Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2038716950', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1519947', 'title': 'The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Jazz', 'display_name': 'The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Jazz', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2038716950', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1519947', 'mag': '2038716950'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1519947', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168826504', 'display_name': 'Black Music Research Journal', 'issn_l': '0276-3605', 'issn': ['0276-3605', '1946-1615'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315680', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315680'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5089297026', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Gushee', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Lawrence Gushee', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5089297026'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 18, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.934192, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '22', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '151', 'last_page': '151'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11113', 'display_name': 'Music History and Culture', 'score': 0.9957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1210', 'display_name': 'Music'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11113', 'display_name': 'Music History and Culture', 'score': 0.9957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1210', 'display_name': 'Music'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10941', 'display_name': 'Musicology and Musical Analysis', 'score': 0.9878, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1210', 'display_name': 'Music'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13330', 'display_name': 'Theater, Performance, and Music History', 'score': 0.9843, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1210', 'display_name': 'Music'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/jazz', 'display_name': 'Jazz', 'score': 0.8539693}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2980749', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8341', 'display_name': 'Jazz', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8539693}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6097137}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153349607', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649', 'display_name': 'Visual arts', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.51156455}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52119013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637', 'display_name': 'Art history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5088744}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1519947', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168826504', 'display_name': 'Black Music Research Journal', 'issn_l': '0276-3605', 'issn': ['0276-3605', '1946-1615'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315680', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315680'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 16, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1497552053', 'https://openalex.org/W1500510389', 'https://openalex.org/W1502748894', 'https://openalex.org/W1572348566', 'https://openalex.org/W1605090586', 'https://openalex.org/W1975344573', 'https://openalex.org/W1977676624', 'https://openalex.org/W1998413792', 'https://openalex.org/W2007582646', 'https://openalex.org/W2055543503', 'https://openalex.org/W2156258589', 'https://openalex.org/W2316488420', 'https://openalex.org/W2328006181', 'https://openalex.org/W2798148807', 'https://openalex.org/W2802918887', 'https://openalex.org/W3216722442'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3193615524', 'https://openalex.org/W3183948672', 'https://openalex.org/W3173606202', 'https://openalex.org/W3110381201', 