Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A Perpetual Challenge

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Sami Al Hajjar; Ziad A. Memish; Kenneth McIntosh
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3857, 3870, 3875, 3906, 3942, 3960, 3976, 3983, 4004, 4012, 4020, 4023, 4035, 4073, 4100, 4243, 4250, 4255, 4268, 4280, 4309], 'Health,': [43], 'Harvard': [57], 'Medical': [58], 'School,': [59], 'Boston,': [60], 'Massachusetts,': [61], 'USA': [62], 'Published': [63], 'Online:3': [64], 'Oct': [65], '2013https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2013.427SectionsPDF': [66], 'ToolsAdd': [67], 'to': [68, 183, 238, 247, 251, 316, 322, 631, 648, 751, 863, 896, 1179, 1227, 1237, 1245, 1353, 1466, 1489, 1499, 1659, 1671, 1712, 1782, 1789, 1920, 2162, 2167, 2182, 2198, 2343, 2412, 2519, 2643, 2672, 2873, 2987, 2997, 3010, 3032, 3073, 3155, 3208, 3309, 3318, 3459, 3524, 3546, 3555, 3710, 3796, 3844, 3886, 3936, 3970, 4079, 4118, 4121, 4126, 4141, 4154, 4161], 'favoritesDownload': [69], 'citationTrack': [70], 'citations': [71], 'ShareShare': [72], 'onFacebookTwitterLinked': [73], 'InRedditEmail': [74], 'AboutIntroductionThe': [75], 'emergence': [76, 932], 'a': [78, 106, 229, 248, 307, 376, 383, 400, 405, 459, 497, 571, 578, 609, 669, 676, 752, 827, 839, 1011, 1071, 1086, 1155, 1303, 1343, 1348, 1467, 1477, 1648, 1691, 1808, 1838, 1855, 1866, 1895, 1980, 2100, 2194, 2214, 2242, 2429, 2438, 2630, 2745, 2751, 2767, 3089, 3104, 3108, 3194, 3221, 3226, 3255, 3261, 3266, 3272, 3299, 3343, 3351, 3355, 3381, 3386, 3400, 3544, 3548, 3626, 3699, 3755, 3783, 3900, 3904, 4028, 4054, 4269, 4289, 4298, 4316], 'novel': [79, 670, 777, 3410, 3528], 'human': [80, 520, 550, 567, 671, 846, 979, 1018, 1112, 1129, 1166, 1608, 1661, 2226, 3836], 'coronavirus': [81, 125, 540, 672, 778, 1662, 3411, 3529], 'recently': [82, 2066], 'renamed': [83], 'the': [84, 92, 102, 116, 169, 234, 252, 265, 283, 300, 329, 336, 369, 418, 422, 427, 442, 446, 464, 471, 543, 549, 556, 566, 600, 603, 632, 644, 693, 725, 728, 744, 757, 763, 768, 776, 787, 790, 806, 809, 817, 881, 897, 931, 946, 962, 965, 974, 978, 998, 1008, 1015, 1038, 1047, 1055, 1058, 1138, 1142, 1174, 1177, 1181, 1191, 1208, 1217, 1221, 1250, 1330, 1359, 1371, 1379, 1382, 1392, 1410, 1443, 1471, 1519, 1570, 1578, 1598, 1686, 1705, 1723, 1739, 1800, 1859, 1869, 1872, 1877, 1901, 1928, 1945, 1949, 1972, 1990, 2028, 2057, 2071, 2076, 2130, 2143, 2146, 2151, 2155, 2158, 2165, 2180, 2229, 2245, 2248, 2267, 2271, 2291, 2294, 2297, 2308, 2322, 2345, 2351, 2361, 2366, 2384, 2393, 2453, 2458, 2461, 2522, 2587, 2612, 2622, 2625, 2761, 2788, 2937, 2940, 2958, 2998, 3019, 3027, 3077, 3080, 3147, 3178, 3187, 3409, 3423, 3431, 3439, 3446, 3454, 3473, 3557, 3570, 3573, 3675, 3681, 3767, 3797, 3815, 3850, 3858, 3868, 3888, 3946, 3958, 3972, 3981, 4021, 4063, 4094, 4186], 'Middle': [85, 745, 758, 1599, 2826, 2925, 3310, 3368, 3851], '(MERS-CoV)': [90], 'from': [91, 243, 335, 577, 718, 811, 834, 867, 889, 906, 957, 1080, 1386, 1422, 1441, 1458, 1593, 1864, 1890, 2068, 2517, 2919, 2981, 3005, 3071, 3076, 3128, 3517, 3803, 3963], 'Arabian': [93, 678], 'Peninsula': [94], 'has': [95, 197, 588, 696, 1144, 1204, 1241, 1501, 1558, 1701, 2400, 2474, 3170, 3260, 3350, 3707, 3751, 3763, 3779, 4174, 4296], 'created': [96], 'global': [97, 610], 'alarm': [98], 'because': [99, 981, 3975, 4279], 'it': [100, 180, 332, 968, 2260, 2285, 3123, 3666], 'is': [101, 137, 154, 163, 258, 272, 312, 397, 445, 457, 826, 837, 859, 1035, 1065, 1158, 1171, 1187, 1626, 1690, 1717, 1805, 2025, 2031, 2281, 2354, 2420, 2448, 2629, 2641, 2663, 3107, 3152, 3250, 3316, 3449, 3468, 3543, 3553, 3667, 3726, 3968, 4093, 4129, 4167, 4192, 4206, 4246, 4288, 4315], 'causative': [103], 'agent': [104, 4097], 'severe': [107, 120, 1505, 2525, 2613, 2815, 2931, 3059, 3907, 4059, 4283], 'frequently': [109, 2489], 'fatal': [110], 'acute': [111, 121, 684, 1320, 1490, 2526, 2932, 3130, 3228, 3244, 3274, 3290, 3331, 3896, 3933], 'respiratory': [112, 122, 269, 516, 685, 812, 1183, 1209, 1222, 1322, 1491, 1543, 1982, 2253, 2527, 2675, 2695, 2737, 2927, 2933, 3060, 3137, 3229, 3245, 3275, 3291, 3333, 3370, 3599, 3641, 3646, 3897, 4293], 'illness': [113, 117, 686, 2511, 3230, 3276, 3334, 4024, 4036], '(SARI)': [114], 'resembling': [115], 'caused': [118, 542, 2221, 2688, 4297], 'by': [119, 147, 404, 799, 892, 901, 1329, 1398, 1777, 1807, 2222, 2239, 2689, 3945, 4068], 'syndrome': [123, 1493, 2640, 2928, 2934, 3371], '(SARS)': [124], '(SARS-CoV).1–4': [126], 'The': [127, 395, 409, 431, 454, 518, 793, 814, 857, 875, 921, 941, 1109, 1152, 1185, 1621, 1795, 1880, 2015, 2062, 2108, 2126, 2186, 2202, 2373, 2415, 2445, 2450, 2465, 2508, 2579, 2589, 2638, 2770, 3039, 3055, 3067, 3114, 3133, 3165, 3443, 3464, 3704, 3777, 4010, 4151, 4241, 4257, 4313], 'case': [128, 203, 266, 754, 1440, 2647, 3166, 3204], 'fatality': [129], 'rate': [130, 153, 1350, 3036, 3041, 4031], '(CFR)': [131], 'in': [132, 141, 173, 201, 211, 226, 255, 328, 347, 365, 438, 462, 511, 546, 555, 565, 593, 599, 608, 614, 618, 624, 675, 698, 702, 706, 743, 756, 829, 842, 854, 871, 909, 927, 961, 996, 1014, 1023, 1063, 1068, 1076, 1104, 1117, 1207, 1220, 1302, 1306, 1309, 1334, 1336, 1345, 1400, 1470, 1504, 1515, 1518, 1566, 1577, 1589, 1597, 1611, 1635, 1745, 1822, 1828, 1851, 1854, 1868, 1900, 1935, 1941, 1948, 1967, 1988, 2033, 2046, 2054, 2070, 2075, 2142, 2157, 2213, 2228, 2290, 2301, 2310, 2320, 2360, 2457, 2504, 2586, 2599, 