Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2331522529', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200306000-00005', 'title': 'Current information regarding the biochemical and genetic events that occur during disc degeneration', 'display_name': 'Current information regarding the biochemical and genetic events that occur during disc degeneration', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-05-30', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2331522529', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200306000-00005', 'mag': '2331522529'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200306000-00005', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S36461803', 'display_name': 'Current Opinion in Orthopedics', 'issn_l': '1041-9918', 'issn': ['1041-9918', '1080-8124', '1531-7005'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'host_organization_name': 'Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'https://openalex.org/P4310318547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'Wolters Kluwer'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042659316', 'display_name': 'Nitin Bhatia', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7905-3305'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I161318765', 'display_name': 'University of California, Los Angeles', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/046rm7j60', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nitin N. Bhatia', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044390650', 'display_name': 'Jeffrey C. Wang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-7410'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I161318765', 'display_name': 'University of California, Los Angeles', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/046rm7j60', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Jeffrey C. Wang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA', 'e-mail: [email\xa0protected]', 'to Jeffrey C. Wang, MD, UCLA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 956902, Los Angeles, CA 90095–6902 USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'e-mail: [email\xa0protected]', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'to Jeffrey C. Wang, MD, UCLA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 956902, Los Angeles, CA 90095–6902 USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5044390650'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161318765'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 5, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.524234, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 74, 'max': 76}, 'biblio': {'volume': '14', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '153', 'last_page': '158'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10238', 'display_name': 'Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2734', 'display_name': 'Pathology and Forensic Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10238', 'display_name': 'Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2734', 'display_name': 'Pathology and Forensic Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10084', 'display_name': 'Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2736', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10280', 'display_name': 'Shoulder Injury and Treatment', 'score': 0.9879, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/degeneration', 'display_name': 'Degeneration (medical)', 'score': 0.9115435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/intervertebral-disc', 'display_name': 'Intervertebral Disc', 'score': 0.8696698}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/aggrecan', 'display_name': 'Aggrecan', 'score': 0.8630773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/type-ii-collagen', 'display_name': 'Type II collagen', 'score': 0.41777176}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779354088', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15467261', 'display_name': 'Degeneration (medical)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9115435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777755357', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502781', 'display_name': 'Intervertebral disc', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8696698}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197534660', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21121862', 'display_name': 'Aggrecan', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8630773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189165786', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825', 'display_name': 'Extracellular matrix', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.79175663}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779335624', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407976', 'display_name': 