Indoxyl Sulfate: A Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Szu‐Chun Hung; Ko‐Lin Kuo; Chih‐Cheng Wu; Der‐Cherng Tarng
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1167, 1174, 1185, 1198, 1208, 1245, 1254, 1286, 1328, 1332, 1339, 1363, 1404, 1407, 1421, 1425, 1445, 1490, 1524, 1557, 1605, 1627, 1640, 1652, 1660, 1723, 1736, 1742, 1767, 1793, 1814, 1848, 1851, 1876, 1912, 1923, 1962, 1969, 2004, 2053, 2059, 2110, 2124, 2196, 2203, 2240, 2257, 2300, 2307, 2323, 2351, 2368, 2378, 2500, 2524, 2542, 2571, 2603, 2721, 2724, 2740, 2747, 2753, 2786, 2809, 2821, 2841, 2852, 2859, 2869, 2884, 2906, 2936, 2952, 2955, 3032, 3048, 3051, 3057, 3065, 3087, 3106, 3109, 3160, 3234, 3248, 3252, 3286, 3296, 3303, 3462, 3482, 3505, 3534, 3654, 3666, 3696, 3778, 3816, 3975, 4003, 4034, 4073], 'Chronic': [16, 43], 'Kidney': [17, 44, 3672, 3978, 4006], 'Disease': [18, 45], 'Open': [19], 'AccessReview': [20, 34], 'ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView': [21], 'PDFView': [22], 'EPUBSections': [23], 'ToolsAdd': [24], 'to': [25, 220, 224, 311, 490, 592, 629, 641, 683, 839, 858, 902, 916, 938, 1024, 1436, 1571, 1811, 1865, 1893, 1918, 1989, 2097, 2117, 2120, 2122, 2180, 2234, 2267, 2289, 2302, 2314, 2340, 2458, 2647, 2697, 2711, 2732, 2814, 2857, 3012, 3025, 3034, 3054, 3134, 3164, 3193, 3276, 3424, 3489, 3528, 3642], 'favoritesDownload': [26], 'citationsTrack': [27], 'citations': [28], 'ShareShare': [29], 'onFacebookTwitterLinked': [30], 'InMendeleyReddit': [31], 'Jump': [32], 'toOpen': [33], 'ArticlePDF/EPUBIndoxyl': [35], 'Szu‐Chun': [46, 61], 'Hung,': [47], 'MD,': [48, 51, 59, 3583], 'Ko‐Lin': [49, 87], 'Kuo,': [50], 'PhD,': [52, 3584], 'Chih‐Cheng': [53, 113], 'Wu,': [54], 'MD': [55], 'and': [56, 135, 142, 197, 228, 245, 277, 309, 328, 349, 363, 413, 437, 524, 548, 564, 618, 730, 740, 751, 754, 794, 806, 808, 830, 834, 864, 869, 874, 878, 904, 943, 960, 966, 990, 1031, 1071, 1095, 1105, 1126, 1144, 1150, 1170, 1191, 1233, 1290, 1319, 1347, 1380, 1399, 1406, 1430, 1443, 1471, 1480, 1502, 1520, 1549, 1565, 1600, 1648, 1761, 1778, 1801, 1834, 1839, 1872, 2065, 2067, 2079, 2094, 2101, 2143, 2174, 2188, 2200, 2227, 2245, 2321, 2418, 2472, 2488, 2492, 2558, 2594, 2610, 2618, 2651, 2693, 2704, 2723, 2772, 2792, 2834, 2900, 2913, 2915, 2954, 2969, 2973, 3096, 3103, 3137, 3185, 3200, 3213, 3229, 3241, 3293, 3474, 3480, 3525, 3543, 3550, 3555, 3562, 3569, 3573, 3588, 3595, 3730, 3776, 3812, 4031], 'Der‐Cherng': [57, 136, 3581], 'Tarng,': [58, 3582], 'PhD': [60], 'HungSzu‐Chun': [62], 'Hung': [63, 3878], 'Division': [64, 90, 150, 3596], 'Nephrology,': [66, 92, 152, 3598], 'Taipei': [67, 93, 156, 3575, 3602, 3611], 'Tzu': [68, 72, 81, 94, 98, 107, 3576], 'Chi': [69, 73, 82, 95, 99, 108, 3577], 'Hospital,': [70, 96, 121, 159, 3578, 3605], 'Buddhist': [71, 97], 'Medical': [74, 100], 'Foundation,': [75, 101], 'Hualien,': [76, 84, 102, 110], 'Taiwan': [77, 85, 103, 111, 119, 125, 134, 149, 161, 3535, 3539], 'School': [78, 104], 'Medicine,': [80, 106, 144, 155, 3590, 3601], 'University,': [83, 109, 132, 147, 3593], ',': [86, 112], 'KuoKo‐Lin': [88], 'Kuo': [89, 3880], 'WuChih‐Cheng': [114], 'Wu': [115, 513, 545, 3805, 3874, 4090], 'Center,': [117], 'National': [118, 130, 145, 3591], 'University': [120], 'Hsinchu': [122], 'Branch,': [123], 'Hsinchu,': [124, 133], 'Institute': [126], 'Biomedical': [128], 'Engineering,': [129], 'Tsing‐Hua': [131], 'TarngDer‐Cherng': [137], 'Tarng': [138, 3892], 'Institutes': [139, 3585], 'Physiology': [141, 3587], 'Clinical': [143, 3589], 'Yang‐Ming': [146, 3592], 'Taipei,': [148, 160], 'Department': [153, 3599], 'Veterans': [157, 3603], 'General': [158, 3604], 'Originally': [162], 'published8': [163], 'Feb': [164], '2017https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005022Journal': [165], 'Association.': [170], '2017;6:e005022IntroductionChronic': [171], 'kidney': [172, 475, 568, 1256, 2141, 3401, 3644, 3780, 3819, 4036, 4080], 'disease': [173, 195, 199, 1236, 1253, 1722, 1755, 3665, 3693, 3775, 3781, 3811, 4002], '(CKD)': [174], 'is': [175, 208, 320, 405, 637, 694, 709, 816, 831, 1196, 1310, 1450, 1476, 1492, 1513, 1534, 1748, 1891, 1906, 1948, 2274, 2327, 2397, 2427, 2473, 2544, 2550, 2634, 3000, 3020, 3429, 3771, 3998, 4068], 'now': [176], 'clearly': [177, 1434], 'recognized': [178, 1270], 'as': [179, 239, 416, 716, 821, 1460, 1508, 1669, 1780, 1782, 2293, 2513, 2623, 2801, 2986, 3450, 3500], 'a': [180, 189, 271, 645, 680, 717, 735, 756, 779, 822, 923, 985, 1004, 1021, 1041, 1054, 1090, 1110, 1514, 1577, 1628, 1697, 1757, 1783, 1852, 1877, 1927, 1959, 1990, 1997, 2005, 2056, 2131, 2207, 2294, 2316, 2376, 2428, 2435, 2514, 2545, 2604, 2727, 2980, 3088, 3189, 3501, 3646, 3733, 4069], 'public': [181], 'health': [182], 'problem': [183, 2547], 'worldwide.': [184], 'Patients': [185, 462, 493, 1131, 3304], 'with': [186, 252, 294, 306, 382, 386, 441, 679, 685, 734, 759, 797, 855, 963, 973, 1013, 1036, 1053, 1093, 1132, 1176, 1288, 1447, 1478, 1499, 1526, 1696, 1725, 1756, 1821, 1971, 1987, 2019, 2055, 2150, 2449, 2496, 2502, 2526, 2532, 2552, 2573, 2583, 3162, 3254, 3415, 3419, 3484, 3512, 3700, 3773, 3859, 3898, 4000], 