2645, 2680, 2706, 2758, 2787, 2952, 2994, 3044, 3103, 3141, 3321, 3489, 3609, 3664, 3673, 3713, 3723, 3737, 3817, 3831, 3849, 3980, 3998, 4098, 4113, 4137, 4143, 4175, 4183, 4195, 4219, 4229, 4304], 'patients': [133, 143, 174, 210, 2024, 2034, 2156, 2178, 2419, 2681, 2710, 2760, 2995, 3003, 3029, 3518, 3610, 3654, 3805, 3892, 4162, 4215], 'infected': [134, 755, 1006, 1201, 2173, 2648, 3526, 3806, 4163], 'with': [135, 175, 382, 915, 1007, 1094, 1173, 1347, 1476, 1494, 1759, 2035, 2134, 2193, 2208, 2470, 2492, 2513, 2521, 2552, 2557, 2652, 2670, 2682, 2723, 2729, 2750, 2766, 2841, 3052, 3185, 3198, 3225, 3231, 3265, 3271, 3277, 3329, 3354, 3361, 3453, 3527, 3636, 3782, 3807, 3910, 3918, 3985, 4027, 4135, 4164, 4198, 4216], 'MERS-CoV': [136, 196, 257, 271, 796, 825, 890, 903, 919, 925, 947, 1059, 1097, 1143, 1203, 1240, 1395, 1625, 1729, 1848, 1926, 2018, 2275, 2370, 2514, 2816, 2840, 3249, 3268, 3295, 3314, 3339, 3357, 3365, 3382, 3583, 3603, 3705, 3808, 3876, 3912, 3992, 4085, 4111, 4116, 4199, 4287], 'high—estimated': [138], 'at': [139, 160, 220, 413, 1265, 2380, 2811, 4047], '43%': [140], '147': [142], 'reported': [144, 717, 1328, 1449, 1632, 1697, 1703, 2053, 2067, 2484, 3004, 3031, 3098], 'so': [145], 'far': [146], 'World': [148, 3374], 'Health': [149, 1333, 3375], 'Organization': [150], '(WHO).3': [151], 'This': [152, 628, 1527, 1779, 2334, 3811, 3841], 'higher': [155, 1909, 3051, 4029], 'than': [156, 2383, 3472, 4037, 4086, 4128], 'that': [157, 233, 541, 691, 824, 924, 971, 993, 1114, 1487, 1555, 1773, 1786, 1882, 2103, 2284, 2336, 2611, 2615, 2635, 3111, 3405, 3552, 3589, 3922, 3928, 3957, 4171, 4209, 4260, 4295], 'SARS—estimated': [159], '15%,': [161], 'strongly': [164, 3678], 'age-': [165], 'sex-dependent.4': [167], 'Although': [168, 548, 951, 4049], 'source': [170, 1802], 'virus': [172, 235, 439, 695, 810, 858, 886, 952, 1009, 1013, 1042, 1178, 1218, 1444, 1898, 3315, 4294], 'sporadic': [176, 700, 1561, 1742], 'infection': [177, 287, 1804, 2019, 2029, 2166, 2181, 2236, 2317, 2338, 2399, 2515, 3695, 3864, 4005], 'remains': [178, 1236, 2371, 2463], 'unknown,': [179], 'appears': [181, 4117], 'likely': [182, 2620, 3969, 3978], 'be': [184, 1238, 1888, 2277, 3088, 3125, 3319, 3460, 3479, 3512, 3525, 3690, 3735, 3829, 3845, 3887, 3971, 4066, 4119, 4212, 4265], 'some': [185, 2502, 2759, 4228, 4275], 'species': [186, 651, 870, 1861], 'animal.4,5': [188], 'Clear': [189], 'evidence': [190, 1998, 2356, 3236, 3282, 4170, 4208, 4221], 'limited': [192, 225, 3784, 4310], 'human-to-human': [193, 2000], 'transmission': [194, 240, 1352, 1642, 1700, 2001, 2139, 2250, 2273, 2292], 'now': [198, 482, 2478], 'been': [199, 224, 563, 716, 913, 1005, 1145, 1205, 1242, 1502, 1702, 1775, 2220, 3171, 3708, 3752, 3764, 3780], 'documented': [200, 1637], 'several': [202, 864, 1161, 1756], 'clusters,': [204, 704], 'including': [205, 527, 534, 1164, 2715, 3563], 'particularly': [206, 2679, 3139], 'family': [207, 595, 637, 1433, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2116, 2605], 'members': [208, 1434, 2004, 2117, 2606], 'health': [212, 708, 1354, 1612, 2047, 2120, 2471, 2600], 'care': [213, 709, 1339, 1355, 1613, 2048, 2121, 2472, 2601, 3869, 3884], 'facilities,6–8': [214], 'but': [215, 841, 1617, 1630, 1903, 2114, 2138, 2279, 2434, 2501, 2665, 2735, 3151, 3477, 3729, 4300, 4307], 'all': [216, 392, 2483, 2574, 2953], 'such': [217, 1230, 1766, 2009, 2697, 3158], 'clusters': [218, 1565, 1931, 1986, 1995, 2043, 3145], 'have,': [219], 'least': [221, 414, 1266], 'thus': [222], 'far,': [223], 'extent.': [227], 'However,': [228, 1017, 2365, 2792], 'real': [230], 'concern': [231], 'persists': [232], 'will': [236, 1043, 3813, 3827, 3842, 4001], 'adapt': [237], 'interhuman': [239], 'switch': [242], 'an': [244, 303, 313, 683, 1253, 1314, 1337, 1681, 2287, 2724, 3011, 3330, 3418, 3895, 4069, 4251], 'aborted': [245], 'epidemic': [246, 254, 296, 545, 2394, 4302], 'pandemic': [249, 2367], 'similar': [250, 1498, 2642, 3043, 3163], 'SARS-CoV': [253, 538, 1122, 1645, 2842, 4016], '2003–2004.': [256], 'transmitted': [259, 273, 1606, 2164, 2179, 2212], 'through': [260, 274, 2252], 'droplets': [261, 2254], 'contact.': [263, 1538, 3623], 'In': [264, 299, 493, 760, 1136, 1200, 1257, 1311, 1375, 1719, 1738, 2563, 3484, 3624], 'invasive': [268], 'procedures,': [270], 'airborne': [275, 2262, 2272], 'route.2': [276], 'Early': [277, 4218], 'diagnosis': [278, 1393, 3676, 3816, 3853], 'strict': [280, 2316, 3855], 'implementation': [281, 3020, 3856], 'core': [284], 'components': [285], 'for': [286, 294, 342, 570, 977, 1074, 1089, 1141, 1414, 1624, 1675, 1755, 1792, 2386, 2407, 2452, 2480, 3206, 3248, 3408, 3445, 3498, 3503, 3535, 3556, 3579, 3582, 3601, 3653, 3662, 3669, 3766, 3835, 3847, 3862, 3879, 3890, 3991, 4015, 4038, 4058, 4084, 4189, 4214, 4274], 'prevention': [288], 'control': [290, 2237, 2318, 2339, 3866, 4006], 'programs': [291], 'are': [292, 355, 368, 436, 468, 522, 852, 948, 973, 984, 1121, 1917, 2341, 2703, 3119, 3406, 3493, 3520, 3593, 3877, 3923, 3993, 4200], 'crucial': [293, 2342, 3878], 'preventing': [295, 3863, 3880], 'amplification.': [297], '2': [298, 1132, 1272, 1401, 1431, 1665, 1820, 1957, 1963, 2119, 2183, 2411, 2581, 3540], 'absence': [301], 'effective': [304, 3924, 4083], 'vaccine': [305], 'specific': [308, 3392, 3407, 3481, 3768], 'antiviral': [309], 'treatment,': [310], 'there': [311, 2280, 2353, 2628, 4205], 'urgent': [314], 'need': [315, 3545, 3843], 'rapidly': [317], 'identify': [318, 