'Proteoglycan', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.58977175}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780723820', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934178', 'display_name': 'Nucleus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51472574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.51219386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49094966}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781013607', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14877666', 'display_name': 'Type II collagen', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41777176}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4049725}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105702510', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514', 'display_name': 'Anatomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35137844}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780550940', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502730', 'display_name': 'Cartilage', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.30659783}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24854186}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776164576', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62736', 'display_name': 'Osteoarthritis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.20077091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3020332539', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2014564', 'display_name': 'Articular cartilage', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204787440', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504', 'display_name': 'Alternative medicine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200306000-00005', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S36461803', 'display_name': 'Current Opinion in Orthopedics', 'issn_l': '1041-9918', 'issn': ['1041-9918', '1080-8124', '1531-7005'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'host_organization_name': 'Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'https://openalex.org/P4310318547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'Wolters Kluwer'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 42, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W143623202', 'https://openalex.org/W1544527238', 'https://openalex.org/W1551105864', 'https://openalex.org/W1555476837', 'https://openalex.org/W181266336', 'https://openalex.org/W1842433572', 'https://openalex.org/W1904364980', 'https://openalex.org/W1964344469', 'https://openalex.org/W1966973660', 'https://openalex.org/W1968320346', 'https://openalex.org/W1977448440', 'https://openalex.org/W1980095106', 'https://openalex.org/W1980791701', 'https://openalex.org/W1986768873', 'https://openalex.org/W1986868734', 'https://openalex.org/W1991236001', 'https://openalex.org/W1996520524', 'https://openalex.org/W1999138373', 'https://openalex.org/W2002509647', 'https://openalex.org/W2007413067', 'https://openalex.org/W2014961334', 'https://openalex.org/W2034271959', 'https://openalex.org/W2043694234', 'https://openalex.org/W2046753334', 'https://openalex.org/W2052657491', 'https://openalex.org/W2060861339', 'https://openalex.org/W2062119438', 'https://openalex.org/W2062712136', 'https://openalex.org/W2066230806', 'https://openalex.org/W2074972079', 'https://openalex.org/W2083564688', 'https://openalex.org/W2112069529', 'https://openalex.org/W2141848254', 'https://openalex.org/W2152547749', 'https://openalex.org/W2153969760', 'https://openalex.org/W2160018962', 'https://openalex.org/W2160539187', 'https://openalex.org/W2331363979', 'https://openalex.org/W2333519205', 'https://openalex.org/W2412948604', 'https://openalex.org/W2436918173', 'https://openalex.org/W33947009'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2880742748', 'https://openalex.org/W2094929868', 'https://openalex.org/W2034217710', 'https://openalex.org/W2032518686', 'https://openalex.org/W2009523345', 'https://openalex.org/W1997644757', 'https://openalex.org/W1997322142', 'https://openalex.org/W1995860725', 'https://openalex.org/W1905957769', 'https://openalex.org/W1579361735'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Intervertebral': [0], 'disc': [1, 108, 125, 128, 154, 388, 406, 450, 477], 'degeneration': [2, 129, 150, 159, 298, 315], 'is': [3, 58, 134, 160, 179, 217, 248, 294, 455, 458], 'a': [4, 165, 198, 233], 'significant': [5], 'health': [6, 144], 'care': [7], 'problem': [8], 'in': [9, 14, 31, 60, 79, 130, 314, 345, 367], 'western': [10], 'societies.': [11], 'Degeneration': [12], 'results': [13], 'changes': [15, 299, 312, 344, 384, 424, 473], 'to': [16, 76, 100, 117, 237, 268, 273, 290, 427], 'the': [17, 20, 23, 32, 36, 40, 66, 84, 103, 121, 131, 146, 152, 162, 185, 190, 243, 246, 249, 270, 287, 292, 300, 303, 310, 319, 324, 331, 334, 351, 368, 371, 382, 386, 428, 433, 449, 453, 469], 'composition': [18, 301], 'and': [19, 27, 39, 43, 72, 112, 