'CKD': [187, 207, 217, 387, 576, 724, 856, 942, 1209, 1289, 1426, 1491, 1737, 1988, 2009, 2042, 2112, 2161, 2197, 2533, 2543, 2574, 2584, 2615, 3255, 3420], 'display': [188], 'substantial': [190], 'increase': [191, 1961, 2058, 2163, 3056], 'end‐stage': [193], 'renal': [194, 692, 3668, 3813], '(ESRD)': [196], 'cardiovascular': [198, 231, 260, 478, 571, 991, 1009, 1252, 1717, 2092, 2158, 3076, 3203, 3242, 3692, 3810, 3938, 4001, 4032], '(CVD).1': [200], 'Moreover,': [201, 978, 1148, 2563], 'prognosis': [203], 'CVD': [205, 215, 383, 438, 460, 491, 939, 1173, 1207, 1285, 1441, 1735, 3285, 3461, 3479, 3510], 'extremely': [209], 'poor.2': [210], 'Understanding': [211], 'pathophysiology': [213], 'might': [218, 1808], 'help': [219], 'develop': [221, 2338, 2350], 'treatment': [222], 'strategies': [223, 2281, 3487], 'reduce': [225, 3490], 'its': [226, 1189, 1292], 'morbidity': [227, 1442, 2093, 2320], 'mortality.': [229, 992], 'Traditional': [230, 3691], 'risk': [232, 1056, 1073, 1964, 1992, 2159, 2165, 2296, 2305, 2517, 2555, 2596, 3283, 3435, 3438, 3477, 3694, 4033], 'factors': [233, 1977, 2306, 2578, 3439, 3695], 'for': [234, 699, 1068, 1083, 1315, 1423, 1554, 1687, 1916, 2209, 2282, 2298, 2401, 2519, 2567, 2579, 2639, 2700, 2996, 3158, 3457, 3566], 'general': [236, 1744, 2126, 3702], 'population,': [237], 'such': [238, 1459, 1668, 2985, 3449], 'diabetes': [240], 'mellitus,': [241], 'high': [242, 700, 1047, 1438], 'blood': [243, 2171, 2460, 2628, 2798], 'pressure,': [244], 'dyslipidemia,': [246], 'are': [247, 298, 344, 350, 365, 588, 1552, 1685, 1713, 2077, 2362, 2575, 2585, 2695, 2925, 2988, 3274, 3421], 'more': [248], 'common': [249, 2087, 2330], 'patients': [251, 293, 385, 579, 678, 793, 972, 1012, 1035, 1080, 1100, 1118, 1175, 1287, 1446, 1525, 1724, 1970, 1986, 2113, 2455, 2501, 2525, 2572, 2582, 3161, 3253, 3414, 3483, 3698, 3863, 4074], 'CKD,': [253, 440, 898, 1448, 3399], 'but': [254, 2589, 2669, 2818], 'cannot': [255, 905], 'entirely': [256], 'explain': [257, 3467], 'increased': [259, 2269, 2536, 2554, 3476], 'risk.3': [261], 'Compelling': [262], 'evidence': [263, 2409, 3071], 'suggests': [264, 1729, 3072], 'that': [265, 283, 343, 378, 932, 952, 998, 1278, 1291, 1341, 1374, 1390, 1413, 1592, 1618, 1642, 1662, 1704, 1730, 1795, 1805, 1860, 1978, 2011, 2139, 2263, 2393, 2412, 2464, 2483, 2507, 2614, 2957, 3073, 3148, 3170, 3431, 3440], 'uremic': [267, 300, 313, 366, 411, 435, 623, 649, 674, 705, 721, 846, 852, 1306, 1982, 2450, 2465, 3179, 3198, 3210, 3447, 3725, 3942], 'milieu': [268], 'itself': [269], 'plays': [270], 'critical': [272, 2568], 'role': [273, 447, 1327, 2377], 'development': [276, 1169, 1573, 2211, 3426], 'progression': [278, 883, 920, 1171, 3139], 'CVD.4': [280], 'Various': [281], 'solutes': [282, 297, 651, 675], 'would': [284], 'normally': [285], 'be': [286, 626, 906, 1165, 1417, 1894, 1935, 2051, 2315, 2511, 2698, 3082, 3154, 3216, 3454, 3498], 'excreted': [287], 'by': [288, 331, 373, 661, 818, 909, 1304, 1350, 1427, 1453, 1495, 1510, 1631, 1671, 1829, 1896, 1937, 2073, 2277, 2654, 2803, 2921, 2964, 2990, 3023, 3039, 3084, 3092, 3128, 3519, 3537], 'kidneys': [290], 'accumulate': [291], 'CKD.': [295, 324, 353, 1333, 1558, 3463, 3485], 'These': [296, 1410, 2504, 3464], 'called': [299, 3018], 'toxins': [301, 367, 412, 436, 587, 624, 853, 3199], 'when': [302], 'they': [303], 'interact': [304], 'negatively': [305], 'biological': [307], 'functions': [308, 3125], 'contribute': [310, 937, 1570, 1810], 'syndrome.': [314], 'Of': [315], 'note,': [316], 'gut': [318, 333, 374, 714, 728, 737, 3172, 3183, 3227, 3318], 'microbiota': [319, 334, 375, 715, 3173], 'markedly': [321], 'altered': [322, 1472], 'Fermentation': [325], 'protein': [327, 371, 1603, 1846, 3223, 3307, 3313], 'amino': [329, 827], 'acids': [330], 'certain': [332], 'results': [335, 1063, 2386, 3108, 3143], 'generation': [338, 3196], 'different': [340, 768, 974, 4076], 'toxic': [341, 2977], 'metabolites': [342], 'absorbed': [345, 833], 'into': [346, 601, 1694, 2762, 2891, 3218], 'circulation': [348], 'retained': [351, 1981], 'Indoxyl': [354, 403, 891, 1183, 2229, 2642, 3290, 3315, 3323, 3328, 3333, 3339, 3344, 3373, 3807], 'sulfate,': [355, 360, 841, 3374, 3452], 'indole‐3': [356, 3944], 'acetic': [357, 466, 518, 3945], 'acid,': [358, 828], 'p‐cresyl': [359, 3731], 'trimethylamine': [361], 'N‐oxide,': [362], 'phenylacetylglutamine': [364], 'derived': [368, 1682, 2676], 'from': [369, 653, 1683, 1740, 1980, 2115, 2130, 2249, 2453, 2630, 2677, 3442, 3521], 'dietary': [370, 3222], 'metabolism': [372, 636], '(Table': [376, 388, 3256], '1)': [377], 'have': [379, 1337, 1388, 2288, 2391, 2480, 2534, 2601, 2712, 3245], 'been': [380, 732, 1269, 2232, 2645, 2709, 3246], 'associated': [381, 733, 854, 962, 1052, 1477, 2018, 2149, 2551, 3511, 3772, 3999], '2).5,': [389], '7,': [391], '8,': [392], '9,': [393], '10,': [394], '11,': [395], '12,': [396], '13,': [397], '14,': [398], '15,': [399], '16,': [400], '17,': [401], '18': [402], 'sulfate': [404, 895, 934, 957, 982, 1001, 1030, 1050, 1155, 1163, 1195, 1244, 1343, 1376, 1392, 1415, 1584, 1594, 1620, 1644, 1664, 1797, 1807, 1820, 1890, 2014, 2030, 2049, 