1921], 'potential': [319, 1033, 2368, 4225, 4282], 'therapeutics.Coronaviruses:': [320], 'Back': [321], 'BasicThe': [323], 'name': [324], '"coronavirus"': [325], 'was': [326, 333, 673, 797, 954, 1098, 1327, 1396, 1445, 1448, 1460, 1550, 1631, 1780, 1849, 2065, 2129, 2190, 2204, 2261, 2324, 2378, 2741, 2748, 2764, 2962, 2992, 3042, 3383, 3677, 4025, 4077], 'coined': [327], 'mid-1960s,': [330], 'derived': [334], '"corona"-like': [337], 'or': [338, 358, 747, 1010, 1060, 1233, 1594, 1814, 2037, 2225, 2231, 2255, 2258, 2497, 2536, 2548, 2558, 2594, 2658, 2692, 2708, 2880, 2889, 2966, 2989, 3018, 3234, 3243, 3252, 3280, 3289, 3307, 3522, 3809, 3872, 4045, 4237], 'crown-like': [339], 'morphology': [340], 'observed': [341, 1733], 'these': [343, 1024, 1118, 1586, 2793, 3732, 3938, 4190], 'viruses': [344, 597], 'when': [345, 4159], 'viewed': [346], 'negatively': [348], 'stained': [349], 'preparations': [350], 'under': [351, 1918], 'electron': [352], 'microscope.': [353], 'Coronaviruses': [354, 467], 'enveloped,': [356], 'spherical,': [357], 'pleiomorphic': [359], 'viruses,': [360, 2691], 'typically': [361], 'about': [362, 583, 625], '100': [363, 4080, 4122], 'nm': [364], 'diameter,': [366], 'largest': [370, 2063], 'positive-strand': [371], 'RNA': [372, 380, 393, 953], 'viruses.': [373, 394], 'They': [374], 'possess': [375], '5′-capped,': [377], 'single-strand': [378], 'positive-sense': [379], 'genome,': [381], 'length': [384], 'between': [385, 1607, 1962, 2082, 2801, 2939], '26.2': [386], '31.7': [388], 'kb—the': [389], 'longest': [390], 'among': [391, 2002, 2020, 2490, 2617, 3099], 'genome': [396, 818], 'packaged': [398], 'into': [399, 470, 581], 'helical': [401], 'nucleocapsid': [402], 'surrounded': [403], 'host-derived': [406], 'lipid': [407], 'bilayer.': [408], 'virion': [410], 'envelope': [411, 428], 'contains': [412], '3': [415, 1734, 1951, 2174, 2809], 'viral': [416, 452, 1261, 3109, 4149], 'proteins:': [417], 'spike': [419, 443, 455], 'protein': [420, 424, 429, 444, 456, 1186, 3425, 3760], '(S),': [421], 'membrane': [423, 3023], '(M),': [425], '(E).': [430], 'M': [432], 'E': [434, 3424], 'proteins': [435], 'involved': [437, 2104], 'assembly,': [440], 'whereas': [441, 510], 'leading': [447], 'mediator': [448], 'attachment': [450], 'entry.9,10': [453], 'also': [458, 640, 838, 1188, 1244, 1575, 1618, 1646, 2124, 2140, 3828], 'major': [460], 'factor': [461], 'determining': [463], 'host': [465, 580], 'range.': [466], 'classified': [469], 'following': [472, 2959, 3622], '4': [473, 1150, 1946, 2177, 2707, 2831, 3798], 'different': [474, 833, 1081, 2007], 'genera,': [475], 'historically': [476], 'based': [477, 1684, 3696, 3743, 3758], 'on': [478, 483, 643, 771, 786, 1054, 1160, 1190, 1450, 1462, 1685, 2150, 2266, 2744, 2755, 2922, 2936, 3193, 3254, 3514, 3633, 3655, 3680, 3698, 3744, 3759, 4032], 'serological': [479, 3741, 3756], 'analysis': [480, 815, 1417, 3510], 'genetic': [484, 904], 'studies:': [485], 'alpha-,': [486], 'beta-,': [487], 'gamma-,': [488], 'delta-CoV': [490], '(Table': [491, 737, 2499, 2660, 3175], '1).': [492], 'animals': [494], 'they': [495, 513, 560], 'cause': [496, 514, 3162, 3929, 4314], 'wide': [498], 'variety': [499], 'respiratory,': [501], 'enteric,': [502], 'central': [503], 'nervous': [504], 'system': [505], '(CNS),': [506], 'other': [508, 1032, 1095, 1111, 1228, 1660, 1884, 1912, 2685, 2804, 3129, 3926, 4276], 'diseases,': [509], 'humans': [512, 582], 'primarily': [515, 1610], 'infections.9,10': [517], '5': [519, 1553, 1672, 2115, 2709, 3201], 'coronaviruses': [521, 526, 533, 551, 647, 866, 1113], 'as': [523, 779, 936, 938, 1133, 1147, 1231, 1290, 1560, 1633, 1767, 2010, 2097, 2698, 3159, 3595, 3597, 3693, 3820, 3822, 3903], 'follows:': [524], 'alpha': [525], '229E': [528], 'NL63,': [530], 'beta': [532], 'OC43,': [535], 'HKU1,': [536], '(the': [539], 'SARS': [544, 604, 2388, 2644], '2002–2003).11': [547], 'were': [552, 1020, 1301, 1364, 1389, 1428, 1432, 1513, 1595, 1604, 1730, 1753, 1787, 1812, 1817, 1835, 1952, 2052, 2095, 2112, 2123, 2332, 2503, 2540, 2544, 2549, 2569, 2584, 2780, 2785, 2950, 3030, 3050, 3058, 3097, 3396, 3412, 3607, 3612, 3914], 'discovered': [553], 'only': [554, 891, 1110, 1843], 'beginning': [557, 2459, 3078], '1960s,': [559], 'have': [561, 715, 912, 934, 1004, 2163, 2219, 3033, 3547, 3894, 4155], 'probably': [562], 'circulating': [564, 3320], 'population': [568, 3839], 'worldwide': [569], 'long': [572], 'time.': [573], 'HCoV-OC43': [574], 'apparently': [575, 2172], 'jumped': [576], 'bovine': [579], '120': [584], 'years': [585, 2422], 'ago': [586], 'become': [589, 1044], 'endemic': [590], 'worldwide.12': [591], 'Interest': [592], 'this': [594, 1041, 1258, 1387, 1423, 1516, 1891, 1904, 2302, 2311, 2348, 3999, 4092], 'grew': [598], 'aftermath': [601], 'coronavirus,': [605, 2929, 3372], 'which': [606, 836, 851, 899, 1127, 1442, 1956, 2646, 3086], 'resulted': [607], 'outbreak': [611, 791, 1315, 1388, 1424, 2102, 2203, 2323, 2462, 3081], 'pneumonia': [613, 1262, 2740, 3110, 3242, 3288, 3621, 3935], '2003': [615], 'affecting': [616], 'people': [617, 1361], 'approximately': [619], '30': [620], 'countries': [621, 3312], 'resulting': [623], '800': [626], 'deaths.11': [627], 'episode': [629, 2554], 'led': [630, 4140], 'identification': [633, 2591, 3379], 'many': [635], 'new': [636, 2330], 'members,': [638], 'shed': [641], 'light': [642], 'capabilities': [645], 'jump': [649], 'across': [650], 'boundaries.Table': [652], '1': [653, 