Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2048893513', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<309::aid-jbm5>3.0.co;2-l', 'title': 'Corrosion resistance for biomaterial applications of TiO2 films deposited on titanium and stainless steel by ion-beam-assisted sputtering', 'display_name': 'Corrosion resistance for biomaterial applications of TiO2 films deposited on titanium and stainless steel by ion-beam-assisted sputtering', 'publication_year': 1997, 'publication_date': '1997-06-05', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2048893513', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<309::aid-jbm5>3.0.co;2-l', 'mag': '2048893513', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9138065'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<309::aid-jbm5>3.0.co;2-l', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S34814058', 'display_name': 'Journal of Biomedical Materials Research', 'issn_l': '0021-9304', 'issn': ['0021-9304', '1097-4636'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048600941', 'display_name': 'Jinshan Pan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4431-0671'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I86987016', 'display_name': 'KTH Royal Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/026vcq606', 'country_code': 'SE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I86987016']}], 'countries': ['SE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J Pan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I86987016']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026080045', 'display_name': 'C. Leygraf', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C Leygraf', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044310168', 'display_name': 'Dominique Thierry', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5462-2700'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D Thierry', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065719866', 'display_name': 'A. M. Ektessabi', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A M Ektessabi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 5.93, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 157, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.990847, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '35', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '309', 'last_page': '318'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10377', 'display_name': 'Mechanical Properties of Thin Film Coatings', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2211', 'display_name': 'Mechanics of Materials'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10377', 'display_name': 'Mechanical Properties of Thin Film Coatings', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2211', 'display_name': 'Mechanics of Materials'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10059', 'display_name': 'Bone Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials', 'score': 0.9934, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12166', 'display_name': 'Ion Beam Surface Analysis and Nanoscale Patterning', 'score': 0.9905, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/biomaterial', 'display_name': 'Biomaterial', 'score': 0.8244506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry', 'display_name': 'Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry', 'score': 0.504941}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/titanium-alloy', 'display_name': 'Titanium alloy', 'score': 0.46496207}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8296941}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778414984', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663', 'display_name': 'Biomaterial', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8244506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C20625102', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137056', 'display_name': 