Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Inhibit Anchorage-independent Growth of Tumor Cells by Suppressing the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Cell Survival Pathway

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Shibnath Ghatak; Suniti Misra; Bryan P. Toole
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3949, 3973, 4022, 4033, 4035, 4044, 4056, 4180, 4211, 4229, 4241, 4266, 4333, 4349, 4395], 'several': [10, 24, 307, 321, 955, 3686], 'types': [11, 308, 4055], 'tumors': [13, 310, 804], 'in': [14, 73, 92, 197, 290, 295, 311, 370, 389, 494, 587, 592, 624, 647, 675, 690, 744, 766, 801, 806, 849, 859, 910, 954, 1193, 1207, 1265, 1391, 1565, 1576, 1616, 1711, 1749, 1793, 1819, 1851, 1906, 2120, 2124, 2176, 2194, 2201, 2235, 2243, 2295, 2305, 2378, 2406, 2427, 2436, 2440, 2465, 2484, 2487, 2502, 2508, 2545, 2564, 2568, 2611, 2627, 2637, 2646, 2696, 2714, 2823, 2864, 2869, 2992, 3022, 3126, 3286, 3295, 3447, 3576, 3617, 3626, 3733, 3738, 3753, 3761, 3797, 3800, 3991, 4011, 4053, 4219, 4239, 4278, 4291, 4311, 4374], 'vivo.': [15, 296, 312, 593], 'In': [16, 28, 313, 325, 1090, 1327, 1691, 3210, 3298, 3425, 3499, 4343], 'vitro,': [17, 314], 'the': [18, 33, 53, 60, 81, 121, 200, 216, 256, 277, 315, 330, 350, 357, 378, 418, 497, 513, 553, 574, 648, 748, 1371, 1393, 1445, 1464, 1468, 1573, 1620, 1667, 1683, 1688, 1723, 1731, 2026, 2107, 2199, 2202, 2206, 2218, 2223, 2228, 2246, 2266, 2391, 2407, 2503, 2538, 2618, 2622, 2638, 2647, 2754, 2779, 2792, 2800, 3040, 3050, 3122, 3174, 3206, 3222, 3333, 3357, 3460, 3558, 3627, 3675, 3739, 3754, 3762, 3772, 3794, 3889, 3912, 3929, 3971, 4017, 4020, 4023, 4045, 4209, 4264, 4274, 4284, 4289, 4328, 4334, 4347, 4354, 4434], 'oligomers': [19, 34, 57, 84, 110, 191, 217, 316, 331, 354, 381, 407, 488, 514, 1122, 1707, 1724, 1855, 1904, 1928, 1976, 2116, 2192, 2530, 3220, 3346, 3372, 3443, 3509, 3560, 3601, 3625, 3666, 3677, 3758, 3767, 3784, 3796, 3814, 3916, 3936, 3975, 4025, 4202, 4213, 4233, 4304, 4335, 4365], 'anchorage-independent': [21, 43, 74, 288, 318, 340, 371, 585, 1472, 1566, 1614, 1634, 1716, 3578, 3603, 3718, 3736, 3875, 4109, 4191], 'tumor': [25, 77, 293, 322, 374, 590, 850, 861, 871, 949, 956, 1097, 1194, 1215, 1396, 1451, 1529, 1709, 2118, 2233, 2394, 3274, 3301, 3343, 3375, 3383, 3568, 3606, 3688, 4057, 4293], 'cell': [26, 66, 280, 323, 363, 577, 695, 753, 914, 940, 1335, 1452, 1567, 1734, 1815, 1839, 2705, 2765, 2813, 3033, 3502, 3689, 4013, 4048, 4223], 'types.': [27, 324], 'accordance': [29, 326], 'with': [30, 156, 204, 327, 453, 501, 634, 752, 1134, 1705, 2298, 2331, 2360, 2369, 2398, 2402, 2410, 2520, 2701, 2729, 2737, 2969, 3037, 3104, 3121, 3163, 3196, 3280, 3430, 3442, 3685, 3917, 4016, 4300, 4308], 'this': [31, 328, 691, 745, 1535, 1672, 1692, 1907, 2719, 3268, 3728, 4104, 4181, 4204], 'finding,': [32, 329], 'also': [35, 147, 332, 444, 796, 916, 1952, 3663, 3770, 3862], 'induce': [36, 333], 'apoptosis': [37, 334, 1495, 3749, 3844, 3932, 3950, 4018, 4189], 'and': [38, 58, 88, 97, 115, 129, 144, 173, 283, 292, 335, 355, 385, 394, 412, 426, 441, 470, 580, 589, 612, 646, 656, 680, 686, 689, 769, 1530, 1539, 1569, 1747, 1791, 1826, 1833, 1846, 1894, 1920, 1933, 1949, 1961, 1970, 1984, 2021, 2072, 2097, 2215, 2260, 2315, 2349, 2390, 2419, 2438, 2463, 2506, 2537, 2574, 2630, 2690, 2727, 2744, 2753, 2785, 2853, 2861, 2954, 2982, 2997, 3020, 3072, 3099, 3112, 3119, 3155, 3173, 3289, 3311, 3381, 3439, 3457, 3538, 3643, 3652, 3667, 3694, 3706, 3799, 3845, 3859, 3908, 3979, 3996, 4103, 4195, 4221, 4246, 4256, 4280, 4305, 4318, 4324, 4438, 4443], 'stimulate': [39, 248, 336, 545], 'caspase-3': [40, 337, 2027, 3952, 3977, 3984, 4009], 'activity': [41, 114, 338, 411, 3048, 3673, 3978, 3985, 4010, 4043, 4218, 4238, 4265, 4373], 'under': [42, 339, 2198, 2980, 3505, 3553, 3874, 4190], 'conditions.': [44, 341], 'Since': [45, 342, 4385], 'inhibitors': [46, 132, 343, 429, 4034], 'phosphoinositide': [48, 264, 345, 561, 599, 601], '3-kinase': [49, 87, 113, 262, 346, 384, 410, 559, 600, 2070, 3030, 3047, 4037, 4217, 4237, 4269], '(PI': [50, 347], '3-kinase)': [51, 348], 'mimic': [52, 349], 'action': [54, 351, 1728], 'hyaluronan': [56, 109, 165, 182, 190, 223, 237, 246, 353, 406, 462, 479, 487, 520, 534, 543, 671, 751, 843, 857, 867, 908, 1094, 1121, 1192, 1383, 1399, 1449, 1560, 1574, 1626, 1670, 1686, 1700, 1706, 1864, 2115, 2191, 2376, 2529, 3219, 3316, 3371, 3508, 3559, 3600, 3624, 3744, 3757, 3779, 3795, 3809, 3915, 3935, 3974, 4024, 4201, 4212, 4232, 4303, 4355, 4358, 4396], 'since': [59, 356, 3789], 'PI': [61, 86, 112, 134, 261, 278, 358, 383, 409, 431, 558, 575, 2069, 2808, 3029, 3046, 3890, 3924, 4036, 4046, 4216, 4236, 4268, 4371], '3-kinase/Akt': [62, 279, 359, 576, 3891, 4047], '(protein': [63, 360], 'kinase': [64, 361], 'B)': [65, 362, 3389], 'survival': [67, 281, 364, 578, 1538, 1568, 1735, 4049], 'pathway': [68, 282, 365, 579, 2054, 3892, 4050], 'has': [69, 366], 'previously': [70, 367, 1746, 1872, 2131, 2271], 'been': [71, 368, 3683, 4390], 'implicated': [72, 369], 'cells,': [78, 375, 862, 1491, 2368, 2642, 3275, 3569, 3607], 'we': [79, 234, 376, 531, 1694, 3214, 3276, 3662, 3729, 3910, 3969, 4198, 4345, 4432], 'examined': [80, 377, 2728], 'effect': [82, 201, 379, 498, 2113, 3269, 3523, 3773, 3854, 3913, 3972, 4007, 4021, 4210, 4262, 4330, 4348, 4369], 'on': [85, 154, 192, 382, 451, 489, 616, 2117, 2595, 2723, 2788, 3053, 3088, 3238, 3524, 3843, 3976, 4008, 4214, 4263, 4370], 'its': [89, 386, 1200], 'downstream': [90, 139, 387, 436], 'activities': [91, 388, 4388], 'TA3/St': [93, 390, 1637, 1779, 2418, 2641, 3290, 3382, 3530, 3644, 3731, 3992, 4220, 4279, 4313, 4375], 'murine': [94, 391, 1638, 3229, 3291, 3528, 3531, 3645], 'mammary': [95, 392, 912, 1639, 3292, 3532, 