142, 174, 189, 201, 210, 240, 263, 272, 336, 350, 356, 360, 364, 370, 373, 401, 413, 422, 452, 457, 471], 'characteristics': [21], 'of': [22, 35, 65, 69, 86, 124, 138, 149, 151, 164, 168, 181, 197, 223, 242, 253, 260, 283, 302, 323, 358, 375, 385, 411, 418, 432, 439], 'disc.': [24, 435], 'Decreased': [25], 'proteoglycan': [26, 56], 'collagen': [28, 71, 209, 321, 359, 396], 'levels': [29, 64], 'occur': [30, 475], 'extracellular': [33, 203], 'matrix': [34, 204], 'nucleus': [37, 186], 'pulposus,': [38], 'cell': [41, 44], 'count': [42], 'distribution': [45], 'are': [46, 98, 226, 414], 'affected': [47], 'as': [48, 228], 'well.': [49, 229], 'Recent': [50], 'biochemical': [51, 111, 172, 470], 'studies': [52, 97, 114], 'have': [53, 91, 115, 389], 'shown': [54], 'that': [55, 474], 'production': [57], 'decreased': [59], 'these': [61, 93, 110, 440], 'discs.': [62], 'Additionally,': [63, 330], 'enzymes': [67], 'capable': [68], 'degrading': [70], 'proteoglycans': [73, 211], 'were': [74], 'found': [75], 'be': [77], 'elevated': [78], 'degenerative': [80], 'discs,': [81], 'especially': [82], 'at': [83], 'location': [85, 374], 'ongoing': [87], 'degeneration.': [88, 126, 462, 478], 'Genetic': [89], 'investigations': [90], 'supported': [92], 'findings.': [94], 'Although': [95, 127], 'more': [96, 328], 'needed': [99], 'delineate': [101], 'further': [102], 'interactions': [104], 'occurring': [105], 'during': [106, 461, 476], 'intervertebral': [107, 153], 'degeneration,': [109], 'genetic': [113, 175, 472], 'begun': [116], 'give': [118], 'insight': [119], 'into': [120], 'molecular': [122], 'causes': [123, 148, 438], 'lumbar': [132], 'spine': [133, 293], 'an': [135, 202], 'important': [136], 'source': [137], 'low': [139], 'back': [140], 'pain': [141], 'associated': [143], 'problems,': [145], 'underlying': [147, 437], '(IVD)': [155], 'remain': [156, 444], 'unclear.': [157], 'Disc': [158, 297], 'likely': [161, 425, 459], 'result': [163], 'complex': [166, 456], 'interaction': [167, 447], 'aging,': [169, 318], 'biomechanical': [170, 430], 'stress,': [171], 'changes,': [173, 442], 'aberrations.': [176], 'The': [177, 194, 213, 265, 277, 341, 353, 436, 446], 'IVD': [178, 279], 'composed': [180], 'two': [182], 'main': [183], 'parts:': [184], 'pulposus': [187], '(NP)': [188], 'annulus': [191], 'fibrosus': [192], '(AF).': [193], 'NP': [195, 247, 271, 335, 342], 'consists': [196], 'cellular': [199, 348], 'component': [200], '(ECM),': [205], 'mainly': [206], 'type': [207, 254], 'II': [208, 262], '(PGs).': [212], 'most': [214], 'common': [215], 'PG': [216], 'aggrecan': [218], '[1],': [219], 'but': [220], 'smaller': [221], 'amounts': [222, 259], 'other': [224], 'PGs': [225, 231, 361], 'present': [227], 'These': [230, 420], 'create': [232], 'hydrophilic': [234], 'environment,': [235], 'leading': [236], 'fluid': [238], 'retention': [239], 'swelling': [241], 'NP.': [244], 'Surrounding': [245], 'AF,': [250], 'consisting': [251], 'primarily': [252], 'I': [255], 'collagen,': [256, 400], 'with': [257], 'lesser': [258], 'types': [261], 'III.': [264], 'AF': [266, 325, 337], 'serves': [267], 'contain': [269], 'bind': [274], 'adjacent': [275], 'vertebrae.': [276], 'normal': [278], 'allows': [280], 'multiple': [281], 'planes': [282], 'motion': [284], 'while': [285], 'resisting': [286], 'compressive': [288], 'forces': [289], 'which': [291], 'subjected': [295], 'daily.': [296], 'IVD.': [304], 'Previous': [305], 'work': [306, 465], 'has': [307], 'helped': [308], 'elucidate': [309], 'structural': [311, 421, 441], 'seen': [313], '[2•,3–7].': [316], 'With': [317], 'organized': [320], 'bundles': [322], 'become': [326], 'increasingly': [327], 'irregular.': [329], 'interface': [332], 'between': [333, 448], 'becomes': [338], 'less': [339], 'clear.': [340], 'undergoes': [343], 'both': [346], 'its': [347], 'components': [349], 'ECM.': [352, 419], 'amount,': [354], 'types,': [355], 'proportions': [357], 'change.': [362], 'Clefts': [363], 'tears': [365], 'develop': [366], 'matrix,': [369], 'number': [372], 'cells': [376, 407, 451], 'differ': [377], 'from': [378], 'healthy': [379], 'IVDs.': [380], 'Recently,': [381], 'ultrastructural': [383, 423], 'degenerating': [387, 434], 'been': [390], 'delineated': [391], '[8].': [392], 'Changes': [393], 'include': [394], 'widened': [395], 'fibrils,': [397], 'fibrous': [398], 'long-spacing': [399], 'irregular': [402], 'fibril': [403], 'diameters.': [404], 'Degenerative': [405], 'show': [408], 'characteristic': [409], 'findings': [410], 'apoptosis': [412], 'encircled': [415], 'by': [416], 'layers': [417], 'lead': [426], 'compromised': [429], 'function': [431], 'however,': [443], 'elusive.': [445], 'ECM': [454], 'altered': [460], 'Much': [463], 'current': [464], 'revolves': [466], 'around': [467], 'clarifying': [468]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2331522529', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T06:48:58.943425', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}