'Corrosion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.81134486}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C506065880', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716', 'display_name': 'Titanium', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7392274}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22423302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898444', 'display_name': 'Sputtering', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.730414}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191897082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467', 'display_name': 'Metallurgy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5541048}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8953137', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300719', 'display_name': 'Titanium alloy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46496207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50774322', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644248', 'display_name': 'Ion beam', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4494488}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38027608}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19067145', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203', 'display_name': 'Thin film', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3369212}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168834538', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329', 'display_name': 'Beam (structure)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.30355677}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24969411}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C66938386', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538', 'display_name': 'Structural engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07281101}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.05914405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780026712', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756', 'display_name': 'Alloy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.053486735}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001672', 'descriptor_name': 'Biocompatible Materials', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013193', 'descriptor_name': 'Stainless Steel', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014025', 'descriptor_name': 'Titanium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002021', 'descriptor_name': 'Buffers', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004563', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrochemistry', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004563', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrochemistry', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004563', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrochemistry', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008422', 'descriptor_name': 'Materials Testing', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018625', 'descriptor_name': 'Microscopy, Atomic Force', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011199', 'descriptor_name': 'Potentiometry', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011199', 'descriptor_name': 'Potentiometry', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012996', 'descriptor_name': 'Solutions', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013193', 'descriptor_name': 'Stainless Steel', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014025', 'descriptor_name': 'Titanium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<309::aid-jbm5>3.0.co;2-l', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S34814058', 'display_name': 'Journal of Biomedical Materials Research', 'issn_l': '0021-9304', 'issn': ['0021-9304', '1097-4636'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9138065', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 36, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1231415395', 'https://openalex.org/W1564125504', 'https://openalex.org/W1626099979', 'https://openalex.org/W1965363604', 'https://openalex.org/W1968401987', 'https://openalex.org/W1972201712', 'https://openalex.org/W1981931147', 'https://openalex.org/W1988259388', 'https://openalex.org/W1993752999', 'https://openalex.org/W2001179223', 'https://openalex.org/W2001579750', 'https://openalex.org/W2007143630', 'https://openalex.org/W2018656172', 'https://openalex.org/W2023516883', 'https://openalex.org/W2028899655', 'https://openalex.org/W2032358882', 'https://openalex.org/W2040284649', 'https://openalex.org/W2041139548', 'https://openalex.org/W2048748747', 'https://openalex.org/W2063788365', 'https://openalex.org/W2069681235', 'https://openalex.org/W2069754545', 'https://openalex.org/W2077001525', 'https://openalex.org/W2078796379', 'https://openalex.org/W2086389459', 'https://openalex.org/W2087154385', 'https://openalex.org/W2091441664', 'https://openalex.org/W2092082420', 'https://openalex.org/W2104672007', 'https://openalex.org/W2123011070', 'https://openalex.org/W215205460', 'https://openalex.org/W2159009756', 'https://openalex.org/W2164526852', 'https://openalex.org/W2407691099', 'https://openalex.org/W2481233674', 'https://openalex.org/W4298019739'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4241597360', 'https://openalex.org/W4234922880', 'https://openalex.org/W341228048', 'https://openalex.org/W3096312914', 'https://openalex.org/W2586935247', 'https://openalex.org/W2556092005', 'https://openalex.org/W2300044447', 'https://openalex.org/W2165527971', 'https://openalex.org/W2164799781', 'https://openalex.org/W1494185026'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Journal': [0], 'of': [1, 15, 34, 41, 51, 58, 78, 85, 127, 148, 155, 165, 172, 192, 199, 241, 281, 291, 304, 315, 334, 349, 412, 441, 470, 477, 536, 570, 593, 600, 604, 608, 649, 670, 693, 728, 764, 775, 802, 850, 892, 917, 922, 926, 930, 967, 973, 1013, 1019, 1050, 1058, 1076, 1081, 1098, 1108, 1112, 1116, 1142, 1160, 1181, 1184, 1201, 1255, 1342, 1364, 1389, 1394, 1437, 1454, 1477, 1502, 1538, 1591, 1624, 1631, 1653, 1674, 1684, 1705, 1711, 1793, 1801, 1819, 1853, 1863, 1887, 1909, 1931, 1935, 1939, 1974], 'Biomedical': [2, 601, 923, 1109, 1932], 'Materials': [3, 35, 52, 79, 149, 166, 193, 1082, 1435], 'ResearchVolume': [4], '35,': [5], 'Issue': [6], '3': [7, 586], 'p.': [8], '309-318': [9, 1993], 'Corrosion': [10, 105, 219, 535, 692, 727, 762, 772, 1507, 1588], 'resistance': [11, 330, 763], 'for': [12, 68, 95, 115, 135, 182, 209, 229, 249, 447, 517, 789, 1204, 1285, 1421, 1484, 1605, 1648, 1676, 1850], 'biomaterial': [13, 1677], 'applications': [14, 1678], 'TiO2': [16, 381, 397, 504, 518, 1260, 1803, 1830], 'films': [17, 382, 398, 1397, 1456, 1714, 1741, 1911, 1976], 'deposited': [18], 'on': [19, 383, 452, 463, 505, 519, 1315, 1344, 1367, 1398, 1457, 1482, 1559, 1708, 1715, 1739, 1743, 1795, 1857, 1867, 1913, 1978], 'titanium': [20, 335, 350, 362, 384, 453, 464, 566, 673, 694, 696, 729, 765, 826, 851, 859, 974, 1014, 1059, 1317, 1345, 1483, 1539, 1560, 1675, 1766], 'and': [21, 37, 54, 81, 151, 168, 195, 279, 283, 295, 302, 321, 331, 336, 379, 385, 421, 434, 539, 565, 616, 643, 687, 695, 722, 737, 744, 773, 783, 791, 816, 843, 880, 910, 938, 963, 979, 1005, 1027, 1043, 1056, 1060, 1094, 1102, 1124, 1164, 1177, 1199, 1206, 1222, 1231, 1251, 1276, 1282, 1308, 1336, 1358, 1382, 1404, 1414, 1423, 1449, 1470, 1497, 1511, 1515, 1532, 1552, 1576, 1589, 1599, 1607, 1617, 1667, 1671, 1699, 1731, 1736, 1762, 1788, 1798, 1815, 1828, 1843, 1881, 1902, 1915, 1919, 1926, 1947, 1966], 'stainless': [22, 386, 520, 1061, 1504, 1917, 1979], 'steel': [23, 387], 'by': [24, 71, 98, 118, 138, 185, 212, 232, 252, 485, 492, 1771, 1922], 'ion-beam-assisted': [25, 369], 'sputtering': [26, 370], 'J.': [27, 31, 141, 145, 759, 828, 838, 863, 871, 874, 875, 877, 900, 983, 1022, 1063, 1089, 1246, 1263, 1273, 1278, 1290, 