Title: Expression of the Novel Scavenger Receptor SR-PSOX in Cultured Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Umbilical Endothelial Cells
Abstract: HomeArteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular BiologyVol. 22, No. 4Expression of the Novel Scavenger Receptor SR-PSOX in Cultured Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Umbilical Endothelial Cells Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBExpression of the Novel Scavenger Receptor SR-PSOX in Cultured Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Umbilical Endothelial Cells Oliver Hofnagel, Birgit Luechtenborg, Gabriele Plenz and Horst Robenek Oliver HofnagelOliver Hofnagel Institute for Arteriosclerosis ResearchUniversity of MuensterMuenster, Germany , Birgit LuechtenborgBirgit Luechtenborg Institute for Arteriosclerosis ResearchUniversity of MuensterMuenster, Germany , Gabriele PlenzGabriele Plenz Institute for Arteriosclerosis ResearchUniversity of MuensterMuenster, Germany and Horst RobenekHorst Robenek Institute for Arteriosclerosis ResearchUniversity of MuensterMuenster, Germany Originally published1 Apr 2002https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000012402.85056.45Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:710–711To the Editor:In the November issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Minami et al1 demonstrated expression of the novel scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein (SR-PSOX) in lipid-laden macrophages accumulated in the intima of human atherosclerotic lesions. Because SR-PSOX seems to be identical to the membrane-anchored chemokine CXCL16,2,3 which may play a dual role in inflammation and homeostasis, Minami et al1 discussed the potential regulation of SR-PSOX by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although the authors did not detect SR-PSOX in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), they did discuss the possible expression of SR-PSOX in these cell types. Until now, only the expression of the scavenger receptors SR-AI/II,4 CD36,5 and LOX-16 in SMCs has been described.In our studies on the formation of SMC-derived foam cells during atherogenesis, we have focused on the expression of scavenger receptors,7 including SR-PSOX, in SMCs and ECs. We have also investigated the influence of cytokines on the expression of SR-PSOX in SMCs. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (PCR; primers for human SR-PSOX: 5′-TACACGAGGTTCCAGCTCCT-3′ and 5′-GGGGGCTGGT- AGGAAGTAAA-3′, porcine SR-PSOX: 5′-TATGTGGAGGCAGCAG- TGAC-3′ and 5′-CTGCAGGGTAGATGGCAGAT-3′) was performed on total RNA from cultured human and porcine aortic SMCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). PCR was performed at 94°C (45 seconds), 58°C (60 seconds), and 72°C (60 seconds) for 20 to 40 cycles in the linear area of amplification. The sequences of SR-PSOX products were confirmed by sequence analysis. β-Actin served as the internal standard.Thus, reverse transcriptase–PCR demonstrated the expression of SR-PSOX mRNA in porcine and human aortic SMCs and HUVECs as well as in human monocyte-derived macrophages, which were used as a positive control.8 In human SMCs, SR-PSOX was more strongly expressed than LOX-1 and SR-AI/II (29 to 31 versus 38 to 40 cycles). The SR-PSOX–mediated uptake of oxidized LDL in synthetic SMCs is possibly as strong as or even stronger than that mediated by LOX-1 or SR-AI/II.Because SR-PSOX/CXCL16 possibly plays a role in inflammation2,3 and because several scavenger receptors are regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines,9 we investigated the influence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on the expression of SR-PSOX in SMCs. However, in contrast to the scavenger receptor SR-AI/II, which is stimulated by TNF-α, IL-1α, and IFN-γ,10,11 and to LOX-1, which is stimulated by TNF-α,12 SR-PSOX mRNA expression was not influenced by these cytokines (Figure, IFN-γ not shown). The reported induction of LOX-1 expression by TNF-α12 was confirmed (data not shown) and served as a positive control. SR-PSOX does not share any homology with other scavenger receptors, except a mucin-like domain also found in SR-CI13 and CD68/macrosialin,14 and obviously SR-PSOX is regulated via different mechanism than those described for SR-AI/II and LOX-1. Download figureDownload PowerPointSR-PSOX mRNA expression in porcine aortic SMCs after incubation with IL-1α or TNF-α. Cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of IL-1α or TNF-α for 14 hours (A) or with 10 ng/mL IL-1α or TNF-α for the indicated time period (B). Top, Result of a representative experiment. Bottom, Summary of data from 3 independently performed experiments (mean±SEM).In