2221, 2230, 2265, 2292, 2396, 2414, 2499, 2509, 2643, 2707, 2736, 2880, 2959, 2999, 3041, 3080, 3100, 3120, 3152, 3239, 3472, 3496, 3729, 3770, 3808, 3858, 3896], 'among': [406, 2581, 3862], 'most': [408, 2086, 2329], 'representative': [409], 'gut‐derived': [410, 434, 3209, 3446], 'has': [414, 731, 1463, 1798, 2231, 2410, 2644, 2708], 'emerged': [415], 'an': [417, 666, 686, 1312, 1325, 1823, 2192, 2398, 2535, 2553, 2635, 2681, 3001, 3155, 3175], 'important': [418, 1326, 1686, 3176], 'therapeutic': [419, 3191, 3503], 'target.': [420], 'In': [421, 914, 1075, 1576, 1996, 2023, 2190, 2680, 2726, 2829, 3112], 'this': [422, 1924], 'review,': [423], 'we': [424, 2730, 2949], 'will': [425, 2287], 'summarize': [426], 'recent': [427, 1077, 1998, 2389, 2728], 'advances': [428], 'understanding': [430], 'association': [432, 3469], 'between': [433, 791, 1028, 3470], 'special': [442], 'emphasis': [443], 'on': [444, 1038, 1295, 1300, 1585, 2364, 2456, 2528, 2715, 2881, 3299, 3651, 3864], 'pathogenic': [446], 'indoxyl': [449, 840, 933, 956, 981, 1000, 1029, 1049, 1146, 1154, 1162, 1194, 1243, 1342, 1375, 1391, 1414, 1583, 1593, 1619, 1643, 1663, 1796, 1806, 1819, 1889, 2013, 2029, 2048, 2220, 2264, 2291, 2395, 2413, 2498, 2508, 2735, 2879, 2958, 2998, 3040, 3079, 3099, 3119, 3151, 3238, 3451, 3471, 3495, 3728, 3769, 3857, 3895], 'sulfate.Table': [450], '1.': [451, 1240], 'Gut‐Derived': [452, 487, 3166, 3300], 'Uremic': [453, 488, 583, 3167, 3301, 3762], 'Toxins': [454, 489, 584, 3302], 'That': [455], 'Have': [456], 'Been': [457], 'Associated': [458], 'With': [459, 463, 494, 3305], 'CKDNameSourceClassIndoxyl': [464], 'sulfateTryptophanProtein‐boundIndole‐3': [465], 'acidTryptophanProtein‐boundp‐cresyl': [467], 'sulfatePhenylalanine,': [468], 'tyrosineProtein‐boundTrimethylamine': [469], 'N‐oxideCholine,': [470], 'l‐carnitine,': [471], 'PTCWater‐solublePhenylacetylglutaminePhenylalanineWater‐solubleCKD': [472], 'indicates': [473, 566, 1259, 2940, 3395], 'chronic': [474, 567, 1255, 3400, 3643, 3667, 3779, 3818, 4079], 'disease;': [476, 479, 569, 572, 3402], 'CVD,': [477, 570], 'PTC,': [480], 'phosphatidylcholine.Table': [481], '2.': [482, 2876], 'Summary': [483], 'Studies': [485, 886, 1178, 3297], 'Relating': [486], 'CKDReferencePatientsCVDIndoxyl': [495], 'sulfate2009': [496], 'Barreto': [497, 946, 3743, 3745, 4048, 4050], 'et': [498, 505, 509, 514, 521, 528, 531, 535, 539, 542, 546, 552, 557, 561, 658, 743, 775, 947, 995, 1018, 1335, 1371, 1589, 1615, 1637, 1656, 1790, 1856, 2001, 2075, 2136, 2254, 2443, 2478, 2599, 3310, 3321, 3326, 3331, 3337, 3342, 3347, 3354, 3370, 3383, 3390], 'al5CKDVascular': [499], 'calcification,': [500], 'vascular': [501, 1229, 1264, 1365, 1545, 2521, 2632, 2688, 3774], 'stiffness,': [502], 'mortality2012': [503], 'Lin': [504, 541, 994, 3791, 3888, 4088], 'al6CKDCardiovascular': [506], 'events2015': [507], 'Cao': [508, 1017, 3827], 'al7HDCongestive': [510], 'heart': [511, 1032, 1059, 1222, 1711, 2099, 3417, 3860], 'failure2016': [512], 'al8HDVascular': [515], 'access': [516, 1084, 1124, 1129, 1230, 2311, 2522], 'thrombosisIndole‐3': [517], 'acid2015': [519], 'Dou': [520, 1370, 3911], 'al9CKDaCardiovascular': [522], 'events': [523, 563, 1010, 1933], 'mortalityP‐cresyl': [525], 'sulfate2006': [526, 3340], 'Bammens': [527, 3954, 3985, 4015], 'al10HDMortality2008': [529], 'Meijers': [530, 534, 3983, 4011], 'al11HDCardiovascular': [532], 'events2010': [533, 537], 'al12CKDCardiovascular': [536], 'Liabeuf': [538, 3747, 4046], 'al13CKDMortality2010': [540], 'al14HDCardiovascular': [543], 'events2012': [544], 'al15HDbCardiovascular': [547], 'all‐cause': [549], 'mortality2014': [550], 'Poesen': [551, 560, 742], 'al16CKDCardiovascular': [553], 'eventsTrimethylamine': [554], 'N‐oxide2016': [555], 'Stubbs': [556], 'al17CKDaCoronary': [558], 'atherosclerosisPhenylacetylglutamine2016': [559], 'al18CKDCardiovascular': [562], 'mortalityCKD': [565], 'HD,': [573, 3405], 'hemodialysis.aIncluding': [574], 'dialyzed': [575], 'patients.bElderly': [577], 'HD': [578], '(>65': [580], 'years': [581], 'old).Gut‐Derived': [582], 'CKDUremic': [586], 'traditionally': [589], 'classified,': [590], 'according': [591, 628], 'physicochemical': [594], 'characteristics': [595], 'affecting': [596], 'their': [597, 630, 3201], 'clearance': [598], 'during': [599], 'dialysis,': [600], 'small': [603], 'water‐soluble': [604], 'molecules': [605, 1398], '(molecular': [606], 'weight': [607], '[MW]': [608], '<500': [609], 'Da),': [610, 617], 'larger': [612], '"middle': [613], 'molecules"': [614], '(MW': [615], '>500': [616], 'protein‐bound': [620, 845, 3969], 'molecules.19': [621], 'Alternatively,': [622], 'may': [625, 935, 1164, 1416, 1738, 2050, 2162, 2222, 2337, 2374, 3453, 3497], 'classified': [627], 'site': [631], 'origin.': [633], 'Although': [634, 1926, 2335], 'endogenous': [635, 3002], 'prime': [639], 'contributor': [640], 'internal': [643], 'milieu,': [644], 'significant': [646, 798, 1065, 2091], 'fraction': [647], 'retention': [650, 706, 3970], 'originates': [652], 'intestinal': [655, 819, 849, 861, 873], 'tract.': [656], 'Aronov': [657], 'al': [659, 744, 776, 948, 996, 1019, 1336, 1372, 