Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2096587741', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'title': 'Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?', 'display_name': 'Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2096587741', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'mag': '2096587741', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14959801'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S177929781', 'display_name': 'Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry', 'issn_l': '0021-9630', 'issn': ['0021-9630', '1469-7610'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5074947878', 'display_name': 'Frank R. Vellutino', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I392282', 'display_name': 'University at Albany, State University of New York', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/012zs8222', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I392282']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Frank R. Vellutino', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University at Albany , USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University at Albany , USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I392282']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5022208991', 'display_name': 'Jack Μ. Fletcher', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-6721'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I919571938', 'display_name': 'The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gds6c39', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I919571938']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jack M. Fletcher', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I919571938']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111729908', 'display_name': 'Margaret J. Snowling', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I52099693', 'display_name': 'University of York', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04m01e293', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I52099693']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Margaret J. Snowling', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['the University of York, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'the University of York, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I52099693']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000548380', 'display_name': 'Donna M. Scanlon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3120-9969'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I392282', 'display_name': 'University at Albany, State University of New York', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/012zs8222', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I392282']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Donna M. Scanlon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University at Albany , USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University at Albany , USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I392282']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4530, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4530, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 12.739, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 2401, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.98773, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '45', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '2', 'last_page': '40'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10103', 'display_name': 'Reading and Literacy Development', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10103', 'display_name': 'Reading and Literacy Development', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10465', 'display_name': 'Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism', 'score': 0.988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11345', 'display_name': 'Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills', 'score': 0.9791, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-disability', 'display_name': 'Reading disability', 'score': 0.64955884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-read', 'display_name': 'Learning to read', 'score': 0.5080323}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C506058694', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971', 'display_name': 'Dyslexia', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8518579}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8001301}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6709522}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554936623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657', 'display_name': 'Reading (process)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65257293}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776907103', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17077617', 'display_name': 'Reading disability', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.64955884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776808766', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657', 'display_name': 'Learning to read', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5080323}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169900460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417', 'display_name': 'Cognition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5078195}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15107229', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740', 'display_name': 'Learning