Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1985056165', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/285498', 'title': 'Fungi as Biotic Defense Agents of Fleshy Fruits: Alternative Hypotheses, Predictions, and Evidence', 'display_name': 'Fungi as Biotic Defense Agents of Fleshy Fruits: Alternative Hypotheses, Predictions, and Evidence', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1985056165', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/285498', 'mag': '1985056165', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426004'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/285498', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5010963539', 'display_name': 'Martin L. Cipollini', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-4861'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Martin L. Cipollini', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090861186', 'display_name': 'Edmund W. Stiles', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Edmund W. Stiles', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.667, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 27, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.885854, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 87, 'max': 88}, 'biblio': {'volume': '141', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '663', 'last_page': '673'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12934', 'display_name': 'Plant and fungal interactions', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12934', 'display_name': 'Plant and fungal interactions', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10825', 'display_name': 'Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases', 'score': 0.9941, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1307', 'display_name': 'Cell Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10451', 'display_name': 'Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions', 'score': 0.99, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1110', 'display_name': 'Plant Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778091200', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42295', 'display_name': 'Shrub', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44785056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47559259', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143', 'display_name': 'Biological dispersal', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44036043}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3974144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34709784}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52119013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637', 'display_name': 'Art history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33008644}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15708023', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083', 'display_name': 'Humanities', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32272565}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2950278}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2671938}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17551959}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15897956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/285498', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426004', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2', 'score': 0.53, 'display_name': 'Zero hunger'}, {'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'score': 0.5, 'display_name': 'Quality education'}, {'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'score': 0.43, 'display_name': 'Life on land'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 21, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1507998658', 'https://openalex.org/W1604818732', 'https://openalex.org/W1982855478', 'https://openalex.org/W2003665710', 'https://openalex.org/W2005070340', 'https://openalex.org/W2005820963', 'https://openalex.org/W2024895479', 'https://openalex.org/W2030909449', 'https://openalex.org/W2033493177', 'https://openalex.org/W2034295423', 'https://openalex.org/W2072170327', 