1376, 1408, 1466, 1516, 1528, 1571, 1634, 1663, 1687, 1697, 1774, 1790, 1805, 1832, 1870], 'Pan,': [28, 142, 1467, 1664], 'Corresponding': [29, 143], 'Author': [30, 144], 'Pan': [32, 146], 'Department': [33, 77, 147, 191], 'Science': [36, 53, 80, 150, 167, 194, 736, 1436], 'Engineering,': [38, 55, 82, 128, 152, 169, 196, 242], 'Royal': [39, 56, 83, 153, 170, 197], 'Institute': [40, 57, 84, 154, 171, 198], 'Technology,': [42, 59, 86, 156, 173, 200, 738], 'Dr.': [43, 60, 87, 157, 174, 201], 'Kristinas': [44, 61, 88, 158, 175, 202], 'väg': [45, 62, 89, 159, 176, 203], '51,': [46, 63, 90, 160, 177, 204], 'S-100': [47, 64, 91, 161, 178, 205], '44': [48, 65, 92, 162, 179, 206, 1781], 'Stockholm,': [49, 66, 93, 113, 163, 180, 207, 227], 'SwedenDepartment': [50, 164], 'SwedenSearch': [67, 94, 114, 181, 208, 228], 'more': [69, 96, 116, 136, 183, 210, 230, 250], 'papers': [70, 97, 117, 137, 184, 211, 231, 251], 'this': [72, 99, 119, 139, 186, 213, 233, 253, 316, 390], 'authorC.': [73, 187], 'Leygraf,': [74, 188, 1472, 1669], 'C.': [75, 189, 532, 717, 781, 964, 1023, 1218, 1304, 1310, 1412, 1471, 1494, 1597, 1668, 1786], 'Leygraf': [76, 190], 'authorD.': [100, 214], 'Thierry,': [101, 215, 1469, 1666], 'D.': [102, 216, 560, 574, 640, 688, 817, 990, 1072, 1328, 1411, 1468, 1665, 1696, 1840], 'Thierry': [103, 217], 'Swedish': [104, 218], 'Institute,': [106, 220], 'Roslagsvägen': [107, 221], '101,': [108, 222], 'Hus': [109, 223], '25,': [110, 224, 1749], 'S-104': [111, 225], '05': [112, 226], 'authorA.': [120, 234], 'M.': [121, 124, 235, 238, 723, 746, 882, 951, 1137, 1155, 1175, 1219, 1224, 1241, 1252, 1299, 1309, 1354, 1383, 1415, 1431, 1553, 1701, 1726, 1732, 1782, 1789, 1844, 1878, 1903, 1967], 'Ektessabi,': [122, 236, 952, 1138, 1156, 1242], 'A.': [123, 237, 531, 716, 719, 784, 912, 950, 1001, 1021, 1136, 1154, 1174, 1220, 1223, 1240, 1274, 1277, 1338, 1359, 1360, 1600, 1727], 'Ektessabi': [125, 239, 1176], 'Faculty': [126, 240], 'Kyoto': [129, 132, 243, 246], 'University,': [130, 244], 'Sakyoku,': [131, 245], '606-01,': [133, 247], 'JapanSearch': [134, 248], 'author': [140, 254], 'First': [255], 'published:': [256], '06': [257], 'December': [258], '1998': [259], 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19970605)35:3<309::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-LCitations:': [260], '124AboutPDF': [261], 'ToolsRequest': [262], 'permissionExport': [263], 'citationAdd': [264], 'to': [265, 287, 310, 341, 376, 456, 503, 672, 825, 857, 971, 1681], 'favoritesTrack': [266], 'citation': [267], 'ShareShare': [268], 'Give': [269], 'accessShare': [270, 273], 'full': [271], 'text': [272], 'full-text': [274, 289, 313], 'accessPlease': [275], 'review': [276], 'our': [277], 'Terms': [278, 301], 'Conditions': [280, 303], 'Use': [282], 'check': [284], 'box': [285], 'below': [286, 309], 'share': [288, 311], 'version': [290, 314], 'article.I': [292], 'have': [293, 399, 444], 'read': [294], 'accept': [296], 'the': [297, 307, 393, 439, 448, 457, 468, 478, 499, 605, 927, 1051, 1113, 1182, 1478, 1650, 1682, 1709, 1796, 1851, 1936], 'Wiley': [298, 525], 'Online': [299], 'Library': [300], 'UseShareable': [305], 'LinkUse': [306], 'link': [308], 'a': [312, 342, 403, 486, 493, 507], 'article': [317], 'with': [318, 1257, 1679], 'your': [319], 'friends': [320], 'colleagues.': [322], 'Learn': [323], 'more.Copy': [324], 'URL': [325], 'Abstract': [326], 'The': [327, 473, 609, 931, 1117, 1434, 1940], 'high': [328], 'corrosion': [329, 475, 848, 918, 1097, 1651], 'good': [332], 'biocompatibility': [333], 'its': [337], 'alloys': [338, 730, 1101, 1343, 1921], 'are': [339], 'due': [340], 'thin': [343, 1143, 1186], 'passive': [344, 431, 460, 1365, 1455, 1479, 1740, 1889, 1910, 1975], 'film': [345, 428, 451, 462, 481, 1481, 1768], 'that': [346, 357], 'consists': [347], 'essentially': [348], 'dioxide.': [351], 'There': [352], 'is': [353], 'increasing': [354], 'evidence,': [355], 'however,': [356], 'under': [358], 'certain': [359], 