1367, 1369, 1636, 1844, 1976, 2084, 2553, 3576], 'taxonomy.OrderNidoviralesFamilyCoronaviridaeGeneraAlphacoronavirusBetacoronavirusDeltacoronavirusGammacoronavrusGenome(+)ssRNA,': [655], '~30': [656], 'kb': [657], '(20–33': [658], 'kb)Genes1a,': [659], '1b,': [660], 'S,': [661], 'E,': [662], 'M,': [663], 'N,': [664], 'Assorted': [665], 'ORFsMERS-CoronavirusIn': [666], 'June': [667, 1463], '2012,': [668, 1313, 1377], 'identified': [674, 1146, 1418, 1850, 2742], 'businessman': [679], 'who': [680, 1404, 1591, 3519, 3611, 3619, 3893, 4040], 'died': [681, 1540, 3034], 'renal': [688, 1545], 'failure.5': [689], 'Since': [690, 1554], 'time,': [692, 1556], 'same': [694], 'returned': [697, 1559], 'both': [699, 1029, 1125, 1989, 3495], 'cases,': [701, 1757, 1954, 2137], 'small': [703, 1195, 1304, 1564, 4299], 'large': [707], 'facilities': [710], 'outbreaks.': [711, 3164], 'To': [712], 'date,': [713], 'cases': [714, 740, 908, 980, 1019, 1274, 1298, 1421, 1506, 1562, 1587, 1603, 1727, 1743, 1834, 2094, 2111, 2211, 2309, 2331, 2468, 2539, 2543, 2568, 2583, 2596, 2609, 2619, 3190, 3581, 3617, 3629, 3874], '9': [719, 916, 2135], 'countries:': [720], 'Jordan,8': [721], 'Arabia,5': [723], 'Qatar,3': [724], 'UK,13': [726], 'Germany,14': [727], 'United': [729], 'Arab': [730], 'Emirates': [731], '(UAE),3': [732], 'Tunisia,15': [733], 'France,16': [734], 'Italy17': [736], '2).': [738], 'All': [739, 2542, 3095], 'either': [741], 'occurred': [742, 935, 1940, 1966, 1987, 2141, 2251], 'had': [748, 1405, 1529, 1774, 2313, 2711, 3630], 'direct': [749, 2256, 3262, 3352], 'links': [750], 'primary': [753, 1165], 'East.3,6,18': [759], 'May': [761, 2086], '2013,': [762], 'Study': [765], 'Group': [766], 'International': [769, 3947], 'Committee': [770], 'Taxonomy': [772], 'Viruses': [774], 'named': [775], '"Middle': [780], '(MERS-CoV),"': [785], 'basis': [788, 3682], 'dynamic.1': [792], 'presence': [794], 'demonstrated': [798, 1647, 3709], 'reverse-transcriptase': [800], 'polymerase': [801, 876], 'chain': [802], 'reaction': [803], '(RT-PCR)': [804], 'isolation': [807, 3722], 'secretions.5,19–22': [813], 'size,': [819], 'organization,': [820], 'sequence': [822, 879, 1051, 1885], 'revealed': [823, 1070], 'Betacoronavirus': [828, 840], 'lineage': [830, 843, 855], 'c': [831], '(significantly': [832], 'SARS-CoV,': [835], 'b)': [844], 'betacoronaviruses': [847], 'OC43': [848], 'HKU1': [850], 'placed': [853], 'a.4,5': [856], 'most': [860, 882, 2131, 4095], 'closely': [861, 883], 'related': [862, 884], 'bat': [865, 869, 885, 958, 1860], 'various': [868, 4101], 'Africa': [872], 'Eurasia23': [874], 'amino': [877], 'acid': [878], '(VM314)': [887], 'differs': [888, 900], '1.8%': [893], '(as': [894], 'opposed': [895], 'HKU5,': [898], '5.5%–5.9%).5,23': [902], 'sequences': [905], '21': [907], 'pooled': [914], 'previously': [917], 'published': [918, 2923, 3943, 4089], 'genomes.': [920], 'investigators': [922], 'estimate': [923], 'emerged': [926], 'July': [928, 939], '2011,': [929], 'though': [930, 4185], 'could': [933, 1887, 2218], 'early': [937], '2007.24': [940], 'reservoir': [942], 'hosts': [944], 'still': [949, 1627], 'unknown.': [950], 'possibly': [955, 2005], 'detected': [956, 1022, 1206, 2570, 2585], 'feces': [959, 1816], 'collected': [960, 1818], 'vicinity': [963, 1870], 'index': [966, 1407, 1878], 'case,': [967], 'seems': [969], 'unlikely': [970], 'bats': [972, 1030, 1798, 1811], 'immediate': [975, 1749], 'contact': [976, 2013, 3197, 3832], 'human–bat': [982], 'contacts': [983, 1716, 1965, 2022, 2575, 3614], 'relatively': [986, 1102], 'low': [987, 1087, 1897], 'frequency.25': [988], 'Two': [989], 'independent': [990], 'studies': [991, 3833, 4197, 4239], 'suggested': [992, 2428, 3956], 'dromedary': [994], 'camels': [995], 'Oman,': [997], 'Canary': [999], 'Islands,': [1000], 'Egypt': [1002], 'might': [1003, 1893, 3688], 'MERS-CoV-like': [1012], 'past.': [1016], 'not': [1021, 1551, 1906, 2797, 3120, 3153, 3594, 3689, 3727, 4046, 4201, 4247], 'areas.26,27': [1025], 'Further': [1026, 1416], 'surveillance': [1027, 3093], 'reservoirs': [1034], 'ongoing': [1036], 'epidemiology': [1039], 'clearer.': [1045], 'With': [1046, 2315], 'exception': [1048], 'extensive': [1050, 1260], 'data,23': [1052], 'information': [1053, 1886], 'biology': [1056], 'its': [1061, 3977], 'pathogenicity': [1062], 'man': [1064, 1457], 'scant.': [1066], 'Studies': [1067], 'vitro': [1069, 4099, 4176, 4196, 4220, 4230], 'broad': [1072], 'tropism': [1073], 'replication': [1075, 4112], 'cell': [1077, 1139, 3714, 3724], 'lines': [1078, 1120, 3715], 'originating': [1079], 'mammalian': [1082], 'species,': [1083], 'potentially': [1084], 'indicating': [1085], 'barrier': [1088], 'cross-species': [1090], 'transmission.28': [1091], 'As': [1092], 'compared': [1093, 1658], 'coronaviruses,': [1096], 'isolated': [1099, 1447], 'propagated': [1101], 'easily': [1103], 'Vero': [1105, 3719], 'LLC-MK2': [1107, 3717], 'cells.': [1108, 3720], 'replicate': [1115], 'well': [1116, 2391, 3712, 3821], 'monkey-cell': [1119], 'HCoV-NL63,': [1124], 'use': [1128, 3848, 3959, 4064, 4242], 'angiotensin–converting': [1130], 'enzyme': [1131], 'their': [1134, 1815, 4281], 'receptor.29': [1135], 'contrast,': [1137], 'receptor': [1140], 'dipeptidyl': [1148], 'peptidase': [1149], '(DPP4).30': [1151], 'DPP4': [1153], 'protein,': [1154], 'common': [1156, 2749, 3799], 'protease,': [1157], 'expressed': [1159], 'epithelial': [1162], 'cells,': [1163], 'bronchiolar': [1167], 'lung': [1168, 