1590, 1616, 1638, 1657, 1791, 1857, 2002, 2076, 2137, 2255, 2444, 2479, 2600], 'demonstrated,': [660], 'using': [662, 1772], 'high‐resolution': [663], 'mass': [664], 'spectrometry,': [665], 'absence': [667, 2353], 'or': [668, 1709, 2516], 'reduced': [669, 1830, 2851], 'plasma': [670, 1048, 2497], 'levels': [671, 769, 954, 1141, 1156, 2471, 3240, 3493], '>30': [673], 'hemodialysis': [677, 750, 792, 813, 1079, 1277, 2324, 3976, 4004], 'colectomy': [681], 'compared': [682, 2119, 2813, 2856, 3699], 'those': [684, 1741, 2858], 'intact': [687], 'colon.20': [688], 'Indeed,': [689], 'loss': [690], 'function': [693, 2142, 2746, 2963, 3814], 'not': [695, 2586, 2661], 'sole': [697, 1536], 'reason': [698], 'serum': [701, 953, 999, 1140, 2012, 2394, 2451, 2466, 3492, 3965], 'concentrations': [702, 3966], 'these': [704], 'solutes.': [707], 'There': [708], 'increasing': [710, 2655], 'interest': [711], 'relevant': [718], 'source': [719, 2318], 'toxins,': [722, 1983, 3180, 3448], 'because': [723, 2168, 2548], 'profoundly': [725, 2474], 'alters': [726], 'microenvironment': [729, 3184], 'distinct': [736], 'microbial': [738, 787, 3186], 'composition': [739, 3187], 'metabolism.': [741], 'studied': [745], 'fecal': [746, 761], 'metabolite': [747], 'profiles': [748], 'healthy': [752, 795], 'individuals': [753], 'observed': [755, 1331], 'clear': [757], 'discrimination': [758], '81': [760], 'volatile': [762], 'organic': [763], 'compounds': [764], 'detected': [765, 2802], 'at': [766, 1202, 1419, 2343, 3207, 4075], 'significantly': [767, 961, 1621, 2275, 2467, 2807, 2850, 2867], '2': [772, 2791, 2914], 'groups.21': [773], 'Vaziri': [774], 'further': [777, 880, 1658, 2081, 3121], 'showed': [778, 1859, 2951], 'marked': [780], 'difference': [781], 'abundance': [784], '190': [786], 'operational': [788], 'taxonomic': [789], 'units': [790], 'controls,22': [796], 'expansion': [799, 2175], 'bacterial': [801, 867], 'families': [802], 'possessing': [803], 'urease,': [804], 'uricase,': [805], 'indole': [807, 2770, 2774, 2811, 2823, 2854, 2871, 2898, 2933], 'p‐cresol': [809, 3972, 3997], 'forming': [810], 'enzymes': [811], 'patients.23': [814], 'Indole': [815], 'produced': [817], 'bacteria': [820], 'degradation': [823], 'product': [824], 'tryptophan,': [829], 'subsequently': [832], 'metabolized': [835], 'liver': [838], 'prototype': [843], 'toxins.': [847], 'Increased': [848], 'concentration': [850, 2487, 3473], 'leads': [857, 1864], 'disruption': [859], 'barrier': [862], 'integrity': [863], 'translocation': [865], 'components': [868], 'metabolites,': [870], 'which': [871, 1462, 1569, 2273, 2758, 2997], 'triggers': [872], 'subsequent': [875], 'systemic': [876], 'inflammation': [877, 1429], 'could': [879, 1934, 1984, 2737, 3081, 3153], 'accelerate': [881], 'CKD.24Clinical': [885], 'Toxicity': [889, 1181], 'Sulfate': [892, 1184, 3291], 'CKDIndoxyl': [894], 'accumulates': [896], 'circulating': [899, 2485, 2671], 'mostly': [900], 'bound': [901], 'albumin,': [903], 'sufficiently': [907], 'removed': [908], 'means': [910], 'conventional': [912, 1070, 2593], 'dialysis.': [913], 'addition': [915, 2301], 'involvement': [917, 1455], 'CKD,25': [922], 'growing': [924], 'number': [925], 'clinical': [927, 2088, 3250], 'studies': [928, 1702, 3251], 'supports': [929], 'idea': [931], 'also': [936, 1561, 1858, 2349, 2481, 2670, 3017, 3021], 'ESRD': [944, 1037, 1527, 2454, 2527], 'population.': [945, 1745], 'had': [949, 1119, 1123, 1128, 1138, 1268], 'previously': [950], 'demonstrated': [951, 1373, 1639, 1659, 1792, 2392, 2482], 'were': [958, 1086, 2147, 2490, 2493, 2759, 2849, 2866, 2889], 'positively': [959, 2494], 'aortic': [964, 1511, 1609, 1646, 1649, 3393], 'calcification': [965, 1551, 1647], 'pulse': [967, 3411], 'wave': [968, 3412], 'velocity': [969], '(PWV)': [970], 'stages': [975, 4077], 'CKD.5': [977], 'highest': [980], 'tertile': [983], 'was': [984, 1003, 1051, 1280, 1302, 1827, 2016, 2031, 2751, 2784, 2806, 2819, 2909, 3517], 'powerful': [986], 'predictor': [987, 1517, 2400, 4070], 'overall': [989, 1942], 'Additionally,': [993, 1635], 'determined': [997, 1509], 'level': [1002, 2015], 'valuable': [1005], 'marker': [1006, 1314], 'predicting': [1008], 'advanced': [1014, 3817], 'CKD.6': [1015], 'Recently,': [1016, 2252, 2476], 'conducted': [1020], 'prospective': [1022, 3647], 'study': [1023, 1578, 2390, 3649], 'investigate': [1025], 'relationship': [1027], 'failure': [1033, 1060, 1712, 2100, 3861], 'hemodialysis.': [1039, 3865], 'After': [1040, 1109], 'median': [1042, 1111], 'follow‐up': [1043, 1112], '48': [1045], 'months,': [1046, 1115], 'higher': [1055, 1139, 1991], 'first': [1058, 2950], 'event.': [1061, 2371], 'The': [1062, 2385, 2976, 3724, 3937], 'remained': [1064], 'after': [1066, 1135, 1272, 2405, 2795, 2846], 'adjusting': [1067], 'both': [1069, 2484, 2592, 2720], 'unconventional': [1072], 'factors.7': [1074], 'our': [1076, 2388], 'study,8': [1078], 'undergoing': [1081, 1528], 'angioplasty': [1082], 'dysfunction': [1085, 1309, 1330, 2312, 3095, 3380], 'prospectively': [1087], 'enrolled': [1088, 1099], 'over': [1089], '3‐year': [1091], 'period,': [1092], '175': [1094], '131': [1096], 'having': [1101], 