'conditions': [360], 'extensive': [361], 'release': [363, 860, 886, 976, 1581], 'may': [364], 'occur': [365], 'in': [366, 402, 454, 467, 542, 568, 598, 652, 656, 698, 731, 734, 771, 821, 895, 920, 1016, 1095, 1106, 1400, 1506, 1509, 1561, 1587, 1929], 'vivo.': [367], 'An': [368, 855], 'deposition': [371, 1141], 'technique': [372], 'has': [373], 'been': [374, 400, 445], 'used': [375], 'deposit': [377], 'thick': [378], 'dense': [380], 'surfaces.': [388], 'In': [389, 1092], 'study,': [391], 'using': [392], 'following': [394], 'measurements': [395, 1738], 'these': [396], 'investigated': [401], 'phosphate-buffered': [404], 'saline': [405], 'solution:': [406], '(1)': [407], 'open-circuit': [408], 'potential': [409], 'versus': [410], 'time': [411], 'exposure,': [413], '(2)': [414], 'electrochemical': [415, 1390, 1622], 'impedance': [416, 1391, 1474, 1859], 'spectroscopy,': [417, 1860], '(3)': [418], 'potentiodynamic': [419], 'polarization,': [420], '(4)': [422], 'Mott-Schottky': [423, 513, 1821, 1868], 'plot.': [424], 'A': [425, 769, 897, 1584], 'higher': [426], 'electrical': [427], 'resistance,': [429], 'lower': [430, 435], 'current': [432], 'density,': [433], 'donor': [436], 'density': [437, 466], '(in': [438], 'order': [440, 469], '1015': [442], 'cm−3)': [443], 'measured': [446], 'sputter-deposited': [449, 479], 'oxide': [450, 461, 480, 1144, 1318, 1480, 1713], 'contrast': [455], 'naturally': [458, 1557], 'formed': [459, 1558, 1742, 1912, 1977], '(donor': [465], '1020': [471], 'cm−3).': [472], 'improved': [474], 'protection': [476], 'can': [482], 'be': [483], 'explained': [484], 'low': [487], 'defect': [488], 'concentration': [489], 'and,': [490], 'consequently,': [491], 'slow': [494], 'mass': [495], 'transport': [496], 'process': [497], 'across': [498], 'film.': [500], 'As': [501], 'opposed': [502], 'titanium,': [506], 'deviation': [508], 'from': [509, 595, 861, 887, 977, 1582, 1824], 'normal': [510], 'n-type': [511], 'semiconducting': [512], 'behavior': [514, 1363], 'was': [515], 'observed': [516], 'steel.': [521], '©': [522], '1997': [523], 'John': [524], '&': [526], 'Sons,': [527], 'Inc.': [528], 'References': [529], '1': [530], 'Fraker,': [533, 718], '“': [534, 563, 590, 691, 726, 761, 914, 1008, 1091, 1387, 1500, 1579, 1645, 1907], 'metallic': [537, 803, 1625, 1654, 1744], 'implants': [538, 651, 655, 1057], 'prosthetic': [540, 889], 'devices,”': [541], 'Metals': [543, 552, 699, 708, 1205], 'Handbook,': [544, 700], '9th': [545, 701], 'ed.,': [546, 1433], 'Vol.': [547, 612, 703, 739, 934, 1120, 1943], '13,': [548, 704, 867], 'Corrosion,': [549, 705], 'ASM': [550, 706], 'International,': [551, 707], 'Park,': [553, 709, 1764], 'Ohio,': [554, 710], '1987,': [555, 711], 'pp.': [556, 624, 712, 754, 795, 946, 1035, 1132, 1427, 1524, 1611, 1955], '1324–': [557], '1335.': [558], '2': [559], 'F.': [561, 575, 818, 1073, 1196, 1247, 1249, 1783], 'Williams,': [562, 819, 1074], 'Titanium': [564, 654, 735, 1580], 'alloys,”': [567, 697], 'Biocompatibility': [569], 'Clinic': [571], 'Implant': [572, 776, 1592], 'Materials,': [573, 777, 792, 1424, 1593, 1608], 'Williams': [576], '(ed.),': [577], 'CRC': [578, 675], 'Press,': [579, 750, 1235, 1441], 'Boca': [580], 'Raton,': [581], 'Florida,': [582], '1981,': [583], 'Chapter': [584, 1215, 1237, 1444], '2.': [585], 'S.': [587, 618, 840, 911, 940, 1126, 1334, 1355, 1450, 1573, 1756, 1763, 1816, 1949, 1962], 'G.': [588, 814, 1271, 1330, 1337, 1379], 'Steinemann,': [589], 'Tissue': [591], 'compatibility': [592], 'metals': [594], 'physico-chemical': [596], 'principles,”': [597], 'Compatibility': [599, 921, 1107, 1930], 'Implants,': [602, 924, 1110, 1933], 'Proceedings': [603, 925, 1111, 1934], '185th': [606, 928, 1114, 1937], 'Meeting': [607, 929, 1115, 1938], 'Electrochemical': [610, 932, 1118, 1401, 1646, 1941], 'Society,': [611, 933, 1119, 1942], '94-15': [613], 'P.': [614, 724, 936, 1041, 1122, 1305, 1331, 1513, 1643, 1945], 'Kovacs': [615, 937, 1123, 1946], 'N.': [617, 939, 1125, 1327, 1898, 1948, 1959], 'Istephanous': [619, 941, 1127, 1950], '(eds.),': [620, 748, 786, 942, 1030, 1128, 1418, 1518, 1602, 1951], 'San': [621, 943, 1129, 1952], 'Francisco,': [622, 944, 1130, 1953], '1994,': [623, 945, 1131, 1954], '1–': [625, 662], '13.': [626], '4': [627], 'T.': [628, 666, 953, 959, 1006, 1025, 1447, 1550], 'Albrektsson,': [629, 667, 960, 1007, 1026], 'P.