3646, 3695], 'carcinoma': [96, 102, 393, 399, 913, 1334, 1640, 1740, 3284, 3293, 3542, 3647, 3696, 3872], 'HCT': [98, 395, 1766], '116': [99, 396, 1767], 'human': [100, 397, 860, 1578, 1738, 2075, 3282, 3535, 3540, 3636, 3640, 3692], 'colon': [101, 398, 3541, 3641], 'cells.': [103, 400, 3344, 3697, 4294], 'We': [104, 209, 266, 401, 506, 563, 1719, 3596, 3712, 3769, 3781, 3839, 3926, 4206, 4225, 4258, 4271], 'observed': [105, 153, 235, 402, 450, 532, 4299], 'that': [106, 215, 236, 254, 268, 403, 512, 533, 551, 565, 759, 842, 1199, 1370, 1559, 1696, 1722, 2129, 3216, 3399, 3557, 3599, 3669, 3808, 3847, 3918, 3928, 3940, 3981, 4032, 4227, 4247, 4273, 4332, 4445], '50–150': [107, 404, 3765, 4230, 4301], 'μg/ml': [108, 405, 2375, 3515, 3623, 3766, 4231, 4249, 4302, 4310], 'phosphorylation': [116, 413], 'Akt': [118, 415], 'to': [119, 199, 213, 225, 230, 274, 285, 416, 496, 510, 522, 527, 571, 582, 653, 764, 865, 1184, 1187, 1339, 1398, 1687, 2128, 2154, 2455, 3096, 3205, 3272, 3332, 3340, 3394, 3398, 3518, 3574, 3613, 3674, 3722, 3759, 3778, 3793, 3879, 3885, 3939, 4028, 4353], 'approximately': [120, 417], 'same': [122, 419, 4329], 'extent': [123, 420], 'as': [124, 421, 1386, 1713, 1715, 1744, 1870, 2550, 2644, 2652, 3058, 3608, 3615, 3785, 3877, 3987, 3989, 4287, 4331], 'optimal': [125, 422], 'doses': [126, 423], 'wortmannin': [128, 425, 3943, 4185], 'LY294002,': [130, 427, 4187], 'known': [131, 428, 652], '3-kinase.': [135, 432, 3925], 'Similar': [136, 433, 3680], 'inhibition': [137, 286, 434, 583, 3451, 3477, 3493, 3550, 3716, 4253, 4297], 'events,': [140, 437], 'i.e.phosphorylation': [141, 438], 'BAD': [143, 440], 'FKHR,': [145, 442], 'was': [146, 443, 1268, 2014, 2092, 2100, 2122, 2262, 2274, 2293, 2329, 2396, 2579, 2599, 2625, 2699, 2721, 2759, 2775, 3007, 3055, 3086, 3270, 3462, 3478, 3494, 3937, 4026, 4298], 'observed.': [148, 445], 'These': [149, 446, 1120, 1367], 'effects': [150, 188, 447, 485, 3867, 4307], 'were': [151, 184, 195, 448, 481, 492, 1742, 1769, 1781, 1817, 1841, 1856, 1895, 1909, 1921, 1929, 1939, 1951, 1965, 1977, 1995, 2004, 2078, 2106, 2174, 2196, 2240, 2249, 2382, 2416, 2422, 2453, 2480, 2518, 2534, 2552, 2561, 2650, 2751, 2768, 2816, 2821, 2945, 2966, 2977, 2990, 3035, 3064, 3094, 3116, 3149, 3161, 3168, 3178, 3187, 3192, 3303, 3324, 3347, 3433, 3516], 'not': [152, 240, 449, 537, 3267, 3497, 3545, 3562, 3850, 3864, 4341], 'treatment': [155, 203, 452, 500, 1704, 3465, 3472, 3488], 'similar': [157, 196, 454, 493, 2126, 2516, 3278, 3396, 3792], 'concentrations': [158, 455], 'chitin': [160, 241, 457, 538, 3783, 3813, 4364], 'oligomers,': [161, 238, 242, 458, 535, 539, 2377, 3317], 'chondroitin': [162, 243, 459, 540, 1985, 3860, 4361], 'sulfate,': [163, 244, 460, 541, 4362], 'or': [164, 245, 461, 542, 757, 952, 1376, 1381, 1503, 1594, 2166, 2190, 2255, 2370, 2531, 3137, 3199, 3266, 3361, 3521, 3741, 4029, 4186, 4380], 'polymer.': [166, 463], 'High': [167, 464], 'molecular': [168, 175, 465, 472, 635, 1915, 1956, 3182, 3319], 'weight': [169, 176, 466, 473, 1916, 3183, 3320], '(∼2': [170, 467], '106)': [172, 469], 'low': [174, 471, 1135, 1137], '(∼8': [177, 474], '104)': [179, 476], 'preparations': [180, 477, 3063], 'polymer': [183, 224, 480, 521, 1865, 3858, 4397, 4442], 'equally': [185, 482], 'ineffective.': [186, 483], 'The': [187, 484, 1838, 1903, 1927, 2112, 2291, 2380, 2475, 2528, 2547, 2559, 2597, 2773, 2943, 2974, 3145, 3315, 3345, 3370, 3746, 4042], 'these': [193, 211, 490, 508, 1181, 1459, 2451, 3391, 4242], 'parameters': [194, 491], 'magnitude': [198, 495], 'activity-blocking': [205, 502], 'antibody': [206, 503, 2073, 3038, 3124], 'against': [207, 504, 2064, 2068, 2074, 2088, 3039], 'CD44.': [208, 505], 'interpret': [210, 507], 'results': [212, 509, 1368, 2517, 3681], 'indicate': [214, 511, 1558], 'competitively': [218, 515], 'block': [219, 516], 'binding': [220, 272, 517, 569], 'endogenous': [222, 519, 938, 1125, 1625, 1699], 'CD44,': [226, 523, 1380], 'consequently': [227, 284, 524, 581], 'giving': [228, 525, 863], 'rise': [229, 526, 864], 'attenuated': [231, 528], 'signaling.': [232, 529], 'Finally,': [233, 530], 'but': [239, 536, 1936], 'polymer,': [247, 544, 1955, 4359], 'expression': [249, 546, 771], 'PTEN,': [251, 548], 'a': [252, 549, 628, 1188, 1331, 1506, 1910, 2125, 2299, 2332, 2364, 2399, 2471, 2724, 2730, 2734, 2738, 2824, 2865, 3081, 3089, 3211, 3350, 3395, 3511, 3786, 3852, 4367, 4449], 'phosphatase': [253, 550, 611], 'degrades': [255, 552], 'major': [257, 554, 3947], 'signaling': [258, 555, 4387], 'product': [259, 556], 'action,': [263, 560], '3,4,5-trisphosphate.': [265, 562], 'conclude': [267, 564], 'perturbation': [269, 566, 1623, 1697], 'hyaluronan-CD44': [271, 568], 'leads': [273, 570], 'suppression': [275, 572], 'culture': [291, 588, 2429], 'receptor': [594, 1132], 'for': [595, 1124, 1191, 1537, 1943, 2025, 2037, 2387, 2424, 2470, 2513, 2525, 2541, 2583, 2605, 2770, 2951, 3069, 3101, 3401, 3436, 3444, 3466, 3473, 3482, 3489, 4108, 4392], 'hyaluronic': [596], 'acid-mediated': [597], 'motility': [598], '3,4,5-trisphosphate': [602, 3005], "Dulbecco's": [603], 'modified': [604], "Eagle's": [605], 'medium': [606, 1822, 2492], 'phosphate-buffered': [607], 'saline': [608, 3106, 3128], '4-morpholinepropanesulfonic': [609], 'acid': [610], 'tensin': [613], 'homolog': [614, 623], 'deleted': [615], 'chromosome': [617], '10': [618, 2716, 4248, 4309], 'Bcl-2-associated': [619], 'death': [620], 'protein': [621, 2619, 2767, 2815, 3044, 3077], 'forkhead': [622], 'rhabdomyosarcoma': [625], 'is': [627, 644, 651, 672, 747, 795, 809, 1471, 2786, 3571, 3720, 3882, 3951, 4051, 4106, 4283, 4288], 'large,': [629], 'linear,': [630], 'negatively': [631], 'charged': [632], 'polysaccharide': [633], 'weights': [636, 1957], 'usually': [637], 