2822], 'tissue,': [1169], 'consistent': [1172], 'ability': [1175], 'infect': [1180, 1246], 'lower': [1182, 1321, 2382, 3136, 3598, 3640], 'tract.': [1184], 'present': [1189, 2650], 'epithelium': [1192], 'kidney,': [1194], 'intestine,': [1196], 'liver,': [1197], 'prostate.20': [1199], 'patients,': [1202, 2113, 2433, 3819, 3965, 4184], 'tract,': [1210], 'blood,': [1211], 'urine,': [1212], 'rectal': [1214], 'mucosa.': [1215], 'Whether': [1216], 'replicates': [1219], 'tract': [1223, 3642, 3647], 'then': [1225], 'disseminates': [1226], 'organs,': [1229], 'kidney': [1232, 2818], 'gastrointestinal': [1234, 2713], 'mucosa,': [1235], 'determined.': [1239], 'shown': [1243], 'rhesus': [1247], 'macaques,': [1248], 'allowing': [1249], 'development': [1251], 'experimental': [1254], 'animal': [1255, 1537, 1892, 1923, 3838, 4238], 'model.': [1256], 'model,': [1259], 'occurs,': [1263], 'demonstrating': [1264], 'partial': [1267], 'fulfillment': [1268], 'Koch': [1270], 'postulates.31Table': [1271], 'MERS': [1273, 1300, 1557, 1602, 2486, 2598, 2608, 2802, 3118, 3169], 'deaths.CountriesCases': [1276], '(Deaths)France2': [1277], '(1)Italy1': [1278], '(0)Jordan2': [1279], '(2)Qatar6': [1280], '(3)Saudi': [1281], 'Arabia124': [1282], '(52)Tunisia3': [1283], '(1)UK3': [1284], '(2)UAE4': [1285], '(2)Germany2': [1286], '(0)Total147': [1287], '(63)NB.': [1288], 'Current': [1289], 'October': [1292, 1376, 1823, 1852, 1942, 3083], '27(modify': [1293], 'Ref.3)': [1294], 'http://www.moh.gov.sa/CoronaNew/PressReleases/Pages/default.aspxEpidemiologyThe': [1295], 'earliest': [1296], 'known': [1297, 3199], 'cluster': [1305, 1939, 1961, 2064, 2312], 'Zarqa': [1307, 1346], 'city': [1308, 1473], 'Jordan.8': [1310], 'April': [1312, 1826, 2083], 'high': [1317, 1349], 'fever': [1318, 2556, 2653, 2943], 'symptoms': [1323, 1708, 2696, 2738], 'unknown': [1325, 1629], 'etiology': [1326], 'Jordan': [1335], 'intensive': [1338], 'unit': [1340, 2128, 2160], '(ICU)': [1341], 'hospital': [1344, 1469, 1615, 2945], 'workers': [1356, 2122], '(HCWs).': [1357], 'Among': [1358], '11': [1360, 1419, 2092], 'affected,': [1362, 2133], '7': [1363, 2168, 2209, 2408], 'nurses': [1365, 1372], 'internist;': [1368], 'later': [1373, 2435], 'died.': [1374, 1958, 2305], 'after': [1378, 1978], 'discovery': [1380], 'MERS-CoV,': [1383, 4233], 'stored': [1384], 'samples': [1385], 'tested,': [1390], 'confirmed': [1397, 1439, 2090, 2136, 3267, 3356, 3523, 3616, 3873], 'RT-PCR': [1399, 3394, 3403], 'those': [1403, 3663, 4039], 'died—the': [1406], 'patient': [1408, 1517, 1528, 2171, 3144, 3259, 3349, 3670, 3749, 3793], 'male': [1411, 2432, 2455, 2872, 3047], 'nurse': [1412], 'caring': [1413], 'him.': [1415], 'probable': [1420, 2093, 3222, 3871], 'whom': [1426, 3665, 3674], '10': [1427], 'HCWs': [1429], 'cases.8The': [1436], 'first': [1437, 1446, 1740, 1938, 3377], 'laboratory': [1438, 2794, 2837, 3217, 3296, 3340, 3362, 3488, 3506], 'September': [1451], '20,': [1452], '2012.5': [1453], '60-year-old': [1455], 'Bisha': [1459], 'transferred': [1461], '13,': [1464], '2012': [1465, 1824, 1853], 'private': [1468], 'port': [1472], 'Jeddah,': [1475], '7-day': [1478], 'history': [1479, 1535, 1683, 3195], 'fever,': [1481, 2730], 'cough,': [1482], 'shortness': [1484, 2666], 'breath': [1486], 'progressed': [1488], 'distress': [1492, 3246, 3292], 'multi-organ': [1495], 'dysfunction': [1496], 'syndrome,': [1497], 'what': [1500], 'described': [1503, 3397, 3415, 3534], 'influenza': [1508, 3160], 'SARS.': [1510], 'Hematologic': [1511], 'changes': [1512], 'evident': [1514], 'form': [1520], 'lymphopenia,': [1522], 'neutrophilia,': [1523], 'late': [1525, 4044], 'thrombocytopenia.': [1526], 'no': [1530, 1534, 1883, 2282, 2328, 2355, 2736, 4156, 4207, 4235], 'underlying': [1531, 2494, 2725], 'condition': [1532], 'He': [1539], 'progressive': [1542], 'failure.': [1546], 'postmortem': [1548], 'examination': [1549], 'performed.': [1552], 'Arabia,': [1568, 2565], 'Qatar,': [1569], 'UAE,': [1571, 2058], 'Jordan.': [1573], 'Cases': [1574], 'appeared': [1576, 2161, 4153], 'UK,': [1579], 'Germany,': [1580], 'Tunisia,': [1581], 'France,': [1582, 2055], 'Italy,': [1584], 'originated': [1588], 'adults': [1590, 3100], 'came': [1592], 'traveling': [1596], 'East.': [1600], 'Certain': [1601], 'clearly': [1605], 'beings,': [1609], 'settings': [1616, 2473], 'within': [1619, 1911, 4017], 'families.': [1620, 1936], 'incubation': [1622, 1650, 2188], 'period': [1623, 1651, 2189], 'largely': [1628], 'prolonged': [1634, 1649], 'instance': [1638, 1698], 'person-to-person': [1640, 2249, 4311], 'nosocomial': [1641], '(9–12': [1643], 'days).32': [1644], '(median': [1652], '4–5': [1653], 'days;': [1654, 1666], 'range': [1655, 1668, 2195, 2851, 2853], '2–10': [1656], 'days)': [1657], 'infections': [1663, 1933, 2045, 3913], '(average': [1664], 'typical': [1667, 3930], '12': [1669], 'hours': [1670], 'days).11,33': [1673], 'Allowing': [1674], 'inherent': [1676], 'variability': [1677], 'recall': [1679], 'error,': [1680], 'exposure': [1682], 'prior': [1687], '14': [1688, 3322, 4018], 'days': [1689, 3323, 4019], 'reasonable': [1692], 'safe': [1694], 'approximation.': [1695], 'No': [1696], 'before': [1704, 3324], 'onset': [1706, 2941, 3325, 4022], 'disease.': [1710], 'Transmission': [1711], 'casual': [1713], 'social': [1715], 'uncommon.': [1718, 2704], 'where': [1722, 1810, 1833, 3313], 'majority': [1724, 2109, 2523, 2789], 'laboratory-confirmed': [1726, 1953], 'reported,': [1731], 'we': [1732, 