-I.': [630, 1003, 1028], 'Brånemark,': [631, 1004], 'H.-A.': [632], 'Hansson,': [633], 'B.': [634, 780, 994, 998, 1384, 1530, 1596, 1729, 1841, 1900, 1964], 'Kasemo,': [635, 1531], 'K.': [636, 799, 908, 957, 1758], 'Larsson,': [637], 'I.': [638, 742, 996, 1044, 1498], 'Lundström,': [639, 997, 1045], 'H.': [641, 745, 1178, 1385, 1533, 1615, 1618, 1879], 'McQueen,': [642, 991], 'R.': [644, 684, 741, 758, 837, 841, 881, 1298, 1302, 1409, 1495, 1570, 1574, 1724], 'Skalak,': [645], '“The': [646, 668, 1340, 1621, 1703, 1884, 1971], 'interface': [647, 1052], 'zone': [648], 'inorganic': [650], 'vivo': [653, 1096], 'bone,”': [657], 'Ann.': [658], 'Biomed.': [659, 829, 864, 1635, 1688], 'Eng.:': [660], '11,': [661], '1-27': [663], '(1983).': [664], '5': [665], 'response': [669], 'bone': [671], 'implants,”': [674, 804, 827, 862, 981, 1015], 'Crit.': [676], 'Rev.': [677], 'Biocompat.': [678], '1,': [679, 903], '53–': [680], '84': [681], '(1984).': [682, 906], '6': [683], 'W.': [685, 720, 1416], 'Schutz': [686], 'E.': [689, 844, 1380, 1577, 1813, 1845, 1960], 'Thomas,': [690], 'ed.': [702], '669–': [713], '706.': [714], '7': [715], 'Ruff,': [721], 'Yeager,': [725], 'physiological': [732], 'solutions,”': [733], '4,': [740, 809, 985], 'Jaffee': [743], 'Burte': [747], 'Plenum': [749], 'New': [751, 1032, 1521], 'York,': [752, 1033, 1522], '1973,': [753], '2447–': [755], '2457.': [756], '8': [757], 'Solar,': [760, 839, 1572], 'surgical': [766, 852], 'implant': [767, 853, 1077, 1485, 1540, 1626, 1655], 'alloys:': [768, 854], 'review,”': [770], 'Degradation': [774, 1590], 'STP': [778, 1406, 1594], '684': [779, 1595], 'Syrett': [782, 1598], 'Acharya': [785, 1601], 'American': [787, 1419, 1603], 'Society': [788, 1420, 1604], 'Testing': [790, 1422, 1606], 'Philadelphia,': [793, 1425, 1609], '1979,': [794, 1610], '259–': [796], '273.': [797], '9': [798], 'Nielsen,': [800], '“Corrosion': [801, 1075], 'Br.': [805, 1746], 'Corros.': [806, 1747, 1891, 1981], 'J.,': [807, 1748], '22,': [808, 1835], '272–': [810], '278': [811], '(1987).': [812, 1325, 1641], '10': [813], 'Meachim': [815], '“Change': [820], 'nonosseous': [822], 'tissue': [823, 1055], 'adjacent': [824], 'Mater.': [830, 865, 1636, 1689], 'Res.,': [831, 902, 1167, 1637, 1690], '7,': [832], '555–': [833], '572': [834], '(1973).': [835], '11': [836], 'Pollack,': [842], 'Korostoff,': [845, 1578], '“In': [846], 'vitro': [847, 1093], 'testing': [849], 'approach': [856], 'understanding': [858], 'Res.': [866], '217': [868], '(1979).': [869], '12': [870], 'L.': [872, 961, 1377, 1700, 1785], 'Woodman,': [873], 'Jacobs,': [876], 'O.': [878, 1225, 1301], 'Galante,': [879], 'Urban,': [883], '“Metal': [884], 'ion': [885, 975], 'titanium-based': [888], 'segmental': [890], 'replacements': [891], 'long': [893], 'bones': [894], 'baboons:': [896], 'long-term': [898], 'study,”': [899], 'Orthop.': [901], '421–': [904], '430': [905], '13': [907], 'Merritt': [909], 'Brown,': [913], 'Systemic': [915], 'effects': [916], 'products,”': [919], '94-15,': [935, 1121, 1944], '14–': [947], '20.': [948], '14': [949], 'Otsuka,': [954], 'Y.': [955, 1754], 'Tsuboi,': [956], 'Yokoyama,': [958], 'Sennerby,': [962], 'Johansson,': [965], '“Application': [966], 'micro': [968], 'beam': [969, 1158], 'PIXE': [970], 'detection': [972], 'dental': [978], 'orthopaedic': [980], 'Int.': [982], 'PIXE,': [984], '81–': [986], '91': [987], '(1994).': [988, 1152, 1694], '15': [989], 'J.