'ranging': [638], 'from': [639, 1500, 1783, 1858, 1967, 1979, 1987, 1997, 2005, 2016, 2029, 2041, 2048, 2057, 2080, 2093, 2101, 2110, 2450, 2477, 2799, 3326, 3751], '105-107.': [640], 'Its': [641], 'tissue': [642, 687], 'distribution': [643], 'ubiquitous,': [645], 'adult': [649], 'it': [650, 693, 1267, 2624], 'serve': [654], 'structural': [655], 'biophysical': [657], 'roles': [658], '(1Toole': [659], 'B.P.': [660, 728, 817, 1002, 1023, 1102, 1145, 1649, 1805, 1876, 2135, 3245, 3407], 'Iozzo': [661], 'R.V.': [662], 'Proteoglycans.': [663], 'Marcel': [664], 'Dekker,': [665], 'New': [666], 'York2000:': [667], '61-92Google': [668], 'Scholar).': [669, 740, 793, 837, 905, 935, 1089, 1119, 1179, 1326, 1366, 1441, 1489, 1555, 1665, 1765, 1813, 2152, 2290, 2681, 2942, 3262, 3424, 3595, 3838, 3967, 4178], 'However,': [670], 'especially': [673, 1492], 'concentrated': [674], 'pericellular': [676, 1504], 'matrices': [677], 'surrounding': [678], 'proliferating': [679], 'migrating': [681], 'cells': [682, 1397, 1532, 1580, 1597, 1641, 1741, 1768, 1780, 2234, 2421, 2449, 2476, 2539, 2548, 2711, 2742, 2746, 2758, 3231, 3285, 3294, 3302, 3403, 3432, 3543, 3648, 3732, 3873, 3998, 4058, 4243, 4282, 4314, 4320, 4376, 4382], 'during': [683], 'embryonic': [684], 'development': [685], 'remodeling,': [688], 'context': [692], 'influences': [694, 917, 1450, 1671], 'behavior': [696, 1453], '(2Camenisch': [697], 'T.D.': [698], 'Spicer': [699], 'A.P.': [700], 'Brehm-Gibson': [701], 'T.': [702, 924, 1041, 1281, 4149], 'Biesterfeldt': [703], 'J.': [704, 716, 778, 822, 967, 988, 1005, 1025, 1110, 1146, 1159, 1166, 1253, 1273, 1289, 1406, 1545, 1603, 1651, 1807, 1884, 2143, 2280, 2905, 2927, 3253, 3415, 3823, 3897, 4087, 4115, 4160, 4163, 4404], 'Augustine': [705], 'M.L.': [706], 'Calabro': [707], 'Jr.,': [708], 'A.': [709, 960, 964, 1232, 1283, 1285, 1293, 1349, 2662, 3700, 4069], 'Kubalak': [710], 'S.': [711, 979, 1224, 1230, 1345, 1427, 2918, 3702, 3704, 4068, 4085], 'Klewer': [712], 'S.E.': [713], 'McDonald': [714], 'J.A.': [715, 983, 1799], 'Clin.': [717], 'Invest.': [718], '2000;': [719, 1027, 1169, 1653, 3826, 3960], '106:': [720], '349-360Crossref': [721], 'PubMed': [722, 736, 789, 833, 973, 994, 1011, 1035, 1060, 1115, 1155, 1177, 1244, 1259, 1308, 1417, 1437, 1485, 1522, 1551, 1608, 1661, 1761, 1889, 2148, 2286, 2677, 2894, 2914, 2938, 3258, 3420, 3591, 3834, 3903, 3963, 4073, 4098, 4121, 4133, 4174, 4415, 4427], 'Scopus': [723, 737, 790, 834, 974, 995, 1012, 1036, 1061, 1116, 1245, 1260, 1418, 1438, 1486, 1523, 1552, 1609, 1662, 1762, 1890, 2149, 2287, 2678, 2895, 2939, 3259, 3421, 3592, 3835, 3904, 3964, 4074, 4099, 4122, 4134, 4175, 4416, 4428], '(719)': [724], 'Google': [725, 739, 792, 836, 885, 904, 934, 976, 997, 1014, 1038, 1063, 1088, 1118, 1156, 1178, 1247, 1262, 1309, 1325, 1365, 1420, 1440, 1488, 1525, 1554, 1592, 1611, 1664, 1764, 1812, 1892, 2151, 2289, 2680, 2897, 2915, 2941, 3261, 3423, 3594, 3837, 3906, 3966, 4076, 4101, 4124, 4136, 4155, 4177, 4418, 4430], 'Scholar,': [726, 886, 977, 998, 1015, 1039, 1064, 1157, 1248, 1310, 1421, 2898, 2916, 4077, 4137, 4156, 4419], '3Toole': [727], 'Semin.': [729], 'Cell': [730, 1432, 1517, 2058, 2577, 2672, 3061, 3958, 4092], 'Dev.': [731, 4093], 'Biol.': [732, 779, 823, 1147, 1167, 1407, 1433, 1518, 2673, 2906, 2928, 3824, 4094, 4164, 4405, 4423], '2001;': [733, 901, 1057, 1085, 1548, 1605, 3900, 4095, 4118, 4166], '12:': [734], '79-87Crossref': [735], '(442)': [738], 'Of': [741], 'particular': [742, 3041], 'significance': [743], 'regard': [746], 'interaction': [749], 'surface': [754], 'receptors,': [755], 'e.g.CD44': [756], 'RHAMM,1': [758], 'transduce': [760], 'intracellular': [761], 'signals': [762], 'leading': [763], 'alterations': [765], 'cytoskeletal': [767], 'interactions': [768, 941, 1133, 1139, 1627, 1702], 'gene': [770], '(4Turley': [772, 1400, 4398], 'E.A.': [773, 985, 1401, 4399], 'Noble': [774, 1402, 4400], 'P.W.': [775, 1403, 1423, 4401, 4421], 'Bourguignon': [776, 1251, 1404, 4402], 'L.Y.': [777, 1252, 1405, 4403], 'Chem.': [780, 824, 1148, 1168, 1408, 2907, 2929, 3825, 4165, 4406], '2002;': [781, 825, 1409, 4407, 4424], '277:': [782, 826, 1410, 4408], '4589-4592Abstract': [783, 1411, 4409], 'Full': [784, 786, 828, 830, 1030, 1032, 1152, 1172, 1174, 1241, 1412, 1414, 1482, 1656, 1658, 2911, 2933, 2935, 3588, 3829, 3831, 4169, 4171, 4410, 4412], 'Text': [785, 787, 829, 831, 1031, 1033, 1153, 1173, 1175, 1242, 1413, 1415, 1483, 1657, 1659, 2912, 2934, 2936, 3589, 3830, 3832, 4170, 4172, 4411, 4413], 'PDF': [788, 832, 1034, 1154, 1176, 1243, 1416, 1484, 1660, 2913, 2937, 3590, 3833, 4173, 4414], '(882)': [791, 1419, 4417], 'present': [797, 4277], 'at': [798, 1848, 2384, 2467, 2510, 2556, 2589, 2601, 2608, 2632, 2794, 2948, 3066, 3201, 3221, 3349, 3510], 'elevated': [799, 866, 3886, 4052], 'levels': [800, 909, 3887], 'many': [802, 1528, 4054], 'malignant': [803, 1469, 1674, 1689], 'and,': [805], 'some': [807, 1208], 'cases,': [808], 'an': [810, 846, 2403, 2612, 3577, 3921], 'accurate': [811], 'predictor': [812], 'patient': [814], 'morbidity': [815], '(5Toole': [816], 'Wight': [818], 'T.N.': [819], 'Tammi': [820, 1162], 'M.': [821, 1049, 1163, 1220, 1226, 1316, 2881, 2900, 2902, 3816], '4593-4596Abstract': [827], '(431)': [835], 'Numerous': [838], 'studies': [839, 1209], 'have': [840, 1533, 3519, 3671, 3682, 3851, 3865, 4389], 'demonstrated': [841], 'may': [844, 1202, 1388, 1561], 'play': [845], 'important': [847], 'role': [848, 1190], 'malignancy.': [851], 'For': [852, 1205, 2804, 3025], 'example,': [853, 1206], 'experimental': [854, 2182], 'overexpression': [855, 943, 1210, 1629], 'synthases': [858], 'production,': [868], 'causes': [869], 'increased': [870, 3750], 'growthin': [872, 1717], 'vivo': [873, 