'https://openalex.org/W2948807893', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2778153218', 'https://openalex.org/W2758277628', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W1531601525'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 31, 538, 612], 'question': [1, 163], 'of': [2, 5, 41, 45, 57, 85, 113, 125, 169, 173, 186, 196, 200, 247, 300, 303, 316, 330, 344, 352, 365, 418, 470, 473, 502, 526, 533, 536, 549, 572, 578, 601, 614, 625, 635], 'the': [3, 16, 20, 27, 42, 46, 82, 88, 104, 165, 174, 182, 187, 248, 273, 292, 301, 317, 327, 331, 336, 345, 349, 363, 392, 397, 419, 424, 438, 463, 471, 482, 486, 493, 499, 503, 518, 531, 534, 542, 550, 556, 575, 596, 602, 623, 633, 636, 651], 'origins': [4], 'jazz': [6, 94, 280, 587], 'has,': [7], 'one': [8, 65, 314, 458, 461, 600, 606], 'might': [9], 'well': [10], 'imagine,': [11], 'received': [12, 121], 'many': [13, 199], 'answers': [14], 'in': [15, 103, 140, 235, 589, 595], 'seventy-five': [17], 'years': [18, 251, 564, 585], 'since': [19, 107], 'music': [21, 579], 'burst': [22], 'like': [23], 'a': [24, 79, 122, 228, 245, 263, 269, 416, 478, 629], 'rocket': [25], 'over': [26, 619], 'American': [28], 'musical': [29, 43, 117], 'landscape.': [30], 'least': [32, 68], 'palatable': [33], 'perhaps': [34], 'is': [35, 60, 491, 507], 'that': [36, 164, 236, 466], 'offered': [37, 449], 'by': [38, 145, 181, 194, 286, 307, 321, 323, 400, 408, 522, 608], 'reactionary': [39], 'champions': [40], 'originality': [44], 'Original': [47, 175], 'Dixieland': [48, 176, 375], 'Jazz': [49, 177], 'Band': [50, 373], '(ODJB),': [51], 'for': [52, 81, 427], 'example,': [53, 359], 'Horst': [54], 'Lange.': [55], 'Much': [56], 'his': [58, 255], 'evidence': [59], 'easy': [61], 'to': [62, 215, 220, 243, 257, 325, 355, 377, 452, 509, 512, 515, 529], 'dismiss,': [63], 'but': [64, 119, 283, 313, 456, 480], 'point': [66], 'at': [67, 335], 'makes': [69], 'us': [70], 'pause': [71], 'and': [72, 90, 116, 127, 171, 205, 230, 240, 266, 297, 342, 383, 423, 442, 622, 641, 644], 'think.': [73], 'He': [74, 553], 'writes:': [75], 'It': [76, 506], 'was': [77, 110, 143, 150, 223, 241, 262, 281, 305, 435, 540, 605], 'always': [78], 'riddle': [80], 'serious': [83], 'friend': [84], 'jazz,': [86], 'why': [87], 'fabulous': [89], 'legendary': [91], 'New': [487], 'Orleans': [93, 222, 340, 406, 440, 488, 528], "hadn't": [95], 'already': [96], 'been': [97, 132, 517, 568], 'discovered': [98], 'around': [99, 238, 650], '1900': [100], 'or': [101, 485], '1910': [102, 239], 'city': [105, 237, 652], 'itself,': [106], 'not': [108, 450, 481], 'only': [109, 451], 'it': [111, 261, 385], 'full': [112], 'home-grown': [114], 'talent': [115], 'professionals,': [118], 'also': [120], 'constant': [123], 'stream': [124], 'visitors': [126], 'tourists.': [128], "Shouldn't": [129], 'there': [130, 566], 'have': [131, 516], 'someone,': [133], 'among': [134], 'all': [135, 351, 391], 'these': [136, 258], 'people': [137], 'surely': [138, 298], 'interested': [139], 'music,': [141, 148], 'who': [142, 212, 232], 'struck': [144], 'this': [146, 615], 'novel': [147, 296], 'which': [149, 428], 'later': [151, 252], 'designated': [152], 'jazz?': [153], '(Lange': [154], '1991,': [155], '28;': [156], 'my': [157], 'translation).': [158], 'In': [159, 370], 'fact,': [160], "there's": [161], 'no': [162], 'particular': [166], 'instrumentation,': [167], 'manner': [168], 'playing,': [170], 'repertory': [172], 'Band,': [178], 'decisively': [179], 'assisted': [180], 'superb': [183], 'recording': [184], 'technique': [185], 'Victor': [188], 'Talking': [189], 'Machine': [190], 'Company,': [191], 'were': [192, 275, 593], 'copied': [193], 'hundreds': [195], 'young': [197], 'musicians,': [198], 'whom': [201], 'never': [202, 206], 'had': [203, 233], 'visited': [204], 'would': [207], 'visit': [208], 'Orleans.': [210], 'Someone': [211], 'came': [213, 376, 386], 'close': [214], 'fitting': [216], "Lange's": [217, 454], 'music-loving': [218], 'visitor': [219], 'J.': [224], 'Russell': [225], 'Robinson': [226], '(1892-1963),': [227], 'pianist': [229], 'songwriter': [231], 'worked': [234], 