'arteriovenous': [1102, 1106], 'grafts': [1103], '(AVGs)': [1104], 'fistulas,': [1107], 'respectively.': [1108], '32': [1114], '86%': [1116], 'symptomatic': [1120], 'restenosis,': [1121], '50%': [1122], 'thrombosis,': [1125, 3104], '8%': [1127, 2116], 'failure.': [1130], 'AVG': [1133, 1159, 2333, 2403], 'thrombosis': [1134, 2336, 2404, 2523, 3900], 'endovascular': [1136, 2406], 'interventions': [1137], 'free': [1143, 1153, 1352, 1666, 2656], 'total': [1145], 'sulfate.': [1147], 'absolute': [1149], 'tertiles': [1151], 'independently': [1157, 2017, 2155], 'predicted': [1158], 'thrombosis.': [1160, 2433], 'Therefore,': [1161, 2070, 2280, 3036, 3486], 'involved': [1166, 2367], 'CKD.Basic': [1177], 'CKDBy': [1186], 'virtue': [1187], 'proinflammatory': [1190], 'pro‐oxidant': [1192], 'properties,4': [1193], 'implicated': [1197], 'pathogenesis': [1200, 1247, 2380, 3459], 'least': [1203, 1420], '6': [1204, 2260], 'phenotypes': [1205], '(Figure': [1210, 2827], '1),': [1211], 'including': [1212, 1975, 2560, 2765], 'atherosclerosis,26,': [1213], '27,': [1214], '28,': [1215], '29': [1216, 1409], 'arteriosclerosis,30,': [1217], '31,': [1218], '32,': [1219], '33': [1220], 'congestive': [1221, 1710, 2098, 3416], 'failure,34,': [1223], '35,': [1224], '36': [1225], 'arrhythmia,37,': [1226], '38,': [1227], '39': [1228], 'thrombosis,40,': [1231], '41': [1232, 2425], 'peripheral': [1234], 'arterial': [1235, 1497, 1505, 1555, 1566], '(PAD).42,': [1237], '43Download': [1238], 'PowerPointFigure': [1239, 2875], 'Role': [1241], 'various': [1249, 3030], 'forms': [1250], 'disease.': [1257, 3820, 4037, 4081], 'EPC': [1258, 2701, 2745, 2961], 'endothelial': [1260, 1329, 1366, 1394, 1402, 1431, 2416, 2649, 2667, 2672, 2689, 3094], 'progenitor': [1261, 2673], 'cell;': [1262], 'VSMC,': [1263], 'smooth': [1265, 1530, 1610], 'muscle': [1266, 1531, 1611, 2842], 'cell.AtherosclerosisIt': [1267], 'early': [1271, 1313, 2008], 'introduction': [1274], 'maintenance': [1276, 3225], 'atherosclerosis': [1279, 1424, 1433, 3102], 'major': [1282, 2317], 'cause': [1283, 1909, 2331], 'progression,': [1293], 'based': [1294, 3650], 'observations': [1296, 2072], 'long‐term': [1298], 'survivors': [1299], 'hemodialysis,': [1301], 'accelerated': [1303], 'state.44': [1307], 'Endothelial': [1308, 3379], 'considered': [1311, 2512, 3499], 'atherosclerosis.': [1316, 1575], 'Oxidative': [1317], 'stress': [1318, 2239, 3377], 'nitric': [1320], 'oxide': [1321], '(NO)': [1322], 'deficiency': [1323], 'play': [1324, 2375], 'Tumur': [1334], 'shown': [1338, 2032, 2411, 2646, 2710, 3247], 'vitro': [1340, 1405, 1661, 1794, 2722, 2953], 'inhibits': [1344, 1377], 'NO': [1345, 2694], 'production': [1346, 3212], 'cell': [1348, 1532, 1537, 1787, 2417], 'viability': [1349], 'inducing': [1351, 1428, 1632, 3093], 'radicals': [1353, 1681], 'through': [1354, 1901, 2033, 2237, 2717, 2743], 'induction': [1355, 1689], 'nicotinamide': [1357], 'adenine': [1358], 'dinucleotide': [1359], 'phosphate': [1360], '(NADPH)': [1361], 'oxidase': [1362, 1677], 'human': [1364, 1608, 1784, 2446], 'cells': [1367, 1612, 1695, 2674], '(HUVECs).26': [1368], 'Furthermore,': [1369, 1816], 'proliferation': [1379, 1548, 1560, 1599, 1624, 2650, 2664], 'wound': [1381, 2652], 'repair': [1382, 2653], 'HUVECs.27': [1384], 'Finally,': [1385, 2214], 'several': [1386, 3249], 'reports': [1387], 'described': [1389, 1591], 'upregulates': [1393, 2468], 'expression': [1395, 1847, 3028], 'adhesion': [1397], 'enhances': [1400], 'leukocyte': [1401], 'interactions': [1403], 'vivo.28,': [1408], 'findings': [1411, 2505], 'suggest': [1412, 2506], 'responsible,': [1418], 'part,': [1422], 'dysfunction.ArteriosclerosisAlthough': [1432], 'contributes': [1435, 2266], 'prevalence': [1439, 2107, 2537], 'mortality': [1444, 1523, 2095, 2322, 2557, 3481, 3640, 3777, 3974, 4072], 'it': [1449, 2347, 2549], 'often': [1451], 'accompanied': [1452, 1828], 'nonatherosclerotic': [1457], 'processes': [1458, 1733], 'arteriosclerosis,': [1461], 'principal': [1465], 'consequences': [1466], 'left': [1468, 1831, 1873, 2062, 2181, 2246], 'ventricular': [1469, 1832, 1874, 1967, 1994, 2063, 2182, 3386], 'hypertrophy': [1470, 1875, 2183], 'coronary': [1473, 1720, 1939, 1955], 'perfusion.45': [1474], 'Aging': [1475], 'degeneration': [1479], 'sclerosis': [1481], 'medial': [1484, 1541, 1550], 'layer': [1485, 1542], 'large': [1487], 'arteries.': [1488], 'Arteriosclerosis': [1489], 'mainly': [1493, 1521], 'characterized': [1494], 'premature': [1496], 'aging': [1498], 'diffuse': [1500], 'thickening': [1501, 1651, 1763], 'stiffening': [1503], 'walls.': [1506], 'Arteriosclerosis,': [1507], 'PWV,': [1512, 3410], 'strong': [1515], 'independent': [1516, 2399], 'all‐cause,': [1519], 'cardiovascular,': [1522], 'hemodialysis.46Vascular': [1529], '(VSMC)': [1533], 'type': [1538], 'wall.': [1546], 'VSMC': [1547, 1559, 1586, 1598, 2419, 2469], 'responsible': [1553, 3456], 'stiffness': [1556], 'causes': [1562, 1715, 2090, 2198], 'intimal': [1563, 2341], 'hyperplasia': [1564, 2342], 'stenotic': [1567], 'lesions,': [1568], 'evaluating': [1579], 'effect': [1581, 1887, 2027, 2046, 2218, 3939], 'proliferation,': [1587], 'Yamamoto': [1588], 