958, 1712, 2121], '(6Kosaki': [874, 1581], 'R.': [875, 962, 1165, 1271, 1582, 4079], 'Watanabe': [876, 1583], 'K.': [877, 928, 1312, 1584, 3822, 4081, 4083], 'Yamaguchi': [878, 1585], 'Y.': [879, 1586, 1599, 2664, 3820], 'Cancer': [880, 899, 929, 1083, 1360, 1587, 1756, 4150], 'Res.': [881, 900, 930, 1084, 1361, 1588, 3959, 4151], '1999;': [882, 931, 1589, 4070], '59:': [883, 932, 1590], '1141-1145PubMed': [884, 1591], '7Liu': [887], 'N.': [888, 922, 1047, 1066, 1250, 1275, 3818], 'Gao': [889, 1073], 'F.': [890, 1074, 1279, 1786], 'Han': [891, 1071], 'Z.,': [892], 'Xu,': [893], 'X.': [894, 981], 'Underhill': [895, 1069], 'C.B.': [896, 1070, 1141], 'Zhang': [897, 1079], 'L.': [898, 1080, 1429, 2887, 2904, 2924], '61:': [902, 1086], '5207-5214PubMed': [903], 'Manipulation': [906], 'mouse': [911, 2089], 'lines': [915, 1816, 1840], 'metastatic': [918], 'nodule': [919], 'formation': [920, 3633], '(8Itano': [921], 'Sawai': [923], 'Miyaishi': [925], 'O.': [926], 'Kimata': [927, 3821], '2499-2504PubMed': [933], 'Perturbation': [936], 'hyaluronan-tumor': [939], 'by': [942, 1628, 1703, 1729, 1771, 1866, 1897, 1931, 2208, 2211, 2217, 2251, 2264, 2433, 2554, 2581, 2593, 2956, 2984, 2999, 3009, 3170, 3189, 3235, 3377, 3385, 3470, 3486, 3610, 3634, 3649, 3660, 3934, 3942, 3986, 4184, 4244], 'soluble': [945, 1631], 'hyaluronan-binding': [946], 'proteins': [947, 3177], 'inhibits': [948, 1096, 1633, 1708, 3232, 3631, 4234], 'growth,': [950], 'invasion,': [951], 'metastasis': [953, 1337], 'typesin': [957], '(9Bartolazzi': [959], 'Peach': [961], 'Aruffo': [963], 'Stamenkovic': [965, 1003, 1020, 1107, 1313, 1646, 1881, 2140, 3250, 3412], 'I.': [966, 1004, 1021, 1108, 1228, 1314, 1647, 1882, 2141, 3251, 3413], 'Exp.': [968, 989, 1006, 3957], 'Med.': [969, 990, 1007, 2281], '1994;': [970], '180:': [971], '53-66Crossref': [972], '(322)': [975], '10Mohapatra': [978], 'Yang': [980], 'Wright': [982], 'Turley': [984], 'Greenberg': [986], 'A.H.': [987], '1996;': [991, 1362, 1809], '183:': [992], '1663-1668Crossref': [993], '(120)': [996], '11Yu': [999], 'Q.': [1000, 1019, 1645], 'Toole': [1001, 1022, 1101, 1144, 1648, 1804, 1875, 2134, 3244, 3406], '1997;': [1008, 1256, 1305, 1434, 1519], '186:': [1009], '1985-1996Crossref': [1010], '(232)': [1013], '12Peterson': [1016], 'R.M.,': [1017, 1643], 'Yu,': [1018, 1644], 'Am.': [1024, 1650, 1806], 'Pathol.': [1026, 1652, 1808], '156:': [1028, 1654], '2159-2167Abstract': [1029, 1655], '(103)': [1037, 1663], '13Ahrens': [1040], 'Sleeman': [1042], 'J.P.': [1043, 1343], 'Schempp': [1044], 'C.M.': [1045], 'Howells': [1046], 'Hofmann': [1048, 1219], 'Ponta': [1050, 1233, 1356], 'H.': [1051, 1234, 1318, 1357, 1785, 4158], 'Herrlich': [1052, 1235, 1358], 'P.': [1053, 1236, 1359, 1601, 2920, 3708, 4128], 'Simon': [1054], 'J.C.': [1055, 1301], 'Oncogene.': [1056, 1321, 4129], '20:': [1058], '3399-3408Crossref': [1059], '(121)': [1062], '14Liu': [1065], 'Lapcevich': [1067], 'R.K.': [1068], 'Z.': [1072, 1425, 2922], 'Swartz': [1075], 'G.': [1076, 1143, 1277, 1355], 'Plum': [1077], 'S.M.': [1078, 1512, 4139], 'Gree': [1081], 'S.J.': [1082, 2658], '1022-1028PubMed': [1087], 'addition,': [1091, 4344], 'administration': [1092, 3217], '(15Zeng': [1099, 1873, 2132, 3242, 3404], 'C.': [1100, 1287, 1291, 1755, 1874, 2133, 3243, 3405, 4147], 'Kinney': [1103, 1877, 2136, 3246, 3408], 'S.D.': [1104, 1878, 2137, 3247, 3409], 'Kuo': [1105, 1879, 2138, 3248, 3410], 'J.W.': [1106, 1880, 2139, 3249, 3411], 'Int.': [1109, 1883, 2142, 3252, 3414], 'Cancer.': [1111, 1604, 1885, 2144, 3254, 3416], '1998;': [1112, 1886, 2145, 2930, 3255, 3417, 4130, 4152], '77:': [1113, 1887, 2146, 3256, 3418], '396-401Crossref': [1114, 1888, 2147, 3257, 3419], '(210)': [1117, 1891, 2150, 3260, 3422], 'compete': [1123], 'polymeric': [1126], 'hyaluronan,': [1127], 'replacing': [1128], 'high': [1129, 2590], 'affinity,': [1130, 1136], 'multivalent': [1131], 'valency': [1138], '(16Underhill': [1140], 'Chi-Rosso': [1142], '1983;': [1149], '258:': [1150], '8086-8091Abstract': [1151], '17Lesley': [1158], 'Hascall': [1160], 'V.C.': [1161], 'Hyman': [1164], '275:': [1170, 3827], '26967-26975Abstract': [1171], 'Although': [1180], 'data': [1182, 1197], 'appear': [1183], 'point': [1185], 'clearly': [1186], 'central': [1189], 'progression,': [1195], 'other': [1196, 1382, 1621, 1944, 2023, 2104, 2532, 3273, 3687], 'suggest': [1198, 1369], 'involvement': [1201], 'be': [1203, 1340, 1389, 1562], 'complex.': [1204], 'intact': [1212], 'CD44': [1213, 1632, 2076, 2090], 'promoted': [1214], 'progression': [1216], '(18Gunthert': [1217], 'U.': [1218, 4067], 'Rudy': [1221, 1350], 'W.': [1222, 1351], 'Reber': [1223], 'Zoller': [1225], 'Haussmann': [1227], 'Matzku': [1229], 'Wenzel': [1231], 'Cell.': [1237, 1254, 1478, 1546, 3584, 3898, 4116], '1991;': [1238], '65:': [1239], '13-24Abstract': [1240], '(1602)': [1246], '19Iida': [1249], 'Physiol.': [1255, 1547, 3899, 4117], '171:': [1257], '152-160Crossref': [1258], '(59)': [1261], 'Scholar)': [1263, 1593, 1612, 1893], 'whereas': [1264, 1527], 'others': [1266], 'inhibitory': [1269, 1727], '(20Schmits': [1270], 'Filmus': [1272], 'Gerwin': [1274], 'Senaldi': [1276], 'Kiefer': [1278], 'Kundig': [1280], 'Wakeham': [1282], 'Shahinian': [1284], 'Catzavelos': [1286], 'Rak': [1288], 'Furlonger': [1290], 'Zakarian': [1292], 'Simard': [1294], 'J.J.': [1295], 'Ohashi': [1296], 'P.S.': [1297], 'Paige': [1298], 'C.J.': [1299], 'Gutierrez-Ramos': [1300], 'Mak': [1302], 'T.W.': [1303], 'Blood.': [1304], '90:': [1306], '2217-2233Crossref': [1307], '21Takahashi': [1311], 'Cutler': [1315], 'Saya': [1317], 'Tanabe': [1319], 'K.K.': [1320], '1995;': [1322, 2674], '11:': [1323], '2223-2232PubMed': [1324], 'another': [1328, 2542], 'study,': [1329], 'using': [1330, 2733, 3180], 'rat': [1332], 