3492], 'main': [1735], 'epidemiological': [1736, 3263, 3684], 'patterns.': [1737], 'pattern,': [1741, 1930], 'occur': [1744, 1934, 2677], 'communities.': [1746], 'Surveillance': [1747], 'neighboring': [1751], 'premises': [1752], 'performed': [1754, 3736], 'along': [1758], 'investigations': [1760], 'adjoining': [1762], 'areas': [1763], 'locales': [1765], 'rest': [1768], 'houses': [1769], '(istirahat)': [1770], 'farms': [1772], 'visited': [1776], 'cases.': [1778, 2444, 2578, 2954], 'used': [1781, 4266], 'guide': [1783], 'specimen': [1784], 'collections': [1785], 'forwarded': [1788], 'reference': [1790, 3487], 'laboratories': [1791], 'sequencing': [1793], 'studies.': [1794], 'hypothesis': [1796], 'being': [1799], 'possible': [1801, 1922, 4180], 'underlined': [1806], 'study': [1809], 'captured': [1813], 'during': [1819, 2571, 3867], 'samplings': [1821], '2013': [1827], 'regions': [1829], 'reported.': [1836, 2333, 2541], 'Of': [1837, 1944, 2296], 'total': [1839, 2532], '1003': [1841], 'samples,': [1842, 3562], 'positive': [1845, 3300, 3344, 3637, 3824], 'sample': [1846], 'fecal': [1856], 'pellet': [1857], 'Taphozous': [1862], 'perforatus': [1863], 'Bisha,': [1865], 'town': [1867], 'place': [1873], 'residence': [1875], 'case.25': [1879], 'fact': [1881], 'generated': [1889], 'indicate': [1894], 'very': [1896, 2550], 'load': [1899], 'sample,': [1902], 'does': [1905], 'rule': [1907], 'out': [1908], 'divergence': [1910], 'genomic': [1913], 'regions.': [1914], 'Considerable': [1915], 'efforts': [1916], 'way': [1919], 'sources': [1924], 'infection.In': [1927], 'second': [1929, 1960], '2012.': [1943], 'individuals': [1947, 1973, 2300], 'household,': [1950], 'February': [1968], '2013.': [1969], 'One': [1970, 2705, 2721], 'died,': [1974], 'recovered': [1977, 3964], 'experiencing': [1979, 2524], 'mild': [1981, 2518, 2551], 'illness.': [1983], 'Similar': [1984], 'UK': [1991], 'Tunisia.7,15': [1993], 'These': [1994], 'provided': [1996], 'clear': [1997], 'involving': [2006], 'modes,': [2008], 'droplet': [2011], 'transmission.': [2014], 'risk': [2016, 2030], 'close': [2021, 3613], 'low,': [2026], 'although': [2027, 3966, 4234], 'increased': [2032, 2475], 'immunosuppression': [2036, 2498], 'co-existing': [2038], 'illnesses.The': [2039], 'third': [2040], 'pattern': [2041], 'comprises': [2042], 'facilities.': [2049], 'Such': [2050], 'events': [2051, 3057], 'Jordan,': [2056], 'Arabia.3': [2061], 'hospitals': [2069], 'governoate': [2072], 'Al-Hasa,': [2074], 'eastern': [2077], 'province': [2078], '23,': [2087], '2013:': [2088], '23': [2089, 2298], 'diagnosed': [2096, 2577], 'part': [2098], 'single': [2101, 3256, 3700], 'four': [2105], 'healthcare': [2106], 'facilities.33,34': [2107], 'affected.': [2125], 'hemodialysis': [2127, 2159, 2215], 'heavily': [2132, 3192], 'ICU': [2144], 'medical': [2147, 2495], 'ward.': [2148], 'Based': [2149, 2265], 'epidemiology,': [2152], 'one': [2153, 3102], 'persons,': [2169, 2175], 'another': [2170], 'persons': [2184, 2402, 2491, 2649], 'each.': [2185], 'median': [2187, 2416], '5.2': [2191], 'days,': [2192], '1.9': [2197], '14.7': [2199], '(95%': [2200], 'CI).34': [2201], 'reminiscent': [2205], 'SARS,35–39': [2207], 'secondary': [2210], 'unit.': [2216], 'It': [2217, 3826], 'multiple': [2223, 3062], 'zoonotic': [2224], 'introductions': [2227], 'community': [2230], 'inconsistent': [2232, 4169], 'application': [2233], 'appropriate': [2235, 3564], 'practices': [2238, 3531], 'hospitals.': [2240], 'Despite': [2241], 'thorough': [2243], 'investigation,': [2244], 'questions': [2246], 'whether': [2247, 2259], 'contact,': [2257], 'remain': [2263], 'unanswered.': [2264], 'currently': [2268, 3994], 'available': [2269], 'data,': [2270, 3687], 'cannot': [2276, 3124], 'excluded,': [2278], 'indication': [2283], 'plays': [2286], 'important': [2288], 'role': [2289], 'virus.': [2295, 2349], 'coronavirus-infected': [2299], 'outbreak,': [2303], '65%': [2304], 'Most': [2306], 'comorbidities.34': [2314], 'measures': [2319, 2340], 'place,': [2321], 'effectively': [2325], 'controlled': [2326], 'more': [2329, 2488, 3480, 4082, 4124], 'shows': [2335], 'preventive': [2337], 'prevent': [2344], 'spread': [2346], 'At': [2350], 'moment': [2352], 'any': [2358, 2546, 3336], 'change': [2359], 'infectiousness': [2362], 'MERS-CoV.': [2364, 3776], 'low.': [2372], 'basic': [2374, 3536], 'reproduction': [2375], 'number': [2376, 3401, 3627, 3785], '(R0)': [2377], 'estimated': [2379], '0.69,': [2381], 'R0': [2385], 'prepandemic': [2387], '(0.80)': [2389], 'below': [2392], 'threshold': [2395], '1.40Clinical': [2397], 'DiseaseMERS-CoV': [2398], 'affected': [2401], 'aged': [2403, 2410], '>24': [2404], 'years,': [2405], 'except': [2406, 3101], 'children,': [2409, 2603], '18': [2413, 2534], 'years.': [2414], 'age': [2417], '50': [2421, 4078, 4120], '(range:': [2423], '2–94': [2424], 'years).18': [2425], 'Earlier': [2426], 'reports': [2427, 3944], 'predominance': [2430, 2456], 'series': [2436], 'showed': [2437], 'larger': [2439], 'proportion': [2440, 2466], 'younger': [2442], 'female': [2443, 3045], 'male-to-female': [2446], 'ratio': [2447], '1.6:1.4,18': [2449], 'reason': [2451], 'strong': [2454], 'unexplained': [2464], 'associated': [2469, 2512, 3184, 4026], 'substantially,': [2476], 'accounts': [2479], '23%': [2481], 'cases.18': [2485], 'occurs': [2487], 'chronic': [2493], 'conditions': [2496], '3),': [2500], 'previous': [2505], 'good': [2506], 'health.41': [2507], 'severity': [2509], 'ranges': [2516], 