summary, we demonstrate that the scavenger receptor SR-PSOX, which is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and may be involved in foam cell formation, is not only expressed in macrophages, but also in cultured SMCs and HUVECs. Moreover, our data indicate that SR-PSOX is governed by pathways other than those reported for SR-AI/II and LOX-1. Further studies will elucidate the functional role of SR-PSOX and its regulation in SMCs and ECs.1 Minami M, Kume N, Shimaoka T, Kataoka H, Hayashida K, Akiyama Y, Nagata I, Ando K, Nobuyoshi M, Hanyuu M, Komeda M, Yonehara S, Kita T. Expression of SR-PSOX, a novel cell-surface scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized LDL in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 1796–1800.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2 Matloubian M, David A, Engel S, Ryan JE, Cyster JG. A transmembrane CXC chemokine is a ligand for HIV-coreceptor Bonzo. Nat Immunol. 2000; 1: 298–304.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Wilbanks A, Zondlo SC, Murphy K, Mak S, Soler D, Langdon P, Andrew DP, Wu L, Briskin M. Expression cloning of the STRL33/BONZO/TYMSTR ligand reveals elements of CC, CXC, and CX3C chemokines. J Immunol. 2001; 166: 5145–5154.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Pitas RE. Expression of the acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor by rabbit fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells: up-regulation by phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265: 12722–12727.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Matsumoto K, Hirano K, Nozaki S, Takamoto A, Nishida M, Nakagawa-Toyama Y, Janabi MY, Ohya T, Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y. Expression of macrophage (Mphi) scavenger receptor, CD36, in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells in association with expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma, which regulates gain of Mphi-like phenotype in vitro, and its implication in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1027–1032.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 Draude G, Hrboticky N, Lorenz RL. The expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) on human vascular smooth muscle cells and monocytes and its down-regulation by lovastatin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999; 57: 383–386.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Rommeswinkel M, Severs NJ, Koster M, Robenek H. Repression of the macrophage scavenger receptor in macrophage-smooth muscle cell heterokaryons. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 601–611.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 Shimaoka T, Kume N, Minami M, Hayashida K, Kataoka H, Kita T, Yonehara S. Molecular cloning of a novel scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, SR-PSOX, on macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 40663–40666.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9 Steinbrecher UP. Receptors for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1436: 279–298.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 Li H, Freeman MW, Libby P. Regulation of smooth muscle cell scavenger receptor expression in vivo by atherogenic diets and in vitro by cytokines. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 122–133.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Inaba T, Yamada N, Gotoda T, Shimano H, Shimada M, Momomura K, Kadowaki T, Motoyoshi K, Tsukada T, Morisaki N, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Expression of M-CSF receptor encoded by c-fms on smooth muscle cells derived from arteriosclerotic lesion. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267: 5693–5699.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12 Kume N, Moriwaki H, Kataoka H, Minami M, Murase T, Sawamura T, Masaki T, Kita T. Inducible expression of LOX-1, a novel receptor for oxidized LDL, in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 902: 323–327.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13 Pearson A, Lux A, Krieger M. Expression cloning of dSR-CI, a class C macrophage-specific scavenger receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 4056–4060.