disability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49246177}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4468398}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777701204', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1563374', 'display_name': 'Phonological awareness', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43995577}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1853435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C547764534', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236', 'display_name': 'Literacy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.17917863}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15027887}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19417346', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922', 'display_name': 'Pedagogy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004410', 'descriptor_name': 'Dyslexia', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001921', 'descriptor_name': 'Brain', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001921', 'descriptor_name': 'Brain', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001921', 'descriptor_name': 'Brain', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000033', 'qualifier_name': 'anatomy & histology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002648', 'descriptor_name': 'Child', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003071', 'descriptor_name': 'Cognition', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003431', 'descriptor_name': 'Cross-Cultural Comparison', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003469', 'descriptor_name': 'Culture', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004410', 'descriptor_name': 'Dyslexia', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004410', 'descriptor_name': 'Dyslexia', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000628', 'qualifier_name': 'therapy', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007802', 'descriptor_name': 'Language', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S177929781', 'display_name': 'Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry', 'issn_l': '0021-9630', 'issn': ['0021-9630', '1469-7610'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14959801', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S177929781', 'display_name': 'Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry', 'issn_l': '0021-9630', 'issn': ['0021-9630', '1469-7610'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'display_name': 'Quality education', 'score': 0.89}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 271, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W119093098', 'https://openalex.org/W1491334428', 'https://openalex.org/W1500307258', 'https://openalex.org/W1501218279', 'https://openalex.org/W1513240485', 'https://openalex.org/W1529823304', 'https://openalex.org/W1542033675', 'https://openalex.org/W1548385953', 'https://openalex.org/W1557480904', 'https://openalex.org/W1569189507', 'https://openalex.org/W1569737621', 'https://openalex.org/W158083062', 'https://openalex.org/W1591354983', 'https://openalex.org/W1608605182', 'https://openalex.org/W1639598280', 'https://openalex.org/W1710245965', 'https://openalex.org/W1736665567', 'https://openalex.org/W173943184', 'https://openalex.org/W1898806694', 'https://openalex.org/W1954247845', 'https://openalex.org/W1963642919', 'https://openalex.org/W1964185415', 'https://openalex.org/W1965508252', 'https://openalex.org/W1965968922', 'https://openalex.org/W1966078077', 'https://openalex.org/W1967581159', 'https://openalex.org/W1967918142', 'https://openalex.org/W1969469875', 'https://openalex.org/W197140464', 'https://openalex.org/W1972909829', 'https://openalex.org/W1972983961', 'https://openalex.org/W1973193815', 'https://openalex.org/W1973217906', 'https://openalex.org/W1974528105', 'https://openalex.org/W1975998563', 'https://openalex.org/W1976663244', 'https://openalex.org/W1978093851', 'https://openalex.org/W1978724340', 'https://openalex.org/W1979472782', 'https://openalex.org/W1980511095', 'https://openalex.org/W1981391418', 'https://openalex.org/W1983471984', 'https://openalex.org/W1984041874', 'https://openalex.org/W1984479064', 'https://openalex.org/W1988726929', 'https://openalex.org/W1988824535', 'https://openalex.org/W1989306084', 'https://openalex.org/W1989527266', 'https://openalex.org/W1989691975', 'https://openalex.org/W1990002648', 'https://openalex.org/W1990360999', 'https://openalex.org/W1991310641', 'https://openalex.org/W1992351390', 'https://openalex.org/W1992548569', 'https://openalex.org/W1993172421', 'https://openalex.org/W1993615607', 'https://openalex.org/W1994068606', 'https://openalex.org/W1996023250', 'https://openalex.org/W1996027777', 'https://openalex.org/W1996341630', 'https://openalex.org/W1996711433', 'https://openalex.org/W1997237037', 'https://openalex.org/W1997262371', 'https://openalex.org/W1997297875', 'https://openalex.org/W1997846670', 'https://openalex.org/W1997894590', 'https://openalex.org/W1999260821', 'https://openalex.org/W2000942756', 'https://openalex.org/W2001354876', 'https://openalex.org/W2001467963', 'https://openalex.org/W2002139462', 'https://openalex.org/W2002222473', 'https://openalex.org/W2002956149', 'https://openalex.org/W2003343543', 'https://openalex.org/W2003991659', 'https://openalex.org/W2004574911', 'https://openalex.org/W2004784315', 'https://openalex.org/W2005032463', 'https://openalex.org/W2005251526', 'https://openalex.org/W2005966890', 'https://openalex.org/W2007866766', 'https://openalex.org/W2009962332', 