'fulminant': [2520], 'disease': [2528, 2614, 2634, 3240, 3286], 'requiring': [2529], 'hospitalization.18,22,41,42': [2530], 'asymptomatic': [2535, 2567, 2582, 2595], 'mildly': [2537], 'symptomatic': [2538], 'without': [2545, 2559, 3303, 3347], 'symptom': [2547], 'myalgia': [2560], 'chills.': [2562], '16': [2566], 'screening': [2572, 3301, 3345, 3499], 'remaining': [2580], 'UAE.': [2588], 'recent': [2590], 'milder': [2593, 2633], 'workers,': [2602], 'indicates': [2610], 'predominates': [2616], 'proven': [2618], 'represents': [2621], 'tip': [2623], 'iceberg,': [2626], 'spectrum': [2631, 2956], 'requires': [2636], 'definition.4,18,41': [2637], 'clinical': [2639, 3182, 3515, 3686, 4008, 4144, 4157, 4181, 4236, 4271, 4277], 'initially': [2651, 3915], 'myalgia,': [2654], 'malaise,': [2655], 'chills': [2657], 'rigor': [2659], '4).43–46': [2661], 'Cough': [2662], 'common,': [2664], 'breath,': [2668], 'tachypnea': [2669], 'progression': [2671], 'pneumonia,': [2673, 3140], 'failure': [2676, 3898], 'early,': [2678], 'comorbidities.': [2683], 'Unlike': [2684], 'atypical': [2686, 3932], 'pneumonias': [2687], 'mycoplasma,': [2690], 'chlamydia,': [2693], 'upper': [2694], 'rhinorrhea': [2699], 'sore': [2701], 'throat': [2702], 'accompanying': [2712], 'symptoms,': [2714], 'abdominal': [2716, 2733], 'pain,': [2717, 2734], 'vomiting,': [2718], 'diarrhea.41': [2720], 'patient,': [2722], 'immunosuppressive': [2726], 'disorder,': [2727], 'presented': [2728], 'diarrhea,': [2731], 'initially;': [2739], 'incidentally': [2743], 'radiograph.47': [2746], 'Lymphocytopenia': [2747], 'normal': [2752, 2786], 'neutrophil': [2753], 'count': [2754, 2763], 'admission,': [2756, 2946], 'platelet': [2762], 'depressed': [2765], 'consumptive': [2768], 'coagulopathy.': [2769], 'levels': [2771], 'alanine': [2773, 2906], 'aminotransferase,': [2774], 'aspartate': [2775], 'transaminase,': [2776], 'lactate': [2778, 2911], 'dehydrogenase': [2779, 2912], 'raised.33,41': [2781], 'Other': [2782], 'biochemical': [2783], 'values': [2784], 'patients.': [2791, 3048], 'findings': [2795], 'did': [2796], 'allow': [2798], 'reliable': [2799], 'discrimination': [2800], 'causes': [2805], 'community-acquired': [2807, 3131, 3934], 'pneumonia.Table': [2808], 'People': [2810], 'high-risk': [2812], 'developing': [2814], 'infection.DiabetesChronic': [2817], 'diseaseChronic': [2819], 'heart': [2820], 'diseaseHypertensionChronic': [2821], 'diseaseObesitySmokingMalignant': [2823], 'diseaseSteroid': [2824], 'useMERS-CoV:': [2825], 'Coronavirus.Table': [2830], 'Comparison': [2832], 'demographic,': [2834], 'clinical,': [2835, 3214, 3232, 3278], 'features': [2838, 3183], 'infection.aVariablesMERS-CoVSARS-CoVDemographicsNumber': [2843], 'cases136752Incubation': [2845], 'periods': [2846], '(days;': [2847], 'mean': [2848], '95%)5.2': [2849], '(1.9–14.7);': [2850], '2–134.6(3.8–5.8);': [2852], '2–14Age': [2854], 'patient56': [2856], '(mean': [2857, 2859], '14–94)39.9': [2858], '1–91)Percent': [2860], 'children5–6%5–7%See': [2862], 'distribution': [2863], 'no.83': [2864], 'male,': [2865], '53': [2866], 'female343': [2867], 'males,': [2868], '409': [2869], 'femalesRatio': [2870], 'female1.6:10.84:1Clinical': [2874], 'featuresb': [2875], '(%)': [2876, 2894], 'Fever': [2877], '>38°C9899.9': [2878], 'Chills': [2879], 'rigors87.151.5': [2881], 'Myalgia32.148.5': [2882], 'Malaise3858.8': [2883], 'Cough8365.5': [2884], 'Rhinorrhea4613.8': [2885], 'Sore': [2886], 'throat2116.5': [2887], 'Nausea': [2888], 'vomiting2126.7': [2890], 'Diarrhea2620.1': [2891], 'Mortality430–40Laboratory': [2892], 'Resultsb': [2893], 'Leukopenia': [2895], '(<40.0×109': [2896], 'cells/L)1424.2': [2897], 'Lymphopenia': [2898], '(1.5×109': [2899], 'cells/L)3466.4': [2900], 'Thrombocytopenia': [2901], '(<140×109': [2902], 'cells/L)3629.7': [2903], 'Elevated': [2904, 2909], 'serum': [2905, 2910, 3750], 'aminotransferase': [2907], 'level1144.1': [2908], 'level4945.6Radiographic': [2913], 'manifestationsb': [2914], '(%)Initial': [2915], 'abnormal': [2916, 2951], 'chest': [2917, 2948], 'radiograph10060–100aModify': [2918], 'R42,': [2920], '43.bBased': [2921], 'papers.MERS-CoV:': [2924], 'SARS-CoV:': [2930], 'coronavirus.Depending': [2935], 'interval': [2938], 'initial': [2947, 3115], 'radiographs': [2949], 'radiographic': [2960, 4146], 'abnormalities': [2961], 'seen:': [2963], 'ground-glass': [2964], 'opacifications': [2965], 'patchy-to-confluent': [2967], 'air': [2968, 2984], 'space': [2969, 2985], 'consolidation,': [2970], 'nodular': [2971], 'opacities,': [2972, 2974], 'reticular': [2973], 'reticulonodular': [2975], 'shadowing,': [2976], 'pleural': [2978], 'effusions.': [2979], 'Progression': [2980], 'unilateral': [2982], 'focal': [2983], 'opacities': [2986], 'multifocal': [2988], 'bilateral': [2990], 'involvement': [2991], 'frequent': [2993], 'admitted': [2996], 'ICU.33,41': [2999], 'About': [3000], '89%': [3001], 'required': [3008, 3015], 'admission': [3009], 'ICU,': [3012], '72%': [3014], 'mechanical': [3016, 3656], 'ventilation': [3017], 'extracorporeal': [3022], 'oxygenation.': [3024], 'Forty-two': [3025], '77': [3028], '(case-fatality': [3035], '[CFR]:': [3037], '60%).41': [3038], 'mortality': [3040], 'CFRs': [3049], 'increasing': [3053], 'age.': [3054], 'terminal': [3056], 'failure,': [3061, 3064], 'organ': [3063], 'sepsis.': [3066], 'cumulative': [3068], 'CFR': [3069], 'decreased': [3070], '60%': [3072], '43%,': [3074], 'calculated': [3075], 'until': [3082, 