-E.': [992, 1039], 'Sundgren,': [993, 1040], 'Ivarsson,': [995], 'af': [999], 'Ekenstam,': [1000], 'Svensson,': [1002], 'Auger': [1009, 1927], 'electron': [1010, 1047], 'spectroscopic': [1011, 1048, 1536], 'studies': [1012, 1049, 1673], 'Clinical': [1017], 'Applications': [1018], 'Biomaterials,': [1020, 1564], 'Lee,': [1024], 'Brånemark': [1029], 'Wiley,': [1031], '1982,': [1034], '179–': [1036], '185.': [1037], '16': [1038], 'Bodö,': [1042], '“Auger': [1046], 'between': [1053], 'human': [1054], 'steel,”': [1062], 'Colloid.': [1064], 'Interface': [1065], 'Sci.,': [1066, 1544, 1892, 1982], '110,': [1067], '9–': [1068], '20': [1069, 1153], '(1986).': [1070], '17': [1071], 'materials,”': [1078, 1541, 1656], 'Annual': [1079], 'Review': [1080], 'Science,': [1083], '6,': [1084], '237–': [1085, 1372], '266': [1086], '(1976).': [1087], '18': [1088], 'Black,': [1090], 'chromium': [1099], 'passivated': [1100], 'some': [1103], 'biological': [1104], 'consequences,”': [1105], '35–': [1133], '41.': [1134], '19': [1135], '“Ion-beam-assisted': [1139], 'sputter': [1140], 'films,”': [1145, 1187, 1319, 1804, 1831, 1890], 'Surf.': [1146, 1543], 'Coat.': [1147], 'Tech.,': [1148], '68/69,': [1149], '208–': [1150], '216': [1151], '“Ion': [1157], 'processing': [1159], 'bio-ceramics,”': [1161], 'Nucl.': [1162], 'Instr.': [1163], 'Meth.': [1165], 'Phys.': [1166], 'B': [1168], '99,': [1169], '610–': [1170], '613': [1171], '(1995).': [1172, 1194, 1986], '21': [1173], 'Kimura,': [1179], '“Characterization': [1180], 'surface': [1183], 'bioceramic': [1185], 'Thin': [1188, 1438], 'Solid': [1189], 'Films,': [1190, 1439], '270,': [1191], '335–': [1192], '340': [1193], '22': [1195], 'Mansfeld,': [1197], 'Analysis': [1198, 1403], 'Interpretation': [1200], 'EIS': [1202], 'Data': [1203], 'Alloys,': [1207], 'Technical': [1208], 'Report': [1209], '26,': [1210], 'Solartron-Schlumberger,': [1211], 'Hampshire,': [1212], 'England,': [1213], '1993,': [1214, 1236, 1426], '4.': [1216], '23': [1217], 'Brett': [1221], 'Brett,': [1226], 'eds.,': [1227], 'Electrochemistry,': [1228], 'Principles,': [1229], 'Methods,': [1230], 'Applications,': [1232], 'Oxford': [1233], 'University': [1234], '11.': [1238], '24': [1239], 'unpublished': [1243], 'data.': [1244], '25': [1245], 'Juliao,': [1248], 'Decker,': [1250], 'Abramovich,': [1253], '“Photoelectrolysis': [1254], 'water': [1256], 'natural': [1258], 'mineral': [1259], 'rutile': [1261, 1288], 'electrodes,”': [1262, 1289], 'Electrochem.': [1264, 1291, 1775, 1806, 1871], 'Soc.,': [1265, 1292, 1776, 1807, 1872], '127,': [1266], '2246–': [1267], '2268': [1268], '(1980).': [1269], '26': [1270], 'Cooper,': [1272], 'Turner,': [1275], 'Nozik,': [1279], '“Mott-Schottky': [1280], 'plots': [1281, 1822], 'flatband': [1283], 'potentials': [1284], 'single': [1286], 'crystal': [1287], '129,': [1293, 1808], '1973–': [1294], '1977': [1295], '(1982).': [1296, 1374, 1811], '27': [1297], 'Torresi,': [1300], 'Camara,': [1303], 'De': [1306], 'Pauli,': [1307], 'Giordano,': [1311], '“Hydrogen': [1312], 'evolution': [1313], 'reaction': [1314], 'anodic': [1316, 1396, 1712], 'Electrochim.': [1320, 1347, 1459, 1487, 1717], 'Acta,': [1321, 1348, 1460, 1488, 1718], '32,': [1322], '1291–': [1323], '1301': [1324], '28': [1326], 'Tomashov,': [1329], 'Chernova,': [1332], 'Yu.': [1333], 'Ruscol,': [1335], 'Ayuyan,': [1339], 'passivation': [1341], 'bases,”': [1346], '19,': [1349], '159–': [1350], '172': [1351], '(1974).': [1352], '29': [1353], 'El': [1356], 'Basiouny': [1357], 'Mazhar,': [1361], '“Electrochemical': [1362, 1473, 1670], 'layers': [1366], 'titanium,”': [1368, 1458, 1716], 'Corrosion-NACE,': [1369], '38,': [1370], '5,': [1371], '240': [1373], '30': [1375], 'Dawson,': [1378], 'Thompson,': [1381], 'Ahmadun,': [1386], 'Evolution': [1388], 'during': [1392], 'sealing': [1393], 'porous': [1395], 'aluminum,”': [1399], 'Impedance:': [1402], 'Interpretation,': [1405], '1188': [1407], 'Scully,': [1410], 'Silverman,': [1413], 'Kendig': [1417], '255–': [1428], '275.': [1429], '31': [1430], 'Ohring,': [1432], 'Academic': [1440], 'Boston,': [1442], '1992,': [1443], '5.': [1445], '32': [1446], 'Hurlen': [1448], 'Hornkjol,': [1451], '“Anodic': [1452], 