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14 Ramprasad MP, Terpstra V, Kondratenko N, Quehenberger O, Steinberg D. Cell surface expression of mouse macrosialin and human CD68 and their role as macrophage receptors for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 14833–14838.CrossrefMedlineGoogle ScholaratvbahaArterioscler Thromb Vasc BioArteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular BiologyATVB1079-56421524-4636Lippincott Williams & WilkinsKume Noriaki01042002In Response:SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD19+ B lymphocytes.1–3 Its expression can be upregulated, to some extent, by pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as bacterial endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and ligation to CD40.2,3 Currently, we are trying to elucidate whether other cell types, including vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, express SR-PSOX. Our preliminary data, so far, have shown that SR-PSOX mRNA expression is undetectable by northern blot analysis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cells, suggesting that levels of SR-PSOX expression in these cell types seem to be much lower than those in macrophages. In addition, our immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that expression of SR-PSOX in endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells was undetectable, although SR-PSOX expression in macrophages4 and LOX-1 expression in intimal smooth muscle cells5 were prominent in adjacent sections of human carotid and coronary atherosclerotic lesions. LOX-1 expression also was observed in endothelial cells covering early atherosclerotic lesions.5 Therefore, we understand that endothelial or smooth muscle expression of SR-PSOX, if any, may be much less prominent than that of LOX-1 in human atherogenesis. Our recent studies have suggested a role of LOX-1 in oxidized LDL–induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells.6,7 LOX-1 seems to be one of oxidized LDL receptors abundantly expressed by activated smooth muscle cells.6,7 SR-PSOX expression, in contrast, may be more confined to macrophages in atherogenesis. The reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction data shown in the letter by Hofnagel et al do not include appropriate negative controls, such as omission of reverse transcription. Therefore, contamination of genomic DNA in their RNA preparations might possibly affect their results. We do not agree with the conclusion by Hofnagel et al that SR-PSOX is more strongly expressed than LOX-1 in human smooth muscle cells, which is based on reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis alone. Further studies by use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and gene knockout mice would tell us more concerning the roles of SR-PSOX in macrophages and other cell types in a variety of pathophysiological settings including atherogenesis. Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Mikolajczyk T, Szczepaniak P, Vidler F, Maffia P, Graham G and Guzik T (2021) Role of inflammatory chemokines in hypertension, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107799, 223, (107799), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021. Liu Y, Yuan P, Wu J and Hu B (2021) Lipid accumulation and novel insight into vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis, Journal of Molecular Medicine, 10.1007/s00109-021-02109-8, 99:11, (1511-1526), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2021. Geng Z, Liu J, Hu J, Wang Y, Tao Y, Zheng F, Wang Y, Fu S, Wang W, Xie C, Zhang Y and Gong F (2020) Crucial transcripts predict response to initial immunoglobulin treatment in acute Kawasaki disease, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-020-75039-z, 10:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Gruber H, Marrero E, Ingram J, Hoelscher G and Hanley E (2016) The chemokine, CXCL16, and its receptor, CXCR6, are constitutively expressed in human annulus fibrosus and expression of CXCL16 is up-regulated by exposure to IL-1ß in vitro, Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 10.1080/10520295.2016.1237672, 92:1, (7-14), Online publication date: 2-Jan-2017. Zivković M, Djurić T, Stojković L, Jovanović I, Končar I, Davidović L, Veljković N, Alavantić D and Stanković A (2015) CXCL16 Haplotypes in Patients with Human Carotid Atherosclerosis: Preliminary Results, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 10.5551/jat.24299, 22:1, (10-20), . Jovanović I, Zivković M, Djurić T, Popović M, Alavantić D and Stanković A (2015) CXCL16 in Vascular Pathology Research: from Macro Effects to microRNAs, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 10.5551/jat.29942, 22:10, (1012-1024), . Izquierdo M, Martin-Cleary C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Elewa U, Sanchez-Niño M, Carrero J and Ortiz A (2014) CXCL16 in kidney and cardiovascular injury, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.002, 25:3, (317-325), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014. Stojković L, Stanković A, Djurić T, Dinčić E, Alavantić D and Živković M (2014) The gender-specific association of CXCL16 A181V gene polymorphism