'pancreatic': [1333], 'line,': [1336], 'appeared': [1338], 'hyaluronan-independent': [1341], '(22Sleeman': [1342], 'Arming': [1344], 'Moll': [1346], 'J.F.': [1347], 'Hekele': [1348], 'Sherman': [1352], 'L.S.': [1353], 'Kreil': [1354], '56:': [1363], '3134-3141PubMed': [1364], 'organization,': [1372], 'amount,': [1373], 'alternative': [1374], 'splicing,': [1375], 'post-translational': [1377], 'modification': [1378, 2269], 'receptors': [1384], 'such': [1385, 3449], 'RHAMM,': [1387], 'critical': [1390], 'determining': [1392], 'response': [1394], '23Kincade': [1422], 'Zheng': [1424], 'Katoh': [1426], 'Hanson': [1428], 'Curr.': [1430, 1515], 'Opin.': [1431, 1516], '9:': [1435, 1520], '635-642Crossref': [1436], '(90)': [1439], 'Further': [1442], 'investigation': [1443], 'underlying': [1446, 1502], 'mechanisms': [1447], 'whereby': [1448, 1669], 'will': [1454], 'facilitate': [1455], 'our': [1456, 1794], 'understanding': [1457], 'apparent': [1460], 'contradictions.': [1461], 'One': [1462], 'fundamental': [1465], 'attributes': [1466], 'phenotype': [1470], '(24Freedman': [1474, 3580], 'V.H.': [1475, 3581], 'Shin': [1476, 3582], 'S.I.': [1477, 3583], '1974;': [1479, 3585], '3:': [1480, 3586], '355-359Abstract': [1481, 3587], '(723)': [1487, 3593], 'Normal': [1490], 'epithelia,': [1493, 3881], 'undergo': [1494], 'if': [1496], 'they': [1497, 3670, 3790, 3803, 3848, 3982], 'become': [1498], 'detached': [1499], 'their': [1501, 1726, 3233, 3572, 3611, 3841, 4261], 'matrices,': [1505], 'process': [1507, 1676], 'sometimes': [1508, 4250], 'termed': [1509], 'anoikis': [1510], '(25Frisch': [1511], 'Ruoslahti': [1513], 'E.': [1514], '701-706Crossref': [1521], '(992)': [1524], 'Scholar),': [1526, 3907, 4102, 4431], 'transformed': [1531], 'escaped': [1534], 'requirement': [1536], '(26Danen': [1541, 3893, 4111], 'E.H.': [1542, 3894, 4112], 'Yamada': [1543, 3819, 3895, 4113], 'K.M.': [1544, 3896, 4114], '189:': [1549, 3901, 4119], '1-13Crossref': [1550, 3902, 4120], '(395)': [1553, 3905, 4123], 'Recent': [1556], 'investigations': [1557], 'critically': [1563], 'involved': [1564], 'growth.': [1570], 'Overexpression': [1571], 'synthase,Has2,': [1575], 'HT1080': [1577], 'fibrosarcoma': [1579], 'Mero-25': [1595], 'mesothelioma': [1596], '(27Li': [1598], 'Heldin': [1600], 'Br.': [1602], '85:': [1606], '600-607Crossref': [1607], '(105)': [1610], 'stimulates': [1613], 'soft': [1617, 3618, 3628], 'agar.': [1618, 3619], 'On': [1619, 2222], 'hand,': [1622], '(12Peterson': [1642], 'Understanding': [1666], 'mechanism': [1668], 'potentially': [1673], 'would': [1677], 'provide': [1678], 'much': [1679, 3988], 'needed': [1680], 'insights': [1681], 'into': [1682, 3003, 3019, 3306], 'contribution': [1684], 'phenotype.': [1690], 'study': [1693, 1908, 3213], 'show': [1695, 3597], 'polymer-cell': [1701], 'well': [1714, 2457, 2479], 'vitro.': [1718], 'then': [1720, 2431, 2481, 2535, 2566, 2760, 3056, 3117, 3440, 3713, 4259], 'demonstrate': [1721], 'exert': [1725], 'suppressing': [1730], 'PI3': [1732], 'kinase/Akt': [1733], 'pathway.': [1736, 4205], 'LX-1': [1737, 3281, 3374, 3431, 3534, 3635], 'lung': [1739, 3283, 3536, 3637], 'obtained': [1743, 1782, 1978, 1996, 2519, 3495, 3684], 'described': [1745, 1871, 2130, 2645, 2653, 3059], 're-passaged': [1748], 'nude': [1750, 2157, 3287], 'mice': [1751, 2158, 2168, 2180, 2207, 3288], 'before': [1752], 'use': [1753, 2636], '(28Biswas': [1754], 'Lett.': [1757], '1984;': [1758], '24:': [1759], '201-207Crossref': [1760], '(70)': [1763], 'provided': [1770], 'Dr.': [1772, 1784], 'B.': [1773, 2885, 3707], 'Vogelstein,': [1774], 'Johns': [1775], 'Hopkins': [1776], 'Medical': [1777, 1789], 'School.': [1778], 'Dvorak,': [1787], 'Harvard': [1788], 'School,': [1790], 'maintained': [1792, 1847], 'laboratory': [1795], '(29Yeo': [1796], 'T.K.': [1797], 'Nagy': [1798], 'Yeo': [1800], 'K.T.': [1801], 'Dvorak': [1802], 'H.F.': [1803], '148:': [1810], '1733-1740PubMed': [1811], 'All': [1814, 2103], 'cultured': [1818], 'DMEM-high': [1820], 'glucose': [1821], 'without': [1823, 2371], 'phenol': [1824], 'red': [1825], 'containing': [1827, 2187, 2302, 2442, 2493, 2570, 2707, 2747, 2828, 2858, 3107, 3129], '10%': [1828, 2307, 2443, 3082], 'fetal': [1829, 2308, 2343, 2444], 'bovine': [1830, 2309, 2344, 2445, 2495, 3131], 'serum,': [1831, 2345], 'penicillin/streptomycin,': [1832], '1': [1834, 2312, 2336, 2361, 2683, 2697, 2877, 3102, 3337, 3388], 'mm': [1835, 2313, 2347, 2415, 2836, 2839, 2849, 2873, 2878], 'glutamine': [1836], '(Invitrogen).': [1837], 'passaged': [1842], 'every': [1843], '3–4': [1844], 'days': [1845, 2257, 3468, 3484], '37': [1849, 2385, 2468, 2511, 2949], '°C': [1850, 2386, 2469, 2512, 2610, 2634, 2950, 3068, 3203], '5%': [1852, 3108, 3130, 3138], 'CO2.': [1853], 'fractionated': [1857], 'testicular': [1859], 'hyaluronidase': [1860], 'digests': [1861], 'purified': [1863], 'tangential': [1867], 'flow': [1868], 'filtration': [1869], 'supplied': [1896], 'Anika': [1898, 1971], 'Therapeutics': [1899, 1972], 'Inc': [1900, 1969], '(Woburn,': [1901], 'MA).': [1902, 2062], 'used': [1905, 2175, 2275, 2769, 2817, 3148, 3782], 'mixed': [1911, 2359, 2700], 'fraction': [1912], 'average': [1914], '103': [1919], 'composed': [1922], '3–10': [1924], 'disaccharide': [1925], 'units.': [1926], 'analyzed': [1930, 2983], 'HPLC': [1932], 'capillary': [1934], 'electrophoresis': [1935, 2040], 'no': [1937, 3471, 3487, 3522, 4005], 'contaminants': [1938], 'detected.': [1940], 'Specific': [1941], 'analyses': [1942], 'glycosaminoglycans,': [1945], 'protein,': [1946], 'nucleic': [1947], 'acids,': [1948], 'endotoxins': [1950], 'negative.': [1953], '∼8': [1958], '104': [1960], '∼2': [1962], '106,': [1964], 'gifts': [1966], 'Genzyme': [1968], 'Inc,': [1973], 'respectively.': [1974], 