Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2087911995', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/23258020.2014.933057', 'title': 'The “responsibility to protect” our answer to “never again”? Libya, Syria and a critical analysis of R2P', 'display_name': 'The “responsibility to protect” our answer to “never again”? Libya, Syria and a critical analysis of R2P', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-01-02', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2087911995', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/23258020.2014.933057', 'mag': '2087911995'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/23258020.2014.933057', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210189865', 'display_name': 'International Affairs Forum', 'issn_l': '2325-8020', 'issn': ['2325-8020', '2325-8047'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006189438', 'display_name': 'Kathryn Kersavage', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1340891466', 'display_name': 'United States Chamber of Commerce', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/045pkp007', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1340891466']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Kathryn Kersavage', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Turkey and Middle East Affairs, US Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Turkey and Middle East Affairs, US Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1340891466']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5006189438'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1340891466'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.425, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 10, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.937552, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 86, 'max': 87}, 'biblio': {'volume': '5', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '23', 'last_page': '41'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12263', 'display_name': 'Peacebuilding and International Security', 'score': 0.9937, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10749', 'display_name': 'International Law and Human Rights', 'score': 0.9878, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/responsibility-to-protect', 'display_name': 'Responsibility to Protect', 'score': 0.9384881}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-intervention', 'display_name': 'Humanitarian Intervention', 'score': 0.8994489}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mandate', 'display_name': 'Mandate', 'score': 0.60359025}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/belligerent', 'display_name': 'Belligerent', 'score': 0.5395161}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/international-community', 'display_name': 'International community', 'score': 0.5031554}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776508615', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167524', 'display_name': 'Responsibility to protect', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9384881}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777095168', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143267', 'display_name': 'Humanitarian intervention', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8994489}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C186229450', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008', 'display_name': 'Sovereignty', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.69348127}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6518128}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775884135', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845436', 'display_name': 'Mandate', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60359025}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.55331814}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779112814', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2363432', 'display_name': 'Belligerent', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5395161}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780665704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298', 'display_name': 'Intervention (counseling)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5316829}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169437150', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458', 'display_name': 'Human rights', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.52373177}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5153072}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55447825', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526', 'display_name': 'International law', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.506565}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779872411', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161', 'display_name': 'International community', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5031554}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48103436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031', 'display_name': 'State (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46213546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204342414', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41397', 'display_name': 'Genocide', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44290546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191795146', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446', 'display_name': 'Norm (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42332673}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10609749}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118552586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867', 'display_name': 'Psychiatry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/23258020.2014.933057', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210189865', 'display_name': 'International Affairs Forum', 'issn_l': '2325-8020', 'issn': ['2325-8020', '2325-8047'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.76}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 36, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1508553260', 'https://openalex.org/W1525018267', 'https://openalex.org/W1527387884', 'https://openalex.org/W1839921763', 'https://openalex.org/W1900453782', 'https://openalex.org/W1970348248', 'https://openalex.org/W1972732594', 'https://openalex.org/W1987940949', 'https://openalex.org/W2039959918', 'https://openalex.org/W2048309583', 'https://openalex.org/W2058696960', 'https://openalex.org/W2060637442', 'https://openalex.org/W2060721060', 'https://openalex.org/W2063813010', 'https://openalex.org/W2064635352', 'https://openalex.org/W2077090777', 'https://openalex.org/W2090938604', 'https://openalex.org/W2112305592', 'https://openalex.org/W2132637291', 'https://openalex.org/W2139559029', 'https://openalex.org/W2164304100', 'https://openalex.org/W2217686220', 'https://openalex.org/W223594365', 'https://openalex.org/W2261112759', 'https://openalex.org/W2579032168', 'https://openalex.org/W3121504031', 'https://openalex.org/W3122294867', 'https://openalex.org/W3122369241', 'https://openalex.org/W3123388043', 'https://openalex.org/W4236667653', 'https://openalex.org/W4242477671', 'https://openalex.org/W4248690461', 'https://openalex.org/W4250628362', 'https://openalex.org/W438877558', 'https://openalex.org/W610650664', 'https://openalex.org/W622985102'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W585658567', 'https://openalex.org/W4367277006', 'https://openalex.org/W4241280867', 'https://openalex.org/W4210703292', 'https://openalex.org/W2949819451', 'https://openalex.org/W2908040993', 'https://openalex.org/W2790195358', 'https://openalex.org/W2788839700', 'https://openalex.org/W2145147254', 'https://openalex.org/W2127150874'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Debates': [0], 'over': [1, 194], 'the': [2, 13, 19, 23, 33, 36, 42, 77, 105, 117, 127, 135, 189, 210, 218, 231, 242, 259, 262], 'use': [3], 'of': [4, 12, 18, 29, 38, 63, 109, 172, 214, 221, 234, 244, 250, 261], 'force': [5], 'for': [6, 60], 'humanitarian': [7, 68, 113, 235], 'purposes': [8], 'have': [9, 197, 256], 'been': [10, 123, 205], 'some': [11, 175], 'most': [14], 'profound': [15], 'and': [16, 35, 50, 57, 82, 112, 157, 186, 217, 228, 240, 254], 'fascinating': [17], 'international': [20, 43], 'society': [21], 'in': [22, 32, 86, 119, 139, 147, 191, 212], 'post-Cold': [24], 'War': [25], 'period.': [26], 'A': [27], 'surge': [28], 'intrastate': [30], 'violence': [31], '1990s': [34], 'lack': [37, 243], 'appropriate': [39], 'response': [40, 71], 'by': [41, 76, 116, 226], 'community': [44], 'led': [45], 'UN': [46, 118], 'Secretary-General': [47], 'Kofi': [48], 'Annan': [49], 'his': [51], 'counterparts': [52], 'to': [53, 58, 91, 95, 103, 153, 188, 237], 'vow': [54], '“never': [55], 'again”': [56], 'call': [59], 'a': [61, 73], 'reinterpretation': [62], 'how': [64], 'we': [65, 142, 161], 'think': [66], 'about': [67, 102, 126], 'intervention.': [69, 114, 252], 'The': [70], 'was': [72, 150, 179], 'report': [74], 'issued': [75], 'International': [78], 'Commission': [79], 'on': [80, 129], 'Intervention': [81], 'State': [83], 'Sovereignty': [84], '(ICISS)': [85], '2001': [87], 'entitled,': [88], '“The': [89], 'Responsibility': [90], 'Protect”': [92], '(often': [93], 'referred': [94], 'as': [96], 'R2P': [97, 149, 222], 'or': [98], 'RtoP)': [99], 'which': [100, 148], 'set': [101], 'reconceptualize': [104], 'seemingly': [106], 'contradictory': [107], 'notions': [108], 'state': [110], 'sovereignty': [111], 'Adopted': [115], '2005,': [120], 'much': [121], 'has': [122, 183, 203], 'critically': [124], 'written': [125], 'norm': [128], 'all': [130], 'sides.': [131], 'However,': [132], 'not': [133, 204], 'until': [134], 'Libyan': [136], 'civil': [137], 'conflict': [138], '2011': [140], 'did': [141], 'see': [143], 'an': [144], 'actual': [145], 'case': [146], 'specifically': [151], 'invoked': [152], 'justify': [154], 'military': [155, 201, 251], 'intervention,': [156], 'thus': [158], 'one': [159], 'where': [160, 193, 200], 'could': [162], 'test': [163], 'its': [164, 177], 'merits.': [165], 'Many': [166], 'argue': [167], 'Libya': [168, 227, 253], 'shows': [169], 'successful': [170], 'application': [171], 'R2P,': [173], 'while': [174], 'say': [176], 'mandate': [178], 'overextended.': [180], 'Nonetheless,': [181], 'it': [182], 'prompted': [184], 'comparisons': [185], 'contrasts': [187], 'situation': [190], 'Syria,': [192], '100,000': [195], 'people': [196], 'died': [198], 'but': [199], 'intervention': [202], 'pursued.': [206], 'This': [207], 'paper': [208], 'analyzes': [209], 'decisions': [211], 'both': [213, 257], 'these': [215], 'instances': [216], 'resulting': [219], 'deficiencies': [220], 'that': [223], 'were': [224], 'highlighted': [225], 'Syria:': [229], 'first,': [230], 'continued': [232], 'subservience': [233], 'norms': [236], 'political': [238], 'concerns,': [239], 'second,': [241], 'conceptual': [245], 'clarity': [246], 'surrounding': [247], 'operational': [248], 'aspects': [249], 'Syria': [255], 'wounded': [258], 'credibility': [260], 'norm.': [263]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2087911995', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T19:12:59.825216', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}