'eventually': [242], 'become': [244], 'member': [246], 'ODJB.': [249], 'Many': [250, 584], 'he': [253], 'recalled': [254], 'reaction': [256], 'recordings:': [259], 'first,': [260], 'new,': [264], 'interesting,': [265], 'exciting': [267], 'sound,': [268, 293], 'bit': [270], 'blood-curdling;': [271], 'second,': [272], 'musicians': [274], 'recognizable': [276], 'as': [277, 311, 457], 'nonreaders;': [278], 'third,': [279], 'nothing': [282], 'ragtime,': [284], 'played': [285, 320, 407, 607], 'ear': [287, 322, 409], '(Robinson': [288], '1955,': [289], '13).': [290], 'Thus': [291], 'while': [294], 'strikingly': [295], 'deserving': [299], 'acclaim': [302], 'Lange,': [304], 'recognized': [306], 'an': [308, 523, 569, 618], 'experienced': [309], 'professional': [310], 'being': [312], 'species': [315], 'genus,': [318], 'ragtime': [319], 'fakers,': [324], 'use': [326], 'usual': [328], 'term': [329], 'day.': [332], '(1)': [333], 'Even': [334], 'time,': [337], 'however,': [338, 434], 'colleagues': [341], 'competitors': [343], 'ODJB': [346], 'fully': [347], 'acknowledged': [348], 'debt': [350], 'them': [353], 'owed': [354], 'African': [356, 474], 'Americans.': [357, 475], 'For': [358, 561], 'Walter': [360], 'Kingsley': [361], 'reported': [362], 'views': [364], 'clarinetist': [366], 'Alcide': [367], 'Yellow': [368], 'Nunez:': [369], '1916': [371], "Brown's": [372], 'from': [374, 380, 404, 437, 498], 'Chicago': [378], 'direct': [379], 'Orleans,': [382], 'with': [384, 396, 632], 'Tutor': [387], 'Spriccio.': [388], 'They': [389], 'knew': [390], 'old': [483], 'negro': [394], 'melodies': [395], 'variations': [398], 'taught': [399], 'Spriccio....': [401], 'This': [402], 'bunch': [403], 'entirely': [410], '(Kingsley': [411], '1918,': [412], '867).': [413], 'Then': [414], 'after': [415], 'discussion': [417, 573], 'Livery': [420], 'Stable': [421], 'Blues': [422], 'break': [425], 'routines': [426], 'Nunez': [429], 'claimed': [430], 'credit:': [431], 'All': [432], 'this,': [433], 'derived': [436], 'blacks': [441], 'John': [443], 'Spriccio': [476], '(867).': [445], 'These': [446], 'statements': [447], 'are': [448], 'refute': [453], 'revisionism,': [455], 'more': [459], 'illustration--Is': [460], 'needed?--of': [462], 'pervasive': [464], 'bias': [465], 'constantly': [467], 'obscures': [468], 'investigation': [469], 'contributions': [472], 'has': [477, 567], 'name,': [479], 'negroes': [484], 'blacks.': [489], 'As': [490], 'often': [492], 'case,': [494], 'things': [495], 'look': [496], 'different': [497], 'other': [500, 646], 'side': [501], 'color': [504], 'line.': [505], 'interesting': [508], 'go': [510], 'back': [511], 'what': [513], 'seems': [514], 'first': [519], 'published': [520], 'attempt': [521], 'African-American': [524], 'native': [525], 'plumb': [530], 'mystery': [532], 'origin': [535], 'jazz.': [582], 'year': [539], '1933,': [541, 654], 'author': [543], 'E.': [544], 'Belfield': [545], 'Spriggins,': [546], 'social': [547], 'editor': [548], 'Lousiana': [551], 'Weekly.': [552], 'wrote,': [554], 'under': [555], 'title': [557], 'Excavating': [558], 'Local': [559], 'Jazz:': [560], 'quite': [562], 'some': [563], 'now': [565], 'unusual': [570], 'amount': [571], 'concerning': [574], 'popular': [576, 647], 'form': [577], 'commonly': [580], 'called': [581], '...': [583], 'ago': [586], 'tunes': [588], 'their': [590], 'original': [591], 'forms': [592], 'heard': [594, 604], 'Crescent': [597], 'City.': [598], 'Probably': [599], 'earliest': [603], 'King': [609], "Bolden's": [610, 626], 'Band....': [611], 'rendition': [613], 'number': [616], 'became': [617, 628], 'night': [620], 'sensation': [621], 'reputation': [624], 'band': [627], 'household': [630], 'word': [631], 'patrons': [634], 'Odd': [637], 'Fellows': [638], 'Hall,': [639], 'Lincoln': [640], 'Johnson': [642], 'Parks,': [643], 'several': [645], 'dance': [648], 'halls': [649], '(Spriggins': [653], '6).': [655], '…': [656]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2038716950', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T15:10:07.904881', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}