'Chitin': [1975], 'Seikagaku': [1980], 'America': [1981], '(Falmouth,': [1982], 'MA)': [1983], 'sulfate': [1986, 3861, 4003], 'Sigma.': [1988, 2102, 2111], 'Non-adherent': [1989], 'ultra-low': [1990, 2460], 'cluster': [1991, 2461, 2504], 'plates': [1992, 2297, 2381, 2462], '(Costar': [1993], '3471)': [1994], 'Corning': [1998], 'Incorporated': [1999], '(Corning,': [2000], 'NY).': [2001], 'ALZET': [2002, 2184, 3327], 'pumps': [2003, 3329], 'ALZA': [2006, 2212], 'Corporation': [2007], '(Palo': [2008], 'Alto,': [2009], 'CA).': [2010, 2086], '[γ-32P]ATP': [2011], '(6000': [2012], 'Ci/mmol)': [2013], 'purchased': [2015, 2079], 'PerkinElmer': [2017], 'Life': [2018], 'Sciences;': [2019], 'DEVD-p-nitroanilide': [2020], 'all': [2022], 'reagents': [2024, 2036, 2047, 2105, 2533, 3776, 4351], 'assay': [2028, 2292, 2774, 2805, 3026, 3630], 'Biovision': [2030], 'Research': [2031, 2220, 2783], 'Products': [2032], '(Mountain': [2033], 'View,': [2034], 'CA);': [2035, 2044], 'SDS-polyacrylamide': [2038], 'gel': [2039], 'Bio-Rad': [2042, 3090], '(Richmond,': [2043], 'enhanced': [2045, 3171], 'chemiluminescence': [2046], 'Amersham': [2049], 'Biosciences': [2050], '(Buckinghamshire,': [2051], 'England);': [2052], 'phospho-AKT': [2053], 'sampler': [2055], 'kit': [2056], 'Signaling': [2059], 'Technology': [2060], '(Beverly,': [2061], 'Antibody': [2063, 2087], 'PTEN': [2065], '(A2B1),': [2066], 'antibodies': [2067, 3147], 'isoforms,': [2071, 3031], '(DF1485)': [2077], 'Santa': [2081], 'Cruz': [2082], 'Biotechnology': [2083], '(Santa': [2084], 'Cruz,': [2085], '(KM81)': [2091], 'ATCC': [2094], '(Manassas,': [2095], 'VA)': [2096], 'myeloma': [2098], 'IgG2a': [2099], 'highest': [2108], 'grade': [2109], 'assessed': [2123], 'manner': [2127, 3579], '5': [2153, 2488, 2838, 3070, 3309, 3312, 4316, 4338, 4378], '6': [2155], 'week-old': [2156], '(Balb/c': [2159], 'nu/nu,': [2160], 'male;': [2161], 'Charles': [2162], 'River': [2163], 'Breeding': [2164], 'Laboratories)': [2165], 'A/Jax': [2167], '(Jackson': [2169], 'Laboratory,': [2170], 'Bar': [2171], 'Harbor,': [2172], 'ME)': [2173], 'groups': [2177, 3307], 'five': [2179], 'per': [2181, 2325, 2712, 2818, 3078], 'point.': [2183], 'osmotic': [2185], 'pumps,': [2186], 'PBS': [2188, 2239], 'alone': [2189], 'dissolved': [2193], 'PBS,': [2195, 2437, 2485, 2565], 'inserted': [2197], 'skin': [2200], 'dorsal': [2203], 'region': [2204], 'procedures': [2209], 'recommended': [2210], 'scientific': [2213], 'products': [2214], 'approved': [2216], 'Animal': [2219], 'Committee.': [2221], 'day': [2224, 3338], 'after': [2225, 2253, 2797, 3194], 'implantation': [2226, 3226], 'pump,': [2229], '0.5–1.0': [2230], '106': [2232], '0.1': [2236], 'ml': [2237, 2337, 2362, 2489, 2713], 'injected': [2241, 3304, 3429], 'immediately': [2242], 'front': [2244], 'pump.': [2247], 'Mice': [2248], 'euthanized': [2250], 'CO2inhalation': [2252], '7': [2254, 3360, 3437, 3474, 3483], '14': [2256, 3362, 3445, 3467, 3490], 'treatment,': [2259], 'determined': [2263, 2397], 'weighing': [2265], 'tumor.': [2267], 'A': [2268, 3564, 3946, 4040, 4255], 'published': [2272], 'techniques': [2273], '(30MacPherson': [2276], 'J.N.': [2277], 'Gillies': [2278], 'R.R.': [2279], 'Microbiol.': [2282], '1969;': [2283], '2:': [2284], '161-165Crossref': [2285], '(6)': [2288], 'done': [2294], '6-well': [2296], 'base': [2300], 'layer': [2301, 2328, 2334, 2986, 3015], '0.6%': [2303], 'agar': [2304, 2340, 3629], 'DMEM,': [2306], 'serum': [2310, 2496, 3132], '(GIBCO),': [2311], 'glutamine,': [2314, 2348], '100': [2316, 2321, 2374, 2693, 2959, 2970, 3622], 'units': [2317, 2351], 'penicillin': [2319, 2353], 'plus': [2320, 2354, 3043], 'μg': [2322, 2356, 2694, 2763, 3075], 'streptomycin': [2324], 'ml.': [2326], 'This': [2327, 3547], 'overlaid': [2330], 'second': [2333], '0.2%': [2339], '(containing': [2341], '20%': [2342], '2': [2346], '200': [2350, 2355, 2762], 'streptomycin)': [2358], 'suspension': [2365, 2466, 2509, 2706, 2720], '2500': [2367], 'addition': [2372, 2957, 4228], 'PBS.': [2379], 'incubated': [2383, 2464, 2507, 2540, 3036, 3730], '10–14': [2388], 'days,': [2389, 3438, 3475, 3491], 'diameter': [2392, 2411], 'colonies': [2395, 3616], 'microscope': [2400, 2736], 'equipped': [2401], 'ocular': [2404], 'scale': [2405], 'eyepiece.': [2408], 'Colonies': [2409], 'greater': [2412, 4030], 'than': [2413, 4031], '0.2': [2414, 2854], 'counted.': [2417], 'HCT116': [2420, 3539, 3639, 3997, 4222, 4281, 4319, 4381], 'grown': [2423, 2643], '72': [2425, 2473], 'h': [2426, 2524, 2544, 3103], '14-cm': [2428], 'dishes,': [2430], 'harvested': [2432, 2553], 'trypsinization,': [2434], 'washed': [2435, 2483, 2562, 3118], 'suspended': [2439, 2486], 'DMEM': [2441, 2491], 'serum.': [2446], 'Two': [2447], 'million': [2448], 'cultures': [2452], 'added': [2454], 'each': [2456, 2478, 2695, 2771, 3299], 'non-adherent,': [2459], 'further': [2472], 'h.': [2474], 'collected,': [2482], '2%': [2494], 'albumin': [2497, 3133], '(Cohn': [2498], 'Analog,': [2499], 'Sigma),': [2500], 're-plated': [2501], 'plates,': [2505], '96': [2514], 'h;': [2515], 'preincubations': [2521], '24–96': [2523], 'most': [2526, 4292], 'measurements.': [2527], 'added,': [2536], '24': [2543], 'suspension.': [2546], 'treated': [2549, 3313, 3441, 3481], 'above': [2551], 'centrifugation': [2555], 'room': [2557], 'temperature.': [2558], 'pellets': [2560], 'twice': [2563, 2968], 'lysed': [2567], 'buffer': [2569, 2871], '1%': [2571], 'Nonidet': [2572, 2830], 'P-40': [2573], 'protease': [2575], 'inhibitors.': [2576], 'lysis': [2578], 'achieved': [2580], 'vortexing': [2582], 'three': [2584], 'cycles': [2585], '15': [2587, 2606], 's': [2588], 'speed': [2591], 'followed': [2592, 3469, 3485], 'cooling': [2594], 'ice.': [2596], 'lysate': [2598, 2766, 2814, 3062], 