Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2025130292', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0', 'title': 'Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?', 'display_name': 'Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?', 'publication_year': 2013, 'publication_date': '2013-07-08', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2025130292', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0', 'mag': '2025130292', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23835523', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3737434'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00125-013-2991-0.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S104375418', 'display_name': 'Diabetologia', 'issn_l': '0012-186X', 'issn': ['0012-186X', '1432-0428'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00125-013-2991-0.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058269381', 'display_name': 'Graham Rena', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-1350'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802526638', 'display_name': 'Ninewells Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/039c6rk82', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2800860831', 'https://openalex.org/I2802526638']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I177639307', 'display_name': 'University of Dundee', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03h2bxq36', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I177639307']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Graham Rena', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802526638', 'https://openalex.org/I177639307']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5087774397', 'display_name': 'Ewan R. Pearson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-8585'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802526638', 'display_name': 'Ninewells Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/039c6rk82', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2800860831', 'https://openalex.org/I2802526638']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I177639307', 'display_name': 'University of Dundee', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03h2bxq36', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I177639307']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ewan R. Pearson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802526638', 'https://openalex.org/I177639307']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012147587', 'display_name': 'Kei Sakamoto', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-5980'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210112383', 'display_name': 'Nestlé (Switzerland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01v5xwf23', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210112383']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kei Sakamoto', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210112383']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3890, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 4990, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 3890, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 4990, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 5.476, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 431, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999731, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '56', 'issue': '9', 'first_page': '1898', 'last_page': '1906'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11339', 'display_name': 'Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11339', 'display_name': 'Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10839', 'display_name': 'Pancreatic function and diabetes', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10401', 'display_name': 'Diabetes Treatment and Management', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2712', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism-of-action', 'display_name': 'Mechanism of Action', 'score': 0.64364016}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-action', 'display_name': 'Drug action', 'score': 0.43577117}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780323712', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484', 'display_name': 'Metformin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9568043}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780124434', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12357464', 'display_name': 'AMPK', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.88059866}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776120743', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271540', 'display_name': 'Mechanism of action', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.64364016}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780035454', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386', 'display_name': 'Drug', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6358206}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.58209205}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74187038', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791', 'display_name': 'Drug discovery', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50346655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89611455', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646', 'display_name': 'Mechanism (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48512444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47953796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777180221', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883', 'display_name': 'Type 2 diabetes', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4474393}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C555293320', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206', 'display_name': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44736624}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86380466', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308872', 'display_name': 'Drug action', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43577117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97029542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281417', 'display_name': 'Protein kinase A', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.3752096}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60644358', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570', 'display_name': 'Bioinformatics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3711618}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.28502473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.25900796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184235292', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421851', 'display_name': 'Kinase', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20160899}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12503955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202751555', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681', 'display_name': 'In vitro', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D008687', 'descriptor_name': 'Metformin', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055372', 'descriptor_name': 'AMP-Activated Protein Kinases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003924', 'descriptor_name': 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004734', 'descriptor_name': 'Energy Metabolism', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005943', 'descriptor_name': 'Gluconeogenesis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008954', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Biological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00125-013-2991-0.