'https://openalex.org/W2074833342', 'https://openalex.org/W2079320074', 'https://openalex.org/W2081914881', 'https://openalex.org/W2096177234', 'https://openalex.org/W2135560283', 'https://openalex.org/W2492055005', 'https://openalex.org/W2546569899', 'https://openalex.org/W2588446858', 'https://openalex.org/W2597271807', 'https://openalex.org/W881982721'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4388363453', 'https://openalex.org/W4377164308', 'https://openalex.org/W3193971388', 'https://openalex.org/W3112881275', 'https://openalex.org/W2896271600', 'https://openalex.org/W2835754784', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2001207513', 'https://openalex.org/W1998440774', 'https://openalex.org/W1974204627'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Previous': [0], 'articleNext': [1], 'article': [2], 'No': [3], 'AccessNotes': [4], 'and': [5, 17, 21, 35, 185, 190, 211, 216, 233, 242, 272, 293, 313, 327, 342, 384, 394, 406], 'CommentsFungi': [6], 'as': [7], 'Biotic': [8, 142], 'Defense': [9], 'Agents': [10], 'of': [11, 70, 90, 231, 316, 362, 371, 400], 'Fleshy': [12, 401], 'Fruits:': [13, 403], 'Alternative': [14], 'Hypotheses,': [15], 'Predictions,': [16], 'EvidenceMartin': [18], 'L.': [19, 25, 152, 392, 422], 'Cipollini,': [20, 423], 'Edmund': [22, 36], 'W.': [23, 37], 'StilesMartin': [24], 'Cipollini': [26, 393, 411], 'Search': [27, 39], 'for': [28, 40, 66, 238, 330, 408], 'more': [29, 41], 'articles': [30, 42, 97], 'by': [31, 43, 56, 214], 'this': [32, 44, 78, 99], 'author': [33, 45], ',': [34], 'Stiles': [38], 'PDFPDF': [46], 'PLUS': [47], 'Add': [48], 'to': [49, 262], 'favoritesDownload': [50], 'CitationTrack': [51], 'CitationsPermissionsReprints': [52], 'Share': [53], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail': [54], 'SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited': [55], 'The': [57, 67, 88, 229, 368, 414], 'American': [58, 68, 415], 'Naturalist': [59, 416], 'Volume': [60], '141,': [61], 'Number': [62], '4Apr.,': [63], '1993': [64, 87], 'Published': [65], 'Society': [69], 'Naturalists': [71], 'Article': [72], 'DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/285498': [73], 'Views:': [74], '5Total': [75], 'views': [76], 'on': [77, 332], 'site': [79], 'Citations:': [80], '14Citations': [81], 'are': [82], 'reported': [83], 'from': [84], 'Crossref': [85, 93], 'Copyright': [86], 'University': [89], 'ChicagoPDF': [91], 'download': [92], 'reports': [94], 'the': [95, 333, 343], 'following': [96], 'citing': [98], 'article:Christa': [100], 'P.': [101, 285], 'H.': [102], 'Mulder,': [103], 'Katie': [104], 'V.': [105], 'Spellman,': [106], 'Jasmine': [107], 'Shaw': [108], 'BERRIES': [109], 'IN': [110, 118], 'WINTER:': [111], 'A': [112], 'NATURAL': [113], 'HISTORY': [114], 'OF': [115, 429], 'FRUIT': [116, 431], 'RETENTION': [117], 'FOUR': [119], 'SPECIES': [120], 'ACROSS': [121], 'ALASKA,': [122], 'Madroño': [123], '68,': [124], 'no.44': [125], '(Oct': [126, 195, 351, 375], '2021).https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-68.4.487Renan': [127], 'F.': [128], 'Moura,': [129], 'Eva': [130], 'Colberg,': [131], 'Estevão': [132], 'Alves-Silva,': [133], 'Isamara': [134], 'Mendes-Silva,': [135], 'Roberth': [136], 'Fagundes,': [137], 'Vanessa': [138], 'Stefani,': [139], 'Kleber': [140], 'Del-Claro': [141], 'Defenses': [143], 'Against': [144], 'Herbivory,': [145], '(May': [146], '2021):': [147], '93–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66877-8_5Lauren': [148], 'D.': [149, 160], 'Maynard,': [150], 'Heather': [151], 'Slinn,': [153], 'Andrea': [154], 'E.': [155, 197, 227], 'Glassmire,': [156], 'Bernal': [157], 'Matarrita‐Carranza,': [158], 'Craig': [159], 'Dodson,': [161], 'Trang': [162], 'T.': [163], 'Nguyen,': [164], 'Megan': [165], 'J.': [166, 338, 396, 425], 'Burroughs,': [167], 'Lee': [168], 'A.': [169], 'Dyer,': [170], 'Christopher': [171], 'S.': [172], 'Jeffrey,': [173], 'Susan': [174], 'R.': [175], 'Whitehead': [176], 'Secondary': [177, 398], 'metabolites': [178], 'in': [179, 187, 244, 264, 291, 299, 365], 'a': [180], 'neotropical': [181], 'shrub:': [182], 'spatiotemporal': [183], 'allocation': [184], 'role': [186], 'fruit': [188, 209, 212, 260, 301], 'defense': [189], 'dispersal,': [191], 'Ecology': [192, 275, 439], '101,': [193], 'no.1212': [194], '2020).