Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2145889472', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1038/381607a0', 'title': 'Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images', 'display_name': 'Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2145889472', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1038/381607a0', 'mag': '2145889472', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8637596'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1038/381607a0', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S137773608', 'display_name': 'Nature', 'issn_l': '0028-0836', 'issn': ['0028-0836', '1476-4687'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319908', 'host_organization_name': 'Nature Portfolio', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319908', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Nature Portfolio', 'Springer Nature'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032674291', 'display_name': 'Bruno A. Olshausen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'display_name': 'Cornell University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05bnh6r87', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Bruno A. Olshausen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Neuroscience, UC Davis, Davis, USA', 'Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Neuroscience, UC Davis, Davis, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103570444', 'display_name': 'David J. Field', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'display_name': 'Cornell University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05bnh6r87', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David J. Field', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 9750, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 11690, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 26.143, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 5674, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999802, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '381', 'issue': '6583', 'first_page': '607', 'last_page': '609'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10581', 'display_name': 'Neural dynamics and brain function', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10581', 'display_name': 'Neural dynamics and brain function', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10427', 'display_name': 'Visual perception and processing mechanisms', 'score': 0.9962, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10540', 'display_name': 'Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques', 'score': 0.9931, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1304', 'display_name': 'Biophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/simple-cell', 'display_name': 'Simple cell', 'score': 0.78977513}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding', 'display_name': 'Neural coding', 'score': 0.70505023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/code', 'display_name': 'Code (set theory)', 'score': 0.46867877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/representation', 'display_name': 'Representation', 'score': 0.41547775}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19071747', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755207', 'display_name': 'Receptive field', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9385519}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778837399', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520789', 'display_name': 'Simple cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.78977513}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77637269', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051', 'display_name': 'Neural coding', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70505023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6141129}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779345533', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785', 'display_name': 'Visual cortex', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6123685}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C179518139', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297', 'display_name': 'Coding (social sciences)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5812892}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.54093266}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153180895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389', 'display_name': 'Pattern recognition (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5291009}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776760102', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990', 'display_name': 'Code (set theory)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46867877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47432892', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390', 'display_name': 'Wavelet', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46456376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780586882', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643', 'display_name': 'Simple (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43186006}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8038995', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135', 'display_name': 'Unsupervised learning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41609627}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776359362', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286', 'display_name': 'Representation (politics)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41547775}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33987385}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177264268', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741', 'display_name': 'Set (abstract data type)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3132456}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29951483}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13823771}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10645166}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D009474', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurons', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014785', 'descriptor_name': 'Vision, Ocular', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014793', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Cortex', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000465', 'descriptor_name': 'Algorithms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007858', 'descriptor_name': 'Learning', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008959', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Neurological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009474', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurons', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014785', 'descriptor_name': 'Vision, Ocular', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014793', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Cortex', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014793', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Cortex', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1038/381607a0', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S137773608', 'display_name': 'Nature', 'issn_l': '0028-0836', 'issn': ['0028-0836', '1476-4687'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319908', 'host_organization_name': 'Nature Portfolio', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319908', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Nature Portfolio', 'Springer Nature'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8637596', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.74, 'display_name': 'Zero hunger', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 26, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1914401667', 'https://openalex.org/W1966261464', 'https://openalex.org/W1984856371', 'https://openalex.org/W1993845689', 'https://openalex.org/W1994530392', 'https://openalex.org/W2000405398', 'https://openalex.org/W2041455057', 'https://openalex.org/W2042912927', 'https://openalex.org/W2045628405', 'https://openalex.org/W2077086611', 'https://openalex.org/W2085927826', 'https://openalex.org/W2106884367', 'https://openalex.org/W2108384452', 'https://openalex.org/W2117731089', 'https://openalex.org/W2120838001', 'https://openalex.org/W2122925692', 'https://openalex.org/W2127003262', 'https://openalex.org/W2135587681', 'https://openalex.org/W2167034998', 'https://openalex.org/W2169326908', 'https://openalex.org/W2911607583', 'https://openalex.org/W4232132600', 'https://openalex.org/W4233548532', 'https://openalex.org/W4235390321', 'https://openalex.org/W4240035482', 'https://openalex.org/W4250460708'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3104551098', 'https://openalex.org/W2790174600', 'https://openalex.org/W2536752040', 'https://openalex.org/W2111976708', 'https://openalex.org/W2059720077', 'https://openalex.org/W2027733787', 'https://openalex.org/W2024821972', 'https://openalex.org/W2024527547', 'https://openalex.org/W1988403812', 'https://openalex.org/W1987677640'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2145889472', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 168}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 199}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 228}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 252}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 280}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 332}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 309}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 323}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 378}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 342}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 345}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 306}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 266}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-21T09:02:32.438380', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}