'directly': [1595, 3455], 'stimulates': [1596], 'rat': [1597, 1775, 1880, 2605], 'activates': [1601], 'mitogen‐activated': [1602], 'kinase': [1604], 'vitro.30': [1606], 'Using': [1607, 2128, 2434], '(HASMCs),': [1613], 'Muteliefu': [1614, 1655], 'reported': [1617, 2138], 'promotes': [1622, 1645], 'HASMCs,': [1626], 'concentration‐dependent': [1629], 'manner,': [1630], 'oxidative': [1633, 1868, 1898, 2238, 3376], 'stress.31': [1634], 'Adijiang': [1636], 'vivo': [1641, 2956], 'wall': [1650, 1762], 'hypertensive': [1653], 'rats.32': [1654], 'induces': [1665], 'radicals,': [1667], 'superoxide,': [1670], 'upregulating': [1672], 'NADPH': [1673, 1676, 1902], 'oxidase,': [1674], 'especially': [1675], '4': [1678, 2794, 2916], '(Nox4).33': [1679], 'Free': [1680, 3964, 3996, 4066], 'Nox4': [1684], 'transdifferentiation': [1691], 'HASMCs': [1693], 'more‐osteoblastic': [1698], 'phenotype.Congestive': [1699], 'FailureEpidemiological': [1701], 'show': [1703], 'sudden': [1705, 1930, 1945], 'cardiac': [1706, 1776, 1812, 1870, 1885, 1904, 1931, 1946, 2216], 'death,': [1707], 'arrhythmia,': [1708, 2089], 'more‐prominent': [1714], 'death': [1718, 1905, 1911, 1932, 1947], 'than': [1719, 1951], 'artery': [1721], 'ESRD.47': [1726], 'This': [1727], 'finding': [1728], 'mechanistic': [1732], 'driving': [1734], 'differ': [1739], '"Uremic': [1746], 'cardiomyopathy"': [1747], 'pathologically': [1749], 'composed': [1750], 'interstitial': [1752], 'fibrosis,': [1753, 1871], 'microvessel': [1754], 'selective': [1758], 'capillary': [1759, 2839], 'deficit,': [1760], 'intramyocardial': [1765], 'arterioles': [1766], 'hypertrophied': [1769], 'heart.48': [1770], 'By': [1771], 'isolated': [1773, 2248], 'neonatal': [1774], 'myocytes': [1777], 'fibroblasts': [1779], 'well': [1781], 'leukemia': [1785], 'monocytic': [1786], 'line,': [1788], 'Lekawanvijit': [1789], 'proinflammatory,': [1799], 'profibrotic,': [1800], 'prohypertrophic': [1802], 'effects,': [1803, 3244], 'indicating': [1804], 'adversely': [1809], 'remodeling': [1813, 2202], 'CKD.34': [1815], 'reduction': [1817, 1866], 'AST‐120,': [1822], 'oral': [1824, 3230], 'charcoal': [1825], 'adsorbent,': [1826], 'fibrosis': [1833, 2199], 'transforming': [1835], 'growth': [1836, 2690], 'factor': [1837, 1842, 2297, 2423, 2518, 2686, 2691], '(TGF)‐β': [1838], 'phosphorylated': [1840], 'nuclear': [1841, 3009, 3061], 'kappa': [1843], 'B': [1844], '(NF‐κB)': [1845], 'subtotal‐nephrectomized': [1849], 'rats': [1850], 'blood‐pressure–independent': [1853], 'manner.35': [1854], 'Fujii': [1855], 'administration': [1861], 'AST‐120': [1863, 2278, 2776, 2825, 2873], 'stress,': [1869], 'subtotal': [1878, 2608, 2944], 'nephrectomy': [1879, 2609, 2750], 'model.36': [1881], 'Taken': [1882], 'together,': [1883], 'profibrotic': [1886, 2217], 'likely': [1892], 'driven': [1895], 'stress/NF‐κB/TGF‐β': [1899], 'pathway': [1900], 'oxidases.ArrhythmiaSudden': [1903], 'leading': [1908, 2179, 3133], 'dialysis': [1913, 2402, 3697, 3902], 'patients,': [1914, 2010], 'accounting': [1915], '20%': [1917], '30%': [1919], 'all': [1921, 2787], 'deaths': [1922], 'population.47': [1925], 'proportion': [1928, 3053], 'caused': [1936], 'acute': [1938], 'ischemia,': [1940], 'incidence': [1943, 1953, 2152], 'much': [1949], 'greater': [1950], 'events,49': [1956], 'probably': [1957, 2590], 'suggesting': [1958], 'primary': [1960], 'fatal': [1966], 'arrhythmias': [1968], 'ESRD.50': [1972], 'Several': [1973], 'factors,': [1974, 3436], 'uremia‐specific': [1976, 3437], 'arise': [1979, 3441], 'predispose': [1985], 'arrhythmias.': [1995], 'study,': [1999, 2134, 2729, 2948], 'Tang': [2000, 2074], 'showed,': [2003, 2256], 'cohort': [2006, 3648], 'prolonged': [2020], 'QTc': [2021], 'interval.': [2022], 'vitro,': [2024], 'arrhythmogenic': [2026], 'inhibition': [2034, 3066], 'H9c2': [2037], 'cardiomyocyte': [2038], 'Ik': [2039], 'channel.37': [2040], 'As': [2041], 'progresses,': [2043], 'proarrhythmic': [2045], 'enhanced': [2052], 'conjunction': [2054], 'sustained': [2057], 'sympathetic': [2060], 'tone,51': [2061], 'hypertrophy,52': [2064], 'fluid': [2066], 'electrolyte': [2068], 'imbalance.53': [2069], 'interesting': [2078], 'warrant': [2080], 'investigation.Atrial': [2082], 'fibrillation': [2083], '(AF),': [2084], 'attributed': [2096], 'stroke.': [2102], 'Reported': [2103], 'estimates': [2104], 'AF': [2109, 2154, 2167, 2286], 'nondialysis': [2111], 'range': [2114], '18%,': [2118], '0.4%': [2121], '1.0%': [2123], 'population.54': [2127], 'data': [2129, 2361], 'large,': [2132], 'population‐based': [2133], 'Alonso': [2135], 'impaired': [2140, 3135], 'presence': [2144, 3114], 'albuminuria': [2146], 'strongly': [2148, 3144, 3422], 'other': [2157, 2303], 'factors.55': [2160], 'poor': [2170], 'pressure': [2172], 'control': [2173], 'extracellular': [2177], 'fluid,56': [2178], 'and,': [2184], 'eventually,': [2185], 'atrial': [2186, 2224, 3396], 'stretch': [2187], 'fibrosis.': [2189], 'addition,': [2191], 'upregulated': [2193], 'renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone': [2194], 'system': [2195], 'electric': [2201], 'atrium,57': [2205], 'providing': [2206], 'substrate': [2208], 'AF.': [2213], 