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3192Josep': [196], 'Peris,': [198], 'Ana': [199], 'Rodríguez,': [200], 'Leandro': [201], 'Peña,': [202], 'José': [203], 'María': [204], 'Fedriani': [205], 'Fungal': [206], 'infestation': [207], 'boosts': [208], 'aroma': [210], 'removal': [213], 'mammals': [215], 'birds,': [217], 'Scientific': [218], 'Reports': [219], '7,': [220], 'no.11': [221, 374], '(Jul': [222, 251, 419], '2017).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05643-zNoelle': [223], 'G.': [224, 254], 'Beckman,': [225, 255], 'Joanna': [226], 'Lambert': [228], 'Distribution': [230], 'Fruit': [232], 'Seed': [234, 409], 'Toxicity': [235], 'during': [236], 'Development': [237], 'Eleven': [239], 'Neotropical': [240], 'Trees': [241], 'Vines': [243], 'Central': [245], 'Panama,': [246], 'PLoS': [247], 'ONE': [248], '8,': [249], 'no.77': [250], '2013):': [252], 'e66764.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066764Noelle': [253], 'Helene': [256], 'C.': [257], 'Muller-Landau': [258], 'Linking': [259], 'traits': [261], 'variation': [263], 'predispersal': [265], 'vertebrate': [266], 'seed': [267, 270], 'predation,': [268, 271], 'insect': [269], 'pathogen': [273], 'attack,': [274], '92,': [276], 'no.1111': [277], '(Nov': [278], '2011):': [279], '2131–2140.https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2378.1Francisco': [280], 'Sánchez,': [281], 'Carmi': [282, 323], 'Korine,': [283, 324], 'Burt': [284], 'Kotler,': [286], 'Berry': [287, 325], 'Pinshow': [288], 'Ethanol': [289, 317], 'concentration': [290], 'food': [292], 'body': [294], 'condition': [295], 'affect': [296], 'foraging': [297], 'behavior': [298], 'Egyptian': [300], 'bats': [302], '(Rousettus': [303], 'aegyptiacus),': [304], 'Naturwissenschaften': [305], '95,': [306], 'no.66': [307], '(Mar': [308], '2008):': [309], '561–567.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0359-yR': [310], 'Dudley': [311, 359], 'Evolutionary': [312, 360], 'Historical': [314], 'Aspects': [315], 'Ingestion': [318], 'I': [319], 'thank': [320], 'Paul': [321], 'Gruenewald,': [322], 'Pinshow,': [326], 'Dustin': [328], 'Stephens': [329], 'commenting': [331], 'manuscript.,': [334], '(Jan': [335, 355, 388], '2005):': [336], '3–13.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012564370-2/50003-9Joshua': [337], 'Tewksbury': [339], 'Fruits,': [340], 'frugivores': [341], 'evolutionary': [344], 'arms': [345], 'race,': [346], 'New': [347], 'Phytologist': [348], '156,': [349], 'no.22': [350], '2002):': [352], '137–139.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00522.x': [353], 'References,': [354], '2001):': [356], '131–160.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012675555-8/50008-7': [357], 'Robert': [358], 'Origins': [361], 'Human': [363], 'Alcoholism': [364], 'Primate': [366], 'Frugivory,': [367], 'Quarterly': [369], 'Review': [370], 'Biology': [372], '75,': [373], '2015):': [376, 420], '3–15.https://doi.org/10.1086/393255Keith': [377], 'Clay,': [378], 'Wim': [379], 'van': [380], 'der': [381], 'Putten': [382], 'Pathogens': [383], 'Plant': [385], 'Life': [386], 'Histories,': [387], '1999):': [389], '275–301.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9460-3_9': [390], 'Martin': [391], 'Douglas': [395, 424], 'Levey': [397, 426], 'Metabolites': [399], 'Vertebrate‐Dispersed': [402], 'Adaptive': [404], 'Hypotheses': [405], 'Implications': [407], 'Dispersal': [410], '&': [412], 'Levey,': [413], '150,': [417], 'no.33': [418, 441], '346–372.https://doi.org/10.1086/286069Martin': [421], 'ANTIFUNGAL': [427], 'ACTIVITY': [428], 'SOLANUM': [430], 'GLYCOALKALOIDS:': [432], 'IMPLICATIONS': [433], 'FOR': [434], 'FRUGIVORY': [435], 'AND': [436], 'SEED': [437], 'DISPERSAL,': [438], '78,': [440], '(Apr': [442], '1997):': [443], '799–809.https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0799:AAOSFG]2.0.CO;2': [444]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1985056165', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T20:43:53.790568', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}