with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis, and its effects on PBMC mRNA and plasma soluble CXCL16 levels: preliminary findings, Journal of Neurology, 10.1007/s00415-014-7379-7, 261:8, (1544-1551), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Izquierdo M, Sanz A, Mezzano S, Blanco J, Carrasco S, Sanchez-Niño M, Benito-Martín A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J and Ortiz A (2012) TWEAK (tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apoptosis) activates CXCL16 expression during renal tubulointerstitial inflammation, Kidney International, 10.1038/ki.2011.475, 81:11, (1098-1107), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012. Günther C, Carballido-Perrig N, Kaesler S, Carballido J and Biedermann T (2012) CXCL16 and CXCR6 Are Upregulated in Psoriasis and Mediate Cutaneous Recruitment of Human CD8+ T Cells, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 10.1038/jid.2011.371, 132:3, (626-634), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012. Petit S, Wise E, Chambers J, Sehmi J, Chayen N, Kooner J and Pease J (2011) The CXCL16 A181V Mutation Selectively Inhibits Monocyte Adhesion to CXCR6 but Is Not Associated With Human Coronary Heart Disease, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 31:4, (914-920), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011. Yi G, Zeng Q, Mao X, Cheng M, Yang X, Liu H, Mao Y, Guo M, Ji Q and Zhong Y (2011) Overexpression of CXCL16 promotes a vulnerable plaque phenotype in Apolipoprotein E–Knockout Mice, Cytokine, 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.016, 53:3, (320-326), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011. Hofnagel O, Engel T, Severs N, Robenek H and Buers I (2011) SR-PSOX at sites predisposed to atherosclerotic lesion formation mediates monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.021, 217:2, (371-378), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011. Kim J, Jiang N, Tadokoro C, Liu L, Ransohoff R, Lafaille J and Dustin M (2010) Two-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging of intact spinal cord and cerebral cortex reveals requirement for CXCR6 and neuroinflammation in immune cell infiltration of cortical injury sites, Journal of Immunological Methods, 10.1016/j.jim.2009.09.007, 352:1-2, (89-100), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010. Stephen S, Freestone K, Dunn S, Twigg M, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker J, Wheatcroft S and Ponnambalam S (2010) Scavenger Receptors and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, International Journal of Hypertension, 10.4061/2010/646929, 2010, (1-21), . YANABA K, MUROI E, YOSHIZAKI A, HARA T, OGAWA F, SHIMIZU K, YOZAKI M, HASEGAWA M, FUJIMOTO M, TAKEHARA K and SATO S (2009) Serum CXCL16 Concentrations Correlate with the Extent of Skin Sclerosis in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis, The Journal of Rheumatology, 10.3899/jrheum.090108, 36:9, (1917-1923), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009. Gutwein P, Abdel-Bakky M, Schramme A, Doberstein K, Kämpfer-Kolb N, Amann K, Hauser I, Obermüller N, Bartel C, Abdel-Aziz A, El Sayed E and Pfeilschifter J (2009) CXCL16 Is Expressed in Podocytes and Acts as a Scavenger Receptor for Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, The American Journal of Pathology, 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080960, 174:6, (2061-2072), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2009. Schramme A, Abdel-Bakky M, Kämpfer-Kolb N, Pfeilschifter J and Gutwein P (2008) The role of CXCL16 and its processing metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the proliferation and migration of human mesangial cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.088, 370:2, (311-316), Online publication date: 1-May-2008. YANG H, XU Y, DU L, LIU C, ZHAO Q, WEI W, YOU Y and QUAN Z (2008) Chemokine SR-PSOX/CXCL16 expression in peripheral blood of patients with acute coronary syndrome, Chinese Medical Journal, 10.1097/00029330-200801020-00004, 121:2, (112-117), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Sun Y, Chang Z and Zhang S (2008) Increased Serum CXCL16 Level Is a Marker for Acute Coronary Syndromes, Archives of Medical Research, 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.11.009, 39:3, (332-337), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. Yi G and Zeng Q (2008) Circulating CXCL16 Is Related to the Severity of Coronary Artery Stenosis, Archives of Medical Research, 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.04.003, 39:5, (531-535), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008. Martini G, Cabrelle A, Calabrese F, Carraro S, Scquizzato E, Teramo A, Facco M, Zulian F and