'centrifuged': [2600], '12,000': [2602], 'g': [2604], 'min': [2607, 2953, 3071], '4': [2609, 3994, 4000], 'Eppendorf': [2613], '5415R': [2614], 'centrifuge.': [2615], 'After': [2616], 'measuring': [2617], 'content': [2620], 'supernatant,': [2623], 'flash-frozen': [2626], 'liquid': [2628, 3010], 'nitrogen': [2629], 'stored': [2631], '−80': [2633], 'until': [2635], 'assays': [2639], 'below.': [2640], 'section': [2648], 'above,': [2649], 'assayed': [2651, 3609], 'elsewhere': [2654], '(31McGahon': [2655], 'A.J.': [2656], 'Martin': [2657], 'Bissonnette': [2659], 'R.P.': [2660], 'Mahboubi': [2661], 'Shi': [2663], 'Mogil': [2665], 'R.J.': [2666], 'Nishioka': [2667], 'W.K.': [2668], 'Green': [2669], 'D.R.': [2670, 2883], 'Methods': [2671], '46:': [2675], '153-185Crossref': [2676], '(523)': [2679], 'Briefly,': [2682], 'μl': [2684, 2703, 2717, 2960, 2971], 'dye': [2686], 'mixture': [2687, 2827], '(acridine': [2688], 'orange': [2689], 'ethidium': [2691], 'bromide,': [2692], 'ml)': [2698], '25': [2702, 2835, 2844], '∼5': [2708], '105': [2710], 'medium.': [2715], 'placed': [2722], 'clean': [2725], 'slide': [2726], '×40': [2731], 'objective': [2732], 'fluorescent': [2735], 'blue': [2739], 'filter.': [2740], 'Viable': [2741], '(green)': [2743], 'apoptotic': [2745, 2757], 'fragmented': [2748], 'nuclei': [2749], '(red)': [2750], 'counted,': [2752], 'percentage': [2755], 'calculated.': [2761], 'assay.': [2772, 2819], 'carried': [2776, 2946], 'out': [2777, 2947, 3658], 'following': [2778], "manufacturer's": [2780], 'instructions': [2781], '(Biovision': [2782], 'Products)': [2784], 'based': [2787], 'spectrophotometric': [2789], 'detection': [2790], 'chromophorep-nitroanilide': [2793], '405': [2795], 'nm': [2796], 'cleavage': [2798], 'labeled': [2801], 'substrate,': [2802], 'DEVD-p-nitroanilide.': [2803], 'total': [2807, 4215, 4235], '3-kinase,': [2809], '250': [2810], 'ng': [2811], 'Assays': [2820], 'performed': [2822, 3087, 3277], '50-μl': [2825], 'reaction': [2826], '0.001%': [2829], 'P-40,': [2831], '150': [2832, 2841], 'μm': [2833, 2842], 'ATP,': [2834, 2843], 'MgCl2,': [2837], 'EGTA,': [2840], 'μCi': [2845], '[γ-32P]ATP,': [2847], '125': [2848], 'MOPS,': [2850, 2874], 'pH': [2851, 2875], '7.0,': [2852, 2876], 'mg/ml': [2855], 'sonicated': [2856], 'lipids': [2857], 'phosphatidylserine,': [2859], 'phosphatidylinositol,': [2860], 'phosphatidylinositol': [2862, 3004], '4,5-bisphosphate': [2863], '1:1:1': [2866], '(v/v/v)': [2867], 'ratio': [2868], 'sonication': [2870], '(25': [2872], 'EGTA)': [2879], '(32Whitman': [2880], 'Kaplan': [2882], 'Schaffhausen': [2884], 'Cantley': [2886], 'Roberts': [2888], 'T.M.': [2889], 'Nature.': [2890], '1985;': [2891], '315:': [2892], '239-242Crossref': [2893], '(557)': [2896], '33Susa': [2899], 'Keeler': [2901], 'Varticovski': [2903, 2923], '1992;': [2908], '267:': [2909], '22951-22956Abstract': [2910], '34Misra': [2917], 'Ujhazy': [2919], 'Gatmaitan': [2921], 'Arias': [2925], 'I.M.': [2926], '273:': [2931], '26638-26644Abstract': [2932], '(123)': [2940], 'reactions': [2944], '20': [2952], 'stopped': [2955], 'CH3OH/1m': [2962], 'HCl': [2963], '(1:1).': [2964], 'Lipids': [2965], 'extracted': [2967], 'chloroform.': [2973], 'organic': [2975], 'layers': [2976], 'combined,': [2978], 'dried': [2979], 'nitrogen,': [2981], 'thin': [2985, 3014], 'chromatography.': [2987], '32P-labeled': [2988], 'phosphoinositides': [2989], 'resolved': [2991], 'water/acetic': [2993], 'acid/n-propyl': [2994], 'alcohol': [2995], '(34:1:65),': [2996], 'detected': [2998, 3169], 'autoradiography.': [3000], '32P': [3001], 'incorporation': [3002], '(PIP3)': [3006], 'quantified': [3008, 3188], 'scintillation': [3011, 3023], 'counting': [3012], 'chromatography': [3016], 'spots': [3017], 'scraped': [3018], 'eluted': [3021], 'fluid.': [3024], 'specific': [3028], 'whole': [3032], 'lysates': [3034], 'isoform': [3042, 4276], 'A-Sepharose.': [3045], 'enzyme': [3051], 'immobilized': [3052], 'beads': [3054], 'measured': [3057, 3970, 4208, 4260, 4346], 'above.': [3060], 'denatured': [3065], '65': [3067], 'loaded': [3073], '(15–30': [3074], 'lane)': [3079], 'onto': [3080], 'polyacrylamide': [3083], 'gel.': [3084], 'Electrophoresis': [3085], 'minigel': [3091], 'apparatus.': [3092], 'Proteins': [3093], 'transferred': [3095], 'nitrocellulose': [3097], 'membranes': [3098], 'blocked': [3100], 'Tris-buffered': [3105, 3127], 'nonfat': [3109, 3139], 'dry': [3110, 3140], 'milk': [3111, 3141], '0.1%': [3113], 'Tween-20.': [3114], 'Membranes': [3115, 3191], 'probed': [3120], 'appropriate': [3123], 'diluted': [3125], '(for': [3134, 3142], 'polyclonal': [3135], 'antibodies)': [3136], 'monoclonal': [3143], 'antibodies).': [3144], 'secondary': [3146], 'anti-rabbit': [3150], 'IgG': [3151, 3158], '(New': [3152], 'England': [3153], 'Bio-labs)': [3154], 'goat': [3156], 'anti-mouse': [3157], '(Bio-Rad),': [3159], 'which': [3160], 'conjugated': [3162], 'horseradish': [3164], 'peroxidase.': [3165], 'Immunoreactive': [3166, 3185], 'bands': [3167, 3186], 'chemiluminescence,': [3172], 'sizes': [3175, 4394], 'estimated': [3179], 'prestained': [3181], 'standards.': [3184], 'densitometry.': [3190], 'reused': [3193], 'neutralization': [3195], '15%': [3197], 'H2O2': [3198], 'stripping': [3200], '50': [3202], '(according': [3204], "manufacturers'": [3207], 'procedures,': [3208], 'AmershamBiosciences).': [3209], 'previous': [3212], 'showed': [3215], 'site': [3223, 3334], 'subcutaneous': [3225], 'B16-F10': [3228, 3527], 'melanoma': [3230], '50–85%': [3236], 'depending': [3237], 'timing': [3239], 'exposure': [3241], 'To': [3263, 3656, 3726], 'determine': [3264], 'whether': [3265, 3715, 4200], 'applicable': [3271], 'experiments': [3279], 'syngeneic': [3296], 'mice.': [3297], 'experiment,': [3300], 'subcutaneously': [3305], 