740d-be62-46b7-9cd7-07feb19b98e2', 'pdf_url': 'https://research.cbs.dk/files/60210674/tom_kirchmaier_et_al_prices_policing_and_policy_acceptedversion.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401458', 'display_name': 'CBS Research Portal (Copenhagen Business School)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I180519160', 'host_organization_name': 'Copenhagen Business School', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180519160'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Copenhagen Business School'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101677/', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/delivery/44SUR_INST/12140185190002346/13140390400002346', 'pdf_url': 'https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/delivery/44SUR_INST/12140185190002346/13140390400002346', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402651', 'display_name': 'Surrey Open Research repository (University of Surrey)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I28290843', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Surrey', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28290843'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Surrey'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11490', 'pdf_url': 'https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.iza.org%2Fdp11490.pdf;h=repec:iza:izadps:dp11490', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88686/1/dp1535.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88686/1/dp1535.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401594', 'display_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I909854389', 'host_organization_name': 'London School of Economics and Political Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I909854389'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['London School of Economics and Political Science'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.69, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 38, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1493907128', 'https://openalex.org/W1902376223', 'https://openalex.org/W1975855067', 'https://openalex.org/W2013286110', 'https://openalex.org/W2019896482', 'https://openalex.org/W2024625110', 'https://openalex.org/W2034506714', 'https://openalex.org/W2039242365', 'https://openalex.org/W2058440977', 'https://openalex.org/W2071389472', 'https://openalex.org/W2071691403', 'https://openalex.org/W2088047416', 'https://openalex.org/W2093874083', 'https://openalex.org/W2104300463', 'https://openalex.org/W2104814418', 'https://openalex.org/W2112885947', 'https://openalex.org/W2113862948', 'https://openalex.org/W2116778119', 'https://openalex.org/W2124202167', 'https://openalex.org/W2188096980', 'https://openalex.org/W2189821821', 'https://openalex.org/W2255881187', 'https://openalex.org/W2422705182', 'https://openalex.org/W2481907667', 'https://openalex.org/W2493032623', 'https://openalex.org/W2594084844', 'https://openalex.org/W2626090933', 'https://openalex.org/W3122178585', 'https://openalex.org/W3122448917', 'https://openalex.org/W3123983484', 'https://openalex.org/W3124543438', 'https://openalex.org/W3125384899', 'https://openalex.org/W3125446551', 'https://openalex.org/W4243345446', 'https://openalex.org/W4246303281', 'https://openalex.org/W4249855545', 'https://openalex.org/W562159977', 'https://openalex.org/W562583685'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3130401151', 'https://openalex.org/W3122981517', 'https://openalex.org/W3089059013', 'https://openalex.org/W3030256362', 'https://openalex.org/W2964376215', 'https://openalex.org/W2944361826', 'https://openalex.org/W2800410106', 'https://openalex.org/W2749246293', 'https://openalex.org/W2480348369', 'https://openalex.org/W2288774045'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'In': [1], 'many': [2], 'historical': [3], 'episodes,': [4], 'criminal': [5], 'activity': [6], 'displays': [7], 'booms': [8], 'and': [9, 60, 67, 81, 86, 93, 114, 128], 'busts.': [10], 'One': [11], 'clear': [12], 'example': [13], 'is': [14], 'the': [15, 21, 28, 45, 54, 104, 109, 121], 'case': [16], 'of': [17, 30, 57, 71, 103, 124], 'metal': [18, 74, 83, 125], 'crime': [19, 65, 75], 'in': [20, 27, 33, 44, 62, 91, 108, 120], 'United': [22], 'Kingdom': [23], '(and': [24], 'elsewhere)': [25], 'where,': [26], 'face': [29], 'big': [31], 'increases': [32], 'value': [34], 'driven': [35, 77, 87], 'by': [36, 89], 'world': [37], 'commodity': [38], 'prices,': [39, 58, 112], 'thefts': [40], 'rose': [41], 'very': [42], 'sharply': [43], '2000s,': [46], 'after': [47], 'which': [48], 'they': [49], 'fell.': [50], 'This': [51], 'paper': [52, 110], 'studies': [53], 'respective': [55], 'roles': [56], 'policing': [59, 92, 113], 'policy': [61, 115], 'shaping': [63], 'this': [64], 'boom': [66, 127], 'bust.': [68, 129], 'Separate': [69], 'study': [70], 'each': [72], 'reveals': [73], 'being': [76], 'up': [78], 'via': [79], 'sizeable': [80], 'significant': [82], 'crime–price': [84], 'elasticities': [85], 'down': [88], 'changes': [90], 'policy.': [94], 'A': [95], 'regression-based': [96], 'decomposition': [97], 'analysis': [98], 'confirms': [99], 'that': [100], 'all': [101], 'three': [102], 'hypothesised': [105], 'factors': [106], 'considered': [107], '-': [111, 116], 'were': [117], 'empirically': [118], 'important': [119], 'different': [122], 'stages': [123], "theft's": [126]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2800410106', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-05T15:55:31.797876', 'created_date': '2018-05-17'}