'https://openalex.org/W2011062116', 'https://openalex.org/W2011481944', 'https://openalex.org/W2011660405', 'https://openalex.org/W2012140045', 'https://openalex.org/W2013097787', 'https://openalex.org/W2015554891', 'https://openalex.org/W2015751840', 'https://openalex.org/W2016027349', 'https://openalex.org/W2016232758', 'https://openalex.org/W2016408435', 'https://openalex.org/W2016542412', 'https://openalex.org/W2018204907', 'https://openalex.org/W2018488447', 'https://openalex.org/W2021347416', 'https://openalex.org/W2022220179', 'https://openalex.org/W2022612019', 'https://openalex.org/W2023133493', 'https://openalex.org/W2023182894', 'https://openalex.org/W2023584795', 'https://openalex.org/W2023746593', 'https://openalex.org/W2025440696', 'https://openalex.org/W2025534540', 'https://openalex.org/W2026099188', 'https://openalex.org/W2026758223', 'https://openalex.org/W2026787615', 'https://openalex.org/W2027756677', 'https://openalex.org/W2028143899', 'https://openalex.org/W2030481088', 'https://openalex.org/W2031105829', 'https://openalex.org/W2031754487', 'https://openalex.org/W2033125573', 'https://openalex.org/W2034177015', 'https://openalex.org/W2035443931', 'https://openalex.org/W2035711925', 'https://openalex.org/W2036161103', 'https://openalex.org/W2036543705', 'https://openalex.org/W2039344102', 'https://openalex.org/W2043652583', 'https://openalex.org/W2043935503', 'https://openalex.org/W2045201398', 'https://openalex.org/W2045372538', 'https://openalex.org/W2045597501', 'https://openalex.org/W2046816091', 'https://openalex.org/W2047240543', 'https://openalex.org/W2047809043', 'https://openalex.org/W2048145790', 'https://openalex.org/W2049555996', 'https://openalex.org/W2049826494', 'https://openalex.org/W2050045067', 'https://openalex.org/W2052797723', 'https://openalex.org/W2053693244', 'https://openalex.org/W2054583852', 'https://openalex.org/W2054851453', 'https://openalex.org/W2055597274', 'https://openalex.org/W2056877958', 'https://openalex.org/W2057939421', 'https://openalex.org/W2058405783', 'https://openalex.org/W2060320856', 'https://openalex.org/W2060985254', 'https://openalex.org/W2060987563', 'https://openalex.org/W2062304579', 'https://openalex.org/W2062676356', 'https://openalex.org/W2064388251', 'https://openalex.org/W2065322704', 'https://openalex.org/W2066141799', 'https://openalex.org/W2066989356', 'https://openalex.org/W2068027490', 'https://openalex.org/W2069726771', 'https://openalex.org/W2069799175', 'https://openalex.org/W2070562860', 'https://openalex.org/W2072279858', 'https://openalex.org/W2072453916', 'https://openalex.org/W2074400698', 'https://openalex.org/W2075826229', 'https://openalex.org/W2078695690', 'https://openalex.org/W2079147884', 'https://openalex.org/W2080666352', 'https://openalex.org/W2080939756', 'https://openalex.org/W2081069835', 'https://openalex.org/W2081485103', 'https://openalex.org/W2085305500', 'https://openalex.org/W2085433311', 'https://openalex.org/W2085492895', 'https://openalex.org/W2088318208', 'https://openalex.org/W2089397343', 'https://openalex.org/W2089760580', 'https://openalex.org/W2090061011', 'https://openalex.org/W2092307234', 'https://openalex.org/W2094160165', 'https://openalex.org/W2094328872', 'https://openalex.org/W2094471574', 'https://openalex.org/W2094908156', 'https://openalex.org/W2095796823', 'https://openalex.org/W2099643868', 'https://openalex.org/W2100941905', 'https://openalex.org/W2103110074', 'https://openalex.org/W2106219912', 'https://openalex.org/W2107494088', 'https://openalex.org/W2108926053', 'https://openalex.org/W2109185342', 'https://openalex.org/W2110052669', 'https://openalex.org/W2113192845', 'https://openalex.org/W2114283905', 'https://openalex.org/W2116137234', 'https://openalex.org/W2117164351', 'https://openalex.org/W2117404433', 'https://openalex.org/W2120403158', 'https://openalex.org/W2120425958', 'https://openalex.org/W2121295085', 'https://openalex.org/W2125813726', 'https://openalex.org/W2126891261', 'https://openalex.org/W2128039129', 'https://openalex.org/W2128091892', 'https://openalex.org/W2133582198', 'https://openalex.org/W2135550652', 'https://openalex.org/W2137440491', 'https://openalex.org/W2139610547', 'https://openalex.org/W2144218267', 'https://openalex.org/W2148388983', 'https://openalex.org/W2149347736', 'https://openalex.org/W2150052952', 'https://openalex.org/W2150560657', 'https://openalex.org/W2152197811', 'https://openalex.org/W2152768238', 'https://openalex.org/W2153079195', 'https://openalex.org/W2154057098', 'https://openalex.org/W2156625666', 'https://openalex.org/W2157175867', 'https://openalex.org/W2157240778', 'https://openalex.org/W2158149944', 'https://openalex.org/W2160011242', 'https://openalex.org/W2160579604', 'https://openalex.org/W2161898257', 'https://openalex.org/W2167286619', 'https://openalex.org/W2210942397', 'https://openalex.org/W229760585', 'https://openalex.org/W2317934904', 'https://openalex.org/W2320961359', 'https://openalex.org/W2323133222', 'https://openalex.org/W2335064024', 'https://openalex.org/W2401395904', 'https://openalex.org/W2410390221', 'https://openalex.org/W2412429690', 'https://openalex.org/W2416337147', 'https://openalex.org/W2474356815', 'https://openalex.org/W2602829669', 'https://openalex.org/W2726107440', 'https://openalex.org/W2727679123', 'https://openalex.org/W2728703661', 'https://openalex.org/W2736093641', 'https://openalex.org/W2892656421', 'https://openalex.org/W2906801843', 'https://openalex.org/W2907476001', 'https://openalex.org/W2908523840', 'https://openalex.org/W2912885609', 'https://openalex.org/W2950051319', 'https://openalex.org/W2977164198', 