'alter': [2223], 'electrical': [2225], 'conduction': [2226], 'excitability.': [2228], 'proven': [2233], 'induce': [2235], 'arrhythmogenesis': [2236], 'pulmonary': [2241], 'veins,': [2242], 'sinoatrial': [2243], 'nodes,': [2244], 'atria': [2247], 'rabbit': [2250], 'hearts.38': [2251], 'Aoki': [2253], '5': [2258], 'nephrectomized': [2261], 'rats,': [2262], 'inducibility': [2270], 'AF,': [2272, 2299], 'attenuated': [2276], 'treatment.39': [2279], 'prevention': [2284], 'consider': [2290], 'novel': [2295, 3502], 'well‐established': [2304], 'CKD.Vascular': [2308], 'Access': [2309], 'ThrombosisVascular': [2310], 'continues': [2313], 'patients.': [2325, 3782, 3977, 4005], 'Thrombosis': [2326], 'dysfunction.': [2334], 'secondary': [2339], 'venous': [2345], 'anastomosis,': [2346], 'can': [2348, 3215], 'any': [2355], 'demonstrable': [2356], 'structural': [2357], 'abnormalities.': [2358], 'However,': [2359], 'few': [2360], 'available': [2363], 'mechanisms': [2366, 2719], 'later': [2370], 'Indoxyl‐sulfate–induced': [2372], 'hypercoagulability': [2373], 'prothrombotic': [2383], 'state.': [2384], 'interventions.8': [2407], 'Accumulating': [2408], 'increases': [2415], 'productions': [2420], 'tissue': [2422, 2640, 3116], '(TF).40,': [2424], 'TF': [2426, 2470, 2486, 3097], 'crucial': [2429], 'mediator': [2430], 'injury‐related': [2432], 'model': [2436, 2606], 'de‐endothelialized,': [2439], 'postinterventional': [2440, 2520], 'state,': [2441], 'Chitalia': [2442], 'exposed': [2445], 'VSMCs': [2447], '(pretreated': [2448], 'obtained': [2452], 'hemodialysis)': [2457], 'coronary‐like': [2459], 'flow.40': [2461], 'They': [2462], 'found': [2463], 'thrombogenic.': [2475], 'Gondouin': [2477, 3919], 'activity': [2489], 'elevated': [2491], 'correlated': [2495], 'CKD.41': [2503], 'should': [2510], 'biomarker': [2515], 'hemodialysis.58Peripheral': [2529], 'Arterial': [2530], 'DiseasePatients': [2531], 'PAD.59': [2539], 'Unfortunately,': [2540], 'PAD': [2541, 2580, 3159], 'challenging': [2546], 'morbidity,': [2559], 'limb': [2561, 2569, 2619, 3110], 'amputation.60': [2562], 'outcomes': [2564, 3508], 'revascularization': [2566], 'ischemia': [2570, 2612], 'poor.61': [2576], 'fully': [2587], 'understood,': [2588], 'include': [2591], 'uremia‐associated': [2595], 'factors.': [2597], 'Jacob': [2598], 'shown,': [2602], 'hindlimb': [2611, 2908, 2941], '(HI),': [2613], 'impairs': [2616], 'angiogenesis': [2617], 'perfusion.62': [2620], 'Angiogenesis,': [2621], 'defined': [2622], 'sprouting': [2625], 'new': [2627], 'vessels': [2629], 'preexisting': [2631], 'structures,': [2633], 'essential': [2636, 2699], 'physiological': [2637], 'process': [2638], 'ischemia.': [2641, 3111], 'inhibit': [2648], 'radical': [2657], 'production.27': [2658], 'Neovascularization': [2659], 'involves': [2660], 'only': [2662], 'local': [2666], 'cells,': [2668], '(EPCs)': [2675], 'bone': [2678], 'marrow.': [2679], 'ischemic': [2682, 2741, 2844, 2907], 'microenvironment,': [2683], 'ischemia‐induced': [2684, 2882], 'hypoxia‐inducible': [2685], '(HIF)‐1α,': [2687], '(VEGF),': [2692], 'known': [2696], 'mobilization,': [2702], 'homing,': [2703], 'angiogenesis.63,': [2705], '64Indoxyl': [2706], 'direct': [2713], 'effects': [2714, 2978, 3077, 3466], 'EPCs': [2716, 2833, 3127], 'NO‐dependent': [2718], 'vivo.65': [2725], 'aimed': [2731, 3206], 'elucidate': [2733], 'whether': [2734, 3278], 'impede': [2738], 'neovascularization': [2739, 2883, 3136], 'hindlimbs': [2742], 'modulating': [2744], 'CKD.42': [2748], 'Subtotal': [2749], 'undertaken': [2752], '8‐week‐old': [2754], 'male': [2755], 'C57BL/6': [2756], 'mice,': [2757], 'then': [2760], 'divided': [2761, 2890, 3217], '3': [2763, 2892, 3219], 'groups': [2764], 'vehicle': [2767, 2816, 2861, 2895, 2929], 'group,': [2768, 2771, 2817, 2896, 2899], 'plus': [2775, 2824, 2872], 'group.': [2777, 2862, 2903, 2938], 'Eight': [2778], 'weeks': [2779, 2917], 'later,': [2780], 'unilateral': [2781], 'HI': [2782, 2796, 2847, 2919, 2939], 'surgery': [2783, 2848, 2920], 'introduced': [2785], 'animals.': [2788], 'At': [2789], 'week': [2790, 2793], 'surgery,': [2797], 'flow': [2799], 'recovery,': [2800], 'laser': [2804, 2922], 'Doppler,': [2805], 'impeded': [2808], 'group': [2812, 2826, 2855], 'improved': [2820], '2).': [2828], 'parallel,': [2830], 'circulatory': [2831], 'Sca1/Flk‐1‐positive': [2832], 'density': [2836], 'CD31+': [2838], 'neovessels': [2840], 'limbs': [2845], 'Similarly,': [2863], 'reductions': [2865], 'reversed': [2868], 'group.Download': [2874], 'Effects': [2877, 3295], 'SNx': [2885, 2887], 'mice.': [2886], 'mice': [2888], 'groups:': [2893], 'indole+AST‐120': [2902], 'Blood': [2904], 'perfusion': [2905], 'measured': [2910], 'immediately': [2911], 'after,': [2912, 2918], 'Doppler.': [2923], 'Results': [2924], 'means±SEM.': [2926], '*P<0.05': [2927], 'versus': [2928, 2932], 'group;': [2930, 2934], '#P<0.05': [2931], 'n=5': [2935], 'each': [2937], 'ischemia;': [2942], 'SNx,': [2943], 'nephrectomy.In': [2945], 'same': [2947], 'suppresses': [2960, 3042], 'angiogenic': [2962], 'inhibiting': [2965], 'hypoxia‐induced': [2966], 'HIF‐1α': [2967, 3024, 3068], 'activation': [2968, 3038], 