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S104375418', 'display_name': 'Diabetologia', 'issn_l': '0012-186X', 'issn': ['0012-186X', '1432-0428'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3737434', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3737434?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737434', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://doc.rero.ch/record/316062/files/125_2013_Article_2991.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://doc.rero.ch/record/316062/files/125_2013_Article_2991.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400148', 'display_name': 'reroDoc Digital Library', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I67311998', 'host_organization_name': 'European Organization for Nuclear Research', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I67311998'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Organization for Nuclear Research'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23835523', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00125-013-2991-0.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S104375418', 'display_name': 'Diabetologia', 'issn_l': '0012-186X', 'issn': ['0012-186X', '1432-0428'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.83}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 101, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W10006180', 'https://openalex.org/W1494737805', 'https://openalex.org/W1504336672', 'https://openalex.org/W1562941446', 'https://openalex.org/W1571686660', 'https://openalex.org/W1572696163', 'https://openalex.org/W1585556013', 'https://openalex.org/W16265962', 'https://openalex.org/W162787695', 'https://openalex.org/W1893959718', 'https://openalex.org/W1965873026', 'https://openalex.org/W1966224374', 'https://openalex.org/W1966706887', 'https://openalex.org/W1970205234', 'https://openalex.org/W1972816816', 'https://openalex.org/W1972938596', 'https://openalex.org/W1973316343', 'https://openalex.org/W1973409646', 'https://openalex.org/W1976658164', 'https://openalex.org/W1981959163', 'https://openalex.org/W1987119507', 'https://openalex.org/W1988760657', 'https://openalex.org/W1995069275', 'https://openalex.org/W1996510156', 'https://openalex.org/W1997003352', 'https://openalex.org/W2001692000', 'https://openalex.org/W2006261451', 'https://openalex.org/W2010238890', 'https://openalex.org/W2015389298', 'https://openalex.org/W2016752484', 'https://openalex.org/W2019010829', 'https://openalex.org/W2019107681', 'https://openalex.org/W2024826770', 'https://openalex.org/W2025894603', 'https://openalex.org/W2026413615', 'https://openalex.org/W2026967508', 'https://openalex.org/W2031446629', 'https://openalex.org/W2039212784', 'https://openalex.org/W2040608814', 'https://openalex.org/W2041179090', 'https://openalex.org/W2046822015', 'https://openalex.org/W2050286750', 'https://openalex.org/W2054560523', 'https://openalex.org/W2057281384', 'https://openalex.org/W2059047045', 'https://openalex.org/W2059934198', 'https://openalex.org/W2061728843', 'https://openalex.org/W2061902990', 'https://openalex.org/W2065080478', 'https://openalex.org/W2084513141', 'https://openalex.org/W2085331940', 'https://openalex.org/W2085558309', 'https://openalex.org/W2086818413', 'https://openalex.org/W2092340120', 'https://openalex.org/W2098038478', 'https://openalex.org/W2100580464', 'https://openalex.org/W2103676852', 'https://openalex.org/W2108646121', 'https://openalex.org/W2109064014', 'https://openalex.org/W2110928985', 'https://openalex.org/W2111876001', 'https://openalex.org/W2122649002', 'https://openalex.org/W2127167047', 'https://openalex.org/W2136667764', 'https://openalex.org/W2137218119', 'https://openalex.org/W2138226825', 'https://openalex.org/W2139562487', 'https://openalex.org/W2140176202', 'https://openalex.org/W2143851520', 'https://openalex.org/W2144560233', 'https://openalex.org/W2147422121', 'https://openalex.org/W2150075069', 'https://openalex.org/W2154024784', 'https://openalex.org/W2159664830', 'https://openalex.org/W2161310510', 'https://openalex.org/W2162897961', 'https://openalex.org/W2163857416', 'https://openalex.org/W2169520827', 'https://openalex.org/W2169882373', 'https://openalex.org/W2170758633', 'https://openalex.org/W2170760052', 'https://openalex.org/W2188846692', 'https://openalex.org/W2271771390', 'https://openalex.org/W2324659407', 'https://openalex.org/W2403578638', 'https://openalex.org/W2411539137', 'https://openalex.org/W2465645677', 'https://openalex.org/W3118903364', 'https://openalex.org/W3215218047', 'https://openalex.org/W37483700', 'https://openalex.org/W4234695447', 'https://openalex.org/W4236889344', 'https://openalex.org/W4237558150', 'https://openalex.org/W4245367233', 'https://openalex.org/W4252519872', 'https://openalex.org/W4255812455', 'https://openalex.org/W4256180260', 'https://openalex.org/W50098970', 'https://openalex.org/W5661993', 'https://openalex.org/W58392705', 'https://openalex.org/W589402727'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4281562259', 'https://openalex.org/W3165579598', 'https://openalex.org/W3142564810', 'https://openalex.org/W2751676921', 'https://openalex.org/W2417371067', 'https://openalex.org/W2333921405', 'https://openalex.org/W2111940358', 'https://openalex.org/W2053441965', 'https://openalex.org/W2041114214', 'https://openalex.org/W1521090039'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Metformin': [0, 20], 'is': [1, 52], 'the': [2, 24, 82, 96, 100, 103, 106, 118, 121, 138, 153, 173, 178], 'first-line': [3], 'drug': [4, 18, 28, 101, 119, 161], 'treatment': [5], 'for': [6, 105, 128], 'type': [7], '2': [8], 'diabetes.': [9], 'Globally,': [10], 'over': [11], '100': [12], 'million': [13], 'patients': [14], 'are': [15, 133, 163], 'prescribed': [16], 'this': [17, 169], 'annually.': [19], 'was': [21], 'discovered': [22], 'before': [23], 'era': [25], 'of': [26, 34, 39, 48, 58, 85, 99, 117, 141, 143, 149, 159, 181], 'target-based': [27, 56], 'discovery': [29], 'and': [30, 131], 'its': [31], 'molecular': [32, 50, 179], 'mechanism': [33], 'action': [35, 84, 142, 162, 180], 'remains': [36], 'an': [37], 'area': [38], 'vigorous': [40], 'diabetes': [41], 'research.': [42], 'An': [43], 'improvement': [44], 'in': [45, 109], 'our': [46], 'understanding': [47], "metformin's": [49], 'targets': [51], 'likely': [53], 'to': [54, 71, 136, 165], 'enable': [55], 'identification': [57], 'second-generation': [59], 'drugs': [60], 'with': [61, 146], 'similar': [62], 'properties,': [63], 'a': [64, 112], 'development': [65], 'that': [66, 75, 124], 'has': [67, 87], 'been': [68, 89, 126], 'impossible': [69], 'up': [70], 'now.': [72], 'The': [73], 'notion': [74], "5'": [76], 'AMP-activated': [77], 'protein': [78], 'kinase': [79], '(AMPK)': [80], 'mediates': [81], 'anti-hyperglycaemic': [83], 'metformin': [86], 'recently': [88], 'challenged': [90], 'by': [91], 'genetic': [92], 'loss-of-function': [93], 'studies,': [94], 'thrusting': [95], 'AMPK-independent': [97, 115, 150, 160], 'effects': [98, 116, 151], 'into': [102], 'spotlight': [104], 'first': [107], 'time': [108], 'more': [110], 'than': [111], 'decade.': [113], 'Key': [114], 'include': [120], 'mitochondrial': [122], 'actions': [123], 'have': [125], 'known': [127], 'many': [129], 'years': [130], 'which': [132], 'still': [134], 'thought': [135], 'be': [137], 'primary': [139], 'site': [140], 'metformin.': [144, 182], 'Coupled': [145], 'recent': [147, 174], 'evidence': [148], 'on': [152, 177], 'counter-regulatory': [154], 'hormone': [155], 'glucagon,': [156], 'new': [157], 'paradigms': [158], 'beginning': [164], 'take': [166], 'shape.': [167], 'In': [168], 'review': [170], 'we': [171], 'summarise': [172], 'research': [175], 'developments': [176]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2025130292', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 58}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 53}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 44}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 8}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T23:45:05.547375', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}