'https://openalex.org/W3033516484', 'https://openalex.org/W30668211', 'https://openalex.org/W3127254717', 'https://openalex.org/W322101933', 'https://openalex.org/W33050051', 'https://openalex.org/W350649708', 'https://openalex.org/W35599089', 'https://openalex.org/W4206042313', 'https://openalex.org/W420673426', 'https://openalex.org/W4236243760', 'https://openalex.org/W4237581197', 'https://openalex.org/W4237686232', 'https://openalex.org/W42433705', 'https://openalex.org/W4246679668', 'https://openalex.org/W4247356565', 'https://openalex.org/W4248509768', 'https://openalex.org/W4248595530', 'https://openalex.org/W4249267781', 'https://openalex.org/W4250413588', 'https://openalex.org/W4252268021', 'https://openalex.org/W4254437111', 'https://openalex.org/W4256447729', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4290865178', 'https://openalex.org/W4298347598', 'https://openalex.org/W4302313919', 'https://openalex.org/W583184772', 'https://openalex.org/W608257381', 'https://openalex.org/W609637040', 'https://openalex.org/W623892231', 'https://openalex.org/W658106611', 'https://openalex.org/W659356751'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W768615581', 'https://openalex.org/W3168188606', 'https://openalex.org/W3005906226', 'https://openalex.org/W2404348175', 'https://openalex.org/W2302180331', 'https://openalex.org/W2282345909', 'https://openalex.org/W2105550552', 'https://openalex.org/W2050357778', 'https://openalex.org/W2004179894', 'https://openalex.org/W1735542486'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 81, 234], 'summarize': [1], 'some': [2, 135], 'of': [3, 14, 27, 34, 39, 75, 93, 121, 184, 192, 202, 239, 243], 'the': [4, 11, 20, 72, 118, 122, 181, 193, 220, 227, 240, 244, 249], 'most': [5, 62, 107], 'important': [6], 'findings': [7], 'from': [8], 'research': [9, 179, 245], 'evaluating': [10, 180], 'hypothesized': [12, 84], 'causes': [13, 33, 92, 120], 'specific': [15, 168], 'reading': [16, 28, 35, 43, 97, 132, 169, 232], 'disability': [17], '(‘dyslexia’)': [18], 'over': [19], 'past': [21], 'four': [22], 'decades.': [23], 'After': [24], 'outlining': [25], 'components': [26], 'ability,': [29], 'we': [30], 'discuss': [31, 83], 'manifest': [32], 'difficulties,': [36], 'in': [37, 41, 57, 61, 68, 77, 86, 95, 101, 106, 134, 146, 167, 190], 'terms': [38], 'deficiencies': [40, 85, 94, 111], 'component': [42, 96], 'skills': [44, 110], 'that': [45, 54, 195, 213, 230], 'might': [46], 'lead': [47], 'to': [48, 64, 79, 225], 'such': [49], 'difficulties.': [50], 'The': [51, 99], 'evidence': [52, 100, 187], 'suggests': [53, 104], 'inadequate': [55, 203], 'facility': [56], 'word': [58], 'identification': [59], 'due,': [60], 'cases,': [63, 108], 'more': [65], 'basic': [66, 73], 'deficits': [67, 116, 145, 160], 'alphabetic': [69], 'coding': [70, 115], 'is': [71, 188], 'cause': [74], 'difficulties': [76, 133], 'learning': [78, 148], 'read.': [80], 'next': [82], 'reading‐related': [87], 'cognitive': [88], 'abilities': [89, 149], 'as': [90, 164], 'underlying': [91], 'skills.': [98], 'these': [102], 'areas': [103], 'that,': [105], 'phonological': [109, 114], 'associated': [112, 139], 'with': [113, 140, 236], 'are': [117, 199, 216], 'probable': [119], 'disorder': [123], 'rather': [124], 'than': [125], 'visual,': [126], 'semantic,': [127], 'or': [128, 205], 'syntactic': [129], 'deficits,': [130], 'although': [131], 'children': [136], 'may': [137], 'be': [138], 'general': [141, 147], 'language': [142], 'deficits.': [143], 'Hypothesized': [144], '(e.g.,': [150], 'attention,': [151], 'association': [152], 'learning,': [153], 'cross‐modal': [154], 'transfer': [155], 'etc.)': [156], 'and': [157, 175, 222], 'low‐level': [158], 'sensory': [159], 'have': [161], 'weak': [162], 'validity': [163], 'causal': [165], 'factors': [166, 215], 'disability.': [170], 'These': [171], 'inferences': [172], 'are,': [173], 'by': [174, 178], 'large,': [176], 'supported': [177], 'biological': [182, 214], 'foundations': [183], 'dyslexia.': [185], 'Finally,': [186], 'presented': [189], 'support': [191, 231], 'idea': [194], 'many': [196], 'poor': [197], 'readers': [198], 'impaired': [200], 'because': [201, 219], 'instruction': [204], 'other': [206], 'experiential': [207], 'factors.': [208], 'This': [209], 'does': [210], 'not': [211, 217], 'mean': [212], 'relevant,': [218], 'brain': [221], 'environment': [223], 'interact': [224], 'produce': [226], 'neural': [228], 'networks': [229], 'acquisition.': [233], 'conclude': [235], 'a': [237], 'discussion': [238], 'clinical': [241], 'implications': [242], 'findings,': [246], 'focusing': [247], 'on': [248], 'need': [250], 'for': [251], 'enhanced': [252], 'instruction.': [253]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2096587741', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 98}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 105}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 122}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 140}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 129}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 143}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 125}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 144}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 133}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 144}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 160}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 154}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 145}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T06:28:46.229087', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}