'consecutive': [2970], 'interleukin': [2971], '(IL)‐10': [2972], 'VEGF': [2974], 'synthesis.42': [2975], 'variety': [2981], 'environmental': [2983], 'contaminants,': [2984], 'dioxins,': [2987], 'mediated': [2989, 3083], 'aryl': [2992, 3006], 'hydrocarbon': [2993, 3007], 'receptor': [2994, 3008], '(AhR),': [2995], 'ligand.': [3003], 'AhR': [3004, 3037, 3085], 'requires': [3005], 'translocator': [3010], '(ARNT)': [3011], 'regulate': [3013], 'gene': [3014], 'expression.': [3015], 'ARNT,': [3016], 'HIF‐1β,': [3019], 'required': [3022, 3275], 'enhance': [3026], 'genes': [3031], 'response': [3033], 'hypoxia.': [3035], 'accumulation': [3043, 3444], 'HIF‐1α‐ARNT': [3046], 'complex': [3047], 'nucleus': [3050], 'inverse': [3052], 'amount': [3058], 'AhR‐ARNT': [3062], 'complex,': [3063], 'resulting': [3064], 'activity.43': [3069], 'Recent': [3070], 'adverse': [3075, 3202], 'activation,': [3086], '"dioxin‐like"': [3089], 'effect.66': [3090], 'Together,': [3091], 'expression,': [3098], 'favors': [3101], 'which,': [3105], 'turn,': [3107], 'hypoxia,': [3117], 'however,': [3118], 'decreases': [3122], 'proangiogenic': [3124], 'suppressing': [3129], 'HIF‐1α/IL‐10/VEGF': [3131], 'pathway,': [3132], 'thus': [3138], 'PAD.': [3141], 'Our': [3142], 'support': [3145], 'concept': [3147], 'therapies': [3149], 'targeting': [3150], 'alternative': [3156], 'approach': [3157, 3504], 'CKD.Approaches': [3163], 'Decrease': [3165], 'Toxin': [3168, 3763], 'ProductionGiven': [3169], 'generates': [3174], 'portion': [3177], 'modification': [3181], 'represents': [3188], 'promising': [3190], 'target': [3192], 'decrease': [3194], 'effects.': [3204], 'Interventions': [3205], 'preventing': [3208], 'toxin': [3211], 'absorption': [3214], 'main': [3220], 'approaches:': [3221], 'restriction,': [3224], 'symbiosis,': [3228], 'sorbents.67': [3231], 'Encouraging': [3232], 'results,': [3233], 'terms': [3235], 'decreased': [3237], 'protective': [3243], '3).68,': [3257], '69,': [3258], '70,': [3259], '71,': [3260], '72,': [3261], '73,': [3262], '74,': [3263], '75,': [3264], '76,': [3265], '77,': [3266], '78': [3267], 'Additional': [3268], 'adequately': [3269], 'powered': [3270], 'randomized,': [3271], 'controlled': [3272], 'trials': [3273], 'determine': [3277], 'indoxyl‐sulfate–lowering': [3279], 'therapy': [3280], 'reduces': [3281], 'CKD.79,': [3287], '80Table': [3288], '3.': [3289], 'Lowering': [3292], 'Targeting': [3298], 'CKDReferencePatientsInterventionEffectsDietary': [3306], 'restriction2013': [3308], 'Marzocco': [3309], 'al68CKDVery': [3311], 'low': [3312], 'diet↓': [3314], 'sulfateMaintenance': [3316], 'symbiosis1996': [3319], 'Hida': [3320], 'al69HDProbiotics↓': [3322], 'sulfate2003': [3324], 'Takayama': [3325], 'al70HDProbiotics↓': [3327], 'sulfate2014': [3329], 'Sirich': [3330], 'al71HDPrebiotics↓': [3332], 'sulfateOral': [3334], 'sorbents1997': [3335], 'Niwa': [3336], 'al72CKDAST‐120↓': [3338], 'Schulman': [3341], 'al73CKDAST‐120↓': [3343], 'sulfate2004': [3345], 'Nakamura': [3346], 'al74CKDAST‐120↓': [3348], 'Carotid': [3349], 'IMT,': [3350, 3407], '↓': [3351, 3356, 3358, 3360, 3363, 3372, 3375, 3378], 'PWV2010': [3352], 'Shibahara': [3353], 'al75CKDaAST‐120': [3355], 'Edema,': [3357], 'ANP,': [3359], 'CT': [3361], 'ratio': [3362], 'Length': [3364], 'hospital': [3366], 'stay': [3367], '2011': [3368, 3381], 'Yu': [3369], 'al76CKDAST‐120': [3371], 'Nakai': [3382], 'al77CKDAST‐120↓': [3384], 'Left': [3385], 'concentric': [3387], 'change2013': [3388], 'Goto': [3389], 'al78CKDAST‐120↓': [3391], 'Abdominal': [3392], 'calcificationANP': [3394], 'natriuretic': [3397], 'peptide;': [3398], 'CT,': [3403], 'cardiothoracic;': [3404], 'hemodialysis;': [3406], 'intima‐media': [3408], 'thickness;': [3409], 'velocity.aCKD': [3413], 'failure.ConclusionsPatients': [3418], 'predisposed': [3423], 'CVD.': [3427], 'Evidence': [3428], 'emerging': [3430], 'besides': [3432], 'traditional': [3434], 'pathophysiological': [3465], 'designed': [3488], 'improving': [3506], 'CKD.Sources': [3513], 'FundingThis': [3515], 'work': [3516], 'supported': [3518], 'grants': [3520], 'Bioengineering': [3524], 'Technological': [3526], 'Approaches': [3527], 'Solve': [3529], 'Two': [3530], 'Major': [3531], 'Health': [3532], 'Problems': [3533], 'sponsored': [3536], 'Ministry': [3540, 3559], 'Science': [3542, 3561], 'Technology': [3544], 'Academic': [3545], 'Excellence': [3546], 'Program': [3547], '(MOST': [3548, 3553], '105‐2633‐B‐009‐003)': [3549], 'Research': [3551, 3570], 'Project': [3552, 3571], '103‐2314‐B‐005‐MY2': [3554], 'MOST': [3556], '105‐2314‐B‐014‐MY3),': [3557], 'Technology,': [3563], 'ROC;': [3564], 'Foundation': [3565], 'Poison': [3567], 'Control;': [3568], '(TCRD‐TPE‐103‐RT‐4': [3572], 'TCRD‐TPE‐104‐RT‐4),': [3574], 'Taiwan.DisclosuresNone.Footnotes*Correspondence': [3579], 'to:': [3580], 'Taipei;': [3594], '201,': [3606], 'Section': [3607], '2,': [3608], 'Shih‐Pai': [3609], 'Road,': [3610], '11217,': [3612], 'Taiwan.': [3613, 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{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-22T00:11:18.525522', 'created_date': '2017-02-17'}
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