Agostini C (2008) CXCR6-CXCL16 interaction in the pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Clinical Immunology, 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.014, 129:2, (268-276), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008. ZHANG L, LIU H, LI T, YANG Y, GUO X, WU M, RUI Y and WEI L (2008) Lentiviral vector-mediated siRNA knockdown of SR-PSOX inhibits foam cell formation in vitro 1 , Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00823.x, 29:7, (847-852), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008. Sheikine Y and Sirsjö A (2008) CXCL16/SR-PSOX—A friend or a foe in atherosclerosis?, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.11.034, 197:2, (487-495), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. Yang S, Kim S, Kim N, Oh J, Lee J, Chung N, Kim S and Kim Y (2008) NKT Cells Inhibit the Development of Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 10.1681/ASN.2007101117, 19:9, (1663-1671), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008. Lehrke M, Konrad A, Lehrke M, Konrad A, Schachinger V, Tillack C, Seibold F, Stark R, Parhofer K and Broedl U (2009) CXCL16 is a surrogate marker of inflammatory bowel disease, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 10.1080/00365520701679249, 43:3, (283-288), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Latta M, Mohan K and Issekutz T (2007) CXCR6 is expressed on T cells in both T helper type 1 (Th1) inflammation and allergen-induced Th2 lung inflammation but is only a weak mediator of chemotaxis, Immunology, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02603.x, 121:4, (555-564), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2007. Delneste Y, Jaillon S and Jeannin P Heat Shock Proteins and Scavenger Receptors Heat Shock Proteins: Potent Mediators of Inflammation and Immunity, 10.1007/978-1-4020-5585-0_6, (75-94) Kageyama Y, Torikai E and Nagano A (2006) Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody treatment reduces serum CXCL16 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology International, 10.1007/s00296-006-0241-1, 27:5, (467-472), Online publication date: 15-Feb-2007. Okamura D, López-Guisa J, Koelsch K, Collins S and Eddy A (2007) Atherogenic scavenger receptor modulation in the tubulointerstitium in response to chronic renal injury, American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2007, 293:2, (F575-F585), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2007. Garcia G, Truong L, Li P, Zhang P, Johnson R, Wilson C and Feng L (2007) Inhibition of CXCL16 Attenuates Inflammatory and Progressive Phases of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis, The American Journal of Pathology, 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060065, 170:5, (1485-1496), Online publication date: 1-May-2007. Tohyama M, Sayama K, Komatsuzawa H, Hanakawa Y, Shirakata Y, Dai X, Yang L, Tokumaru S, Nagai H, Hirakawa S, Sugai M and Hashimoto K (2007) CXCL16 is a novel mediator of the innate immunity of epidermal keratinocytes, International Immunology, 10.1093/intimm/dxm083, 19:9, (1095-1102), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2007. Galkina E, Harry B, Ludwig A, Liehn E, Sanders J, Bruce A, Weber C and Ley K (2007) CXCR6 Promotes Atherosclerosis by Supporting T-Cell Homing, Interferon-γ Production, and Macrophage Accumulation in the Aortic Wall, Circulation, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678474, 116:16, (1801-1811), Online publication date: 16-Oct-2007. Lehrke M, Millington S, Lefterova M, Cumaranatunge R, Szapary P, Wilensky R, Rader D, Lazar M and Reilly M (2007) CXCL16 Is a Marker of Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Acute Coronary Syndromes in Humans, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.034, 49:4, (442-449), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007. Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakae H and Matsuo T (2007) CXC chemokine ligand 16 in periodontal diseases: expression in diseased tissues and production by cytokine-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03398.x, 149:1, (146-154), Online publication date: 25-Apr-2007. Nanki T, Shimaoka T, Hayashida K, Taniguchi K, Yonehara S and Miyasaka N (2005) Pathogenic role of the CXCL16-CXCR6 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 10.1002/art.21301, 52:10, (3004-3014), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2005. John A, Channon K and Greaves D (2005) Chemokines, Chemokine Receptors and Atherosclerosis Chemokines, Chemokine Receptors, and Disease, 10.1016/S1063-5823(04)55009-3, (223-253), . Zhuge X, Murayama T, Arai H, Yamauchi R, Tanaka M, Shimaoka T, Yonehara S, Kume N, Yokode M and Kita T (2005) CXCL16 is a novel angiogenic factor for human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.200, 331:4, (1295-1300), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2005. Van Der Voort R, Van Lieshout A, Toonen L, Slöetjes A, Van Den Berg W, Figdor C, Radstake T and Adema G (2005) Elevated CXCL16 expression by synovial macrophages recruits memory T cells into rheumatoid joints, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 10.1002/art.21004, 52:5, (1381-1391), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. LUNDBERG G, KELLIN A, SAMNEGARD A, LUNDMAN P, TORNVALL P, DIMMELER S, ZEIHER A, HAMSTEN A, HANSSON G and ERIKSSON P (2005) Severity of coronary artery stenosis is associated with a polymorphism in the CXCL16/SR-PSOX gene, Journal of Internal Medicine, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01469.x, 257:5, (415-422), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. Greaves D and Gordon S (2005) Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Recent insights into the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors, Journal of Lipid Research, 10.1194/jlr.R400011-JLR200, 46:1, (11-20), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2005. Wågsäter D, Olofsson P, Norgren L, Stenberg B and Sirsjö A (2004) The chemokine and scavenger receptor CXCL16/SR-PSOX is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is induced by interferon γ, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.160, 325:4, (1187-1193), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. Dixon D, Bainbridge B and Darveau R (2004) Modulation of the innate immune response within the periodontium, Periodontology 2000, 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003556.x, 35:1, (53-74), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2004. Chandrasekar B, Bysani S and Mummidi S (2004) CXCL16 Signals via Gi, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Akt, IκB Kinase, and Nuclear Factor-κB and Induces Cell-Cell Adhesion and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 10.1074/jbc.M311660200, 279:5, (3188-3196), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004. Shashkin P, Simpson D, Mishin V, Chesnutt B and Ley K (2003) Expression of CXCL16 in Human T Cells, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23:1, (148-149), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2003. ØSTERUD B and BJØRKLID E (2003) Role of Monocytes in Atherogenesis, Physiological Reviews, 10.1152/physrev.00005.2003, 83:4, (1069-1112), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2003. Schulze P, Kluge E, Schuler G and Lauer B (2018) Periprocedural Kinetics in Serum Levels of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Elective PTCA and Stent Implantation: Impact on Restenosis, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 22:12, (2105-2107), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002. Checkouri E, Blanchard V and Meilhac O (2021) Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players?, Biomedicines, 10.3390/biomedicines9091214, 9:9, (1214) Patten D and Shetty S (2018) More Than Just a Removal Service: Scavenger Receptors in Leukocyte Trafficking, Frontiers in Immunology, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02904, 9 Sarkar S, Bailey E, Go Y, Cook R, Kalbfleisch T, Eberth J, Chelvarajan R, Shuck K, Artiushin S, Timoney P, Balasuriya U and Leeb T (2016) Allelic Variation in CXCL16 Determines CD3+ T Lymphocyte Susceptibility to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection and Establishment of Long-Term Carrier State in the Stallion, PLOS Genetics, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006467, 12:12, (e1006467) Cuthbert G, Shaik F, Harrison M, Ponnambalam S and Homer-Vanniasinkam S (2020) Scavenger Receptors as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease, Cells, 10.3390/cells9112453, 9:11, (2453) Kim K, Lee J, Park J, Lee E, Moon J, Lee S, Lee J, Kim J and Kim H (2021) Identification of Novel Biomarker for Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy, Biomedicines, 10.3390/biomedicines9050457, 9:5, (457) Abu El-Asrar A, Nawaz M, Ahmad A, De Zutter A, Siddiquei M, Blanter M, Allegaert E, Gikandi P, De Hertogh G, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G and Struyf S (2021) Evaluation of Proteoforms of the Transmembrane Chemokines CXCL16 and CX3CL1, Their Receptors, and Their Processing Metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, Frontiers in Immunology, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601639, 11 April 2002Vol 22, Issue 4 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000012402.85056.45PMID: 11950715 Originally publishedApril 1, 2002 PDF download Advertisement