'growth': [1453, 1706], '36,': [1461], '189–': [1462], '195': [1463], '(1991).': [1464, 1568], '33': [1465], 'spectroscopy': [1475], 'study': [1476], 'application,”': [1486], '41,': [1489], '1143–': [1490], '1153': [1491], '(1996).': [1492], '34': [1493], 'Clayton': [1496], 'Olefjord,': [1499], 'Passivity': [1501], 'austenitic': [1503], 'steels,”': [1505, 1980], 'Mechanisms': [1508], 'Theory': [1510], 'Practice,': [1512], 'Marcus': [1514], 'Oudar': [1517], 'Marcel': [1519], 'Dekker,': [1520], '1995,': [1523], '175–': [1525], '199.': [1526], '35': [1527], 'Lausmaa,': [1529], 'Mattsson,': [1534], '“Surface': [1535], 'characterization': [1537, 1864], 'Appl.': [1542, 1833], '44,': [1545], '133–': [1546], '146': [1547], '(1990).': [1548, 1752], '36': [1549], 'Hanawa': [1551], 'Ota,': [1554], '“Calcium': [1555], 'phosphate': [1556], 'electrolyte': [1562], 'solution,”': [1563], '12,': [1565], '767–': [1566], '774': [1567], '37': [1569], 'Pollark,': [1575], 'implants:': [1583], 'proposed': [1585], 'mechanism,”': [1586], '161–': [1612], '172.': [1613], '38': [1614], 'Zitter': [1616], 'Plenk,': [1619], 'Jr.,': [1620], 'behaviour': [1623, 1652], 'materials': [1627], 'as': [1628], 'an': [1629], 'indicator': [1630], 'their': [1632], 'biocompatibility,”': [1633], '21,': [1638], '881–': [1639], '896': [1640], '39': [1642], 'Kovacs,': [1644], 'techniques': [1647], 'studying': [1649], 'Paper': [1657], '214,': [1658], 'Corrosion/92,': [1659], 'NACE': [1660], '(1992).': [1661, 1780, 1838, 1876], '40': [1662], 'XPS': [1672], 'respect': [1680], 'effect': [1683], 'hydrogen': [1685, 1794], 'peroxide,”': [1686], '28,': [1691], '113–': [1692], '122': [1693], '41': [1695], 'Blackwood': [1698], 'Peter,': [1702], 'influence': [1704, 1852], 'rate': [1707], 'properties': [1710, 1800, 1886], '34,': [1719], '1505–': [1720], '1511': [1721], '(1989).': [1722, 1896], '42': [1723], 'Silva,': [1725], 'Barbosa,': [1728], 'Rondot,': [1730, 1901, 1965], 'Cunha': [1733, 1905, 1969], 'Belo,': [1734, 1906, 1970], '“Impedance': [1735], 'photo-electrochemical': [1737], 'biomaterials,”': [1745], '136–': [1750], '140': [1751], '43': [1753], 'Choi,': [1755, 1761], 'Seo,': [1757], 'Chjo,': [1759], 'Q.': [1760], '“Thin': [1765], 'dioxide': [1767], 'electrodes': [1769], 'prepared': [1770], 'thermal': [1772], 'oxidation,”': [1773], '139,': [1777, 1873], '1803–': [1778], '1807': [1779], 'Weber,': [1784], 'Schumacher,': [1787], 'Dignam,': [1791], '“Effect': [1792], 'dielectric': [1797], 'photoelectrochemical': [1799, 1858], 'sputtered': [1802], '2022–': [1809], '2028': [1810], '45': [1812], 'Lee': [1814], 'Pyun,': [1817], '“Analysis': [1818], 'nonlinear': [1820], 'obtained': [1823], 'anodically': [1825], 'passivating': [1826], 'amorphous': [1827], 'polycrystalline': [1829], 'Electrochem.,': [1834], '156–': [1836], '160': [1837], '46': [1839], 'Bonham': [1842], 'Orazem,': [1846], '“A': [1847], 'mathematical': [1848], 'model': [1849], 'deep-level': [1854], 'electronic': [1855, 1885, 1972], 'states': [1856], 'II.': [1861], 'Assessment': [1862], 'methods': [1865], 'based': [1866], 'theory,”': [1869], '127–': [1874], '131': [1875], '47': [1877], 'Dean': [1880], 'U.': [1882], 'Stimming,': [1883], 'disordered': [1888], '29,': [1893], '199–': [1894], '211': [1895], '48': [1897], 'Hakiki,': [1899, 1961], 'Da': [1904, 1968], 'Investigation': [1908], '304': [1914], '316': [1916], 'steels': [1918], 'Fe-Cr': [1920], 'AC': [1923], 'impedance,': [1924], 'photoelectrochemistry': [1925], 'analysis,”': [1928], '217–': [1956], '228.': [1957], '49': [1958], 'Boudin,': [1963], 'structure': [1973], '37,': [1983], '1809–': [1984], '1822': [1985], 'Citing': [1987], 'Literature': [1988], 'Volume35,': [1989], 'Issue35': [1990], 'June': [1991], '1997Pages': [1992], 'ReferencesRelatedInformation': [1994]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2048893513', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-09T12:53:31.487662', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}