'control': [3310, 3788], 'animals.': [3314], '103,': [3323], 'administered': [3325], 'mini-osmotic': [3328], 'implanted': [3330], 'adjacent': [3331], 'injection': [3336, 3341], 'prior': [3339], 'delivered': [3348], 'rate': [3351], '∼0.5': [3353], 'μg/0.5': [3354], 'μl/h': [3355], 'over': [3356, 3390], 'course': [3358], 'days.': [3363], 'Control': [3364], 'animals': [3365, 3428], 'received': [3366], 'vehicle': [3367], '(PBS)': [3368], 'only.': [3369], 'inhibited': [3373], '∼50–80%': [3378], '(Fig.1': [3379], 'A)': [3380, 3995], '∼60–65%': [3386], '(Fig.': [3387, 3855, 3868, 3944, 3993, 3999, 4038, 4315, 4377], 'time': [3392], 'periods,i.e.': [3393], 'degree': [3397], 'found': [3400, 3668, 3846, 3927, 3980, 4226, 4272, 4444], 'B6-F10': [3402], 'additional': [3426], 'experiments,': [3427, 3450], 'left': [3434], 'untreated': [3435], 'days;': [3446], 'two': [3448], 'varied': [3454], 'between': [3455], '40': [3456], '75%.': [3458], 'When': [3459, 3480], 'opposite': [3461], 'done,': [3463], 'i.e.': [3464, 3504, 3735], '68%': [3476], 'obtained.': [3479], '52%': [3492], '(data': [3496, 3544], 'shown).': [3498, 3546, 3679, 4322, 4342, 4384], 'routine': [3500], 'monolayer': [3501], 'culture,': [3503], 'anchorage-dependent': [3506], 'conditions,': [3507, 3737, 3876], 'concentration': [3512], '100–150': [3514], 'shown': [3517], 'little': [3520], 'proliferation': [3525, 3552], 'melanoma,': [3529], 'carcinoma,': [3533, 3537, 3638, 3642], 'lack': [3548], 'standard': [3554], 'conditions': [3555, 4192], 'indicates': [3556], 'are': [3561, 3791, 3804], 'toxic.': [3563], 'hallmark': [3565], 'characteristic': [3566], 'however,': [3570], 'ability': [3573, 3612], 'grow': [3575, 3614], 'here': [3598], 'decrease': [3602], 'Inclusion': [3620], 'colony': [3632], '80,': [3650], '68,': [3651], '72%,': [3653], 'respectively': [3654], '(Fig.2).': [3655], 'rule': [3657], 'contamination': [3659], 'cytokines': [3661], 'tested': [3664, 3714, 3771, 3840, 4199, 4433], 'boiled': [3665], 'equivalent': [3672, 3938], 'unboiled': [3676], '(not': [3678, 4321, 4383], 'types,': [3690], 'including': [3691], 'glioma': [3693], '2J.': [3698], 'Ward,': [3699], 'Zoltan-Jones,': [3701], 'Ghatak,': [3703], 'Misra,': [3705], 'Toole,': [3709], 'unpublished': [3710], 'results.': [3711], 'due': [3721], 'induction': [3723], 'apoptosis.': [3725], 'do': [3727, 3849, 3863], 'suspension,': [3734], 'presence': [3740, 3763], 'absence': [3742, 3755], 'oligomers.': [3745, 3780, 4356], 'level': [3747, 3930], '∼13%': [3752], '70–75%': [3760], '(Fig.3).': [3768], 'various': [3775, 4350], 'related': [3777, 3807, 4352], 'negative': [3787], 'size': [3798], 'chemical': [3801], 'composition;': [3802], 'sufficiently': [3805], 'closely': [3806], 'synthase': [3810], 'can': [3811], 'produce': [3812], '(35Yoshida': [3815], 'Itano': [3817], '497-506Abstract': [3828], '(106)': [3836], 'influence': [3842], 'significant': [3853, 3866, 4006, 4368], '3).': [3856, 3869, 3945], 'Survival': [3870], 'opposed': [3878], 'normal': [3880], 'often': [3883], 'attributed': [3884], 'so': [3909], 'compared': [3911], 'wortmannin,': [3920], 'inhibitor': [3922], 'induced': [3933], 'caused': [3941], 'effector': [3948], '(36Kaufmann': [3953], 'S.H.': [3954], 'Earnshaw': [3955], 'W.C.': [3956], '256:': [3961], '42-49Crossref': [3962], '(1071)': [3965], 'Thus': [3968, 4197], 'stimulated': [3983], '7–10-fold': [3990], 'B).': [4001, 4257], 'Chondroitin': [4002], 'had': [4004, 4326, 4366, 4448], 'either': [4012], 'type.': [4014], 'As': [4015], 'assay,': [4019], 'equal': [4027], '4,': [4039], 'andB).': [4041], '(37Cantley': [4059], 'L.C.': [4060], 'Neel': [4061], 'B.G.': [4062], 'Proc.': [4063], 'Natl.': [4064], 'Acad.': [4065], 'Sci.': [4066], '96:': [4071], '4240-4245Crossref': [4072], '(1754)': [4075], '38Katso': [4078], 'Okkenhaug': [4080], 'Ahmadi': [4082], 'White': [4084], 'Timms': [4086], 'Waterfield': [4088], 'M.D.': [4089], 'Annu.': [4090], 'Rev.': [4091], '17:': [4096], '615-675Crossref': [4097], '(1015)': [4100], 'elevation': [4105], 'necessary': [4107], 'Scholar,39Amundadottir': [4125], 'L.T.': [4126], 'Leder': [4127], '16:': [4131], '737-746Crossref': [4132], '(129)': [4135], '40Moore': [4138], 'Rintoul': [4140], 'R.C.': [4141], 'Walker': [4142], 'T.R.': [4143], 'Chilvers': [4144], 'E.R.': [4145], 'Haslett': [4146], 'Sethi': [4148], '58:': [4153], '5239-5247PubMed': [4154], '41Sheng': [4157], 'Shao': [4159], 'DuBois': [4161], 'R.N.': [4162], '276:': [4167], '14498-14504Abstract': [4168], '(97)': [4176], 'Inhibition': [4179], 'pathway,': [4182], 'e.g.': [4183], 'induces': [4188], '(Figs.': [4193], '3': [4194], '4).': [4196], 'suppress': [4203], 'first': [4207], 'extracts.': [4224], 'extracts': [4240], '∼60%': [4245], 'gave': [4251], 'partial': [4252], '(Fig.5,': [4254], 'individual': [4267], 'isoforms.': [4270], 'predominant': [4275], 'α': [4285], 'isoform,': [4286], 'case': [4290], 'Again,': [4295], '50–75%': [4296], 'intermediate': [4306], 'both': [4312], 'C)': [4317], 'Wortmannin': [4323], 'LY294002': [4325], 'virtually': [4327], '(TA3:': [4336], 'Fig.': [4337], 'D;': [4339], 'HCT:': [4340], 'Neither': [4357], 'nor': [4360, 4363], '3-kinase-α': [4372], 'D)': [4379], 'different': [4386, 4393], 'reported': [4391], '42Noble': [4420], 'Matrix': [4422], '21:': [4425], '25-29Crossref': [4426], '(471)': [4429], 'small': [4435], '(∼80': [4436], 'kDa)': [4437, 4441], 'large': [4439], '(∼2,000': [4440], 'neither': [4446], 'preparation': [4447], 'significan': [4450]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2085665189', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 11}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T22:40:46.111264', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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