3569], '4,': [3084], '2013,18': [3085], 'may': [3087, 3478, 4052], 'reflection': [3090], 'enhanced': [3092], 'activities.': [3094], 'deaths': [3096], '2-year-old': [3105], 'child.4DiagnosisMERS': [3106], 'progresses': [3112], 'rapidly.': [3113], 'manifestations': [3116], 'specific,': [3121], 'clinically': [3126], 'differentiated': [3127], 'pneumonias.': [3132], 'occurrence': [3134], 'disease,': [3138], 'epidemiologically': [3142], 'linked': [3143], 'raises': [3146], 'level': [3148], 'suspicion': [3150], 'unique': [3154], 'MERS.': [3156], 'Diseases': [3157], 'can': [3161, 3219], 'definition': [3167, 3188, 3205], 'refined': [3172], 'over': [3173], 'time': [3174], '5).48': [3176], 'Given': [3177], 'lack': [3179], 'characteristic': [3181], 'MERS,': [3186], 'relies': [3191], 'patients.Table': [3200], 'Revised': [3202], 'interim': [3203], 'reporting': [3207], 'WHO:': [3209, 3373], 'MERS-CoV.aProbable': 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'http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/case_definition/en/index.htmlMERS-CoV:': [3367], 'Organization.The': [3376], 'molecular': [3378], 'completed': [3384], 'using': [3385, 3716, 3747, 3788], 'conventional': [3387], '(non-real-time)': [3388], 'pan-coronavirus': [3389], 'RT-PCR.': [3390], 'More': [3391], 'real-time': [3393], 'assays': [3395, 3404], 'later.49': [3398], 'Subsequently,': [3399], 'developed.': [3413], 'Currently': [3414], 'tests': [3416, 3632, 3638], 'include': [3417], 'assay': [3419, 3429, 3444, 3457, 3467, 3476, 3497, 3502, 3812], 'targeting': [3420, 3430, 3494], 'upstream': [3421], 'gene': [3426], '(upE)': [3427], 'open': [3432], 'reading': [3433], 'frame': [3434], '1b': [3435, 3466], '(ORF': [3436], '1b)': [3437], 'ORF': [3440, 3455, 3465, 3474], '1a': [3441, 3456, 3475], 'gene.': [3442], 'upE': [3447, 3496], 'target': [3448], 'considered': [3450, 3458, 3469], 'highly': [3451, 4290], 'sensitive,': [3452], 'equal': [3462], 'sensitivities.': [3463], 'less': [3470], 'sensitive': [3471, 3596, 4125], '(Figure': [3482], '1).50,51': [3483], 'our': [3485], 'national': [3486], 'ORF1a': [3501], 'confirmation.': [3504], 'Diagnostic': [3505], 'work': [3507], 'PCR': [3509], 'should': [3511, 4065], 'conducted': [3513], 'specimens': [3516, 3571, 3600, 3648, 3787], 'suspected': [3521, 3580, 3679, 3911], 'adopting': [3530], 'procedures': [3533], 'laboratory—': [3537], 'Biosafety': [3538], 'Level': [3539], '(BSL-2).52,53': [3541], 'There': [3542, 4166], 'carefully': [3549], 'designed': [3550], 'protocol': [3551], 'adhered': [3554], 'collection': [3558], 'transport': [3560], 'cold': [3565], 'chain,': [3566], 'avoiding': [3567], 'freezing': [3568], 'reach': [3572], 'destination': [3574], 'laboratory.Figure': [3575], 'Testing': [3577], 'algorithm': [3578], '(modified': [3584], 'Ref': [3585], '50).Download': [3586], 'FigureEvidence': [3587], 'suggests': [3588, 4091, 4222], 'nasopharyngeal': [3590], '(NP)': [3591], 'swabs': [3592, 3606, 3635], 'detecting': [3602], 'infections.': [3604], 'NP': [3605, 3634, 3702], 'developed': [3620, 3765], 'addition,': [3625], 'specimens.': [3643], '54': [3644], 'Lower': [3645], 'included': [3649], 'sputum,': [3650], 'endotracheal': [3651], 'aspirate': [3652], 'ventilation,': [3657], 'bronchial': [3659], 'alveolar': [3660], 'lavage': [3661], 'indicated': [3668], 'management.52,53': [3671], 'Patients,': [3672], 'adequately': [3691], 'excluded': [3692], 'having': [3694], 'solely': [3697], 'swab.': [3703], 'strain': [3706], 'grow': [3711], 'Virus': [3721], 'culture': [3725], 'recommended,': [3728], 'if': [3730], 'done,': [3731], 'activities': [3733], 'must': [3734], 'BSL-3': [3738], 'facilities.55,56': [3739], 'indirect': [3745], 'immunofluorescence': [3746], 'convalescent': [3748, 3804, 3961, 4013, 4042, 4050], 'described.51': [3753], 'Recently': [3754], 'tool': [3757, 3778], 'microarray': [3761], 'technology': [3762], 'detection': [3769], 'IgM': [3771], 'IgG': [3773], 'antibodies': [3774], 'against': [3775, 3925, 4232], 'validated': [3781, 3846], 'putative': [3789], 'cross-reacting': [3790], 'sera': [3791, 3802, 3962], 'cohorts': [3794], 'exposed': [3795], 'hCoVs': [3800], 'SARS-CoV.57,58': [3810], 'aid': [3814], 'individual': [3818], 'confirm': [3823], 'tests.': [3825], 'useful': [3830, 4055], 'screening.': [3840], 'East.ManagementEarly': [3852], 'current': [3859], 'WHO': [3860], 'guidelines': [3861], 'spread.59': [3881], 'General': [3882], 'supportive': [3883], 'continues': [3885], 'keystone': [3889], 'managing': [3891], 'septic': [3901], 'shock': [3902], 'consequence': [3905], 'infection.2': [3908], 'Patients': [3909], 'treated': [3916], 'empirically': [3917], 'broadspectrum': [3919], 'antibacterial': [3920], 'drugs': [3921], 'agents': [3927], 'exclude': [3937], 'diagnoses.': [3939], '2,60,61A': [3940], 'review': [3941], 'Severe': [3948], 'Acute': [3949], 'Emerging': [3952], 'Infection': [3953], 'Consortium': [3954], '(ISARIC)61': [3955], 'untested,': [3967], 'best': [3973], 'therapy': [3974], 'efficacy': [3979], 'treatment': [3982, 4056], 'subjects': [3984], 'SARS-related': [3986], 'pneumonia.': [3987], 'Viral': [3988], 'kinetic': [3989], 'data': [3990, 4090], 'lacking,': [3995], 'knowledge': [3997], 'area': [4000], 'facilitate': [4002], 'planning': [4003], 'management.': [4009], 'administration': [4011, 4134, 4210], 'plasma': [4014, 4043, 4051], 'discharge': [4030], 'day': [4033], '22': [4034], 'received': [4041], 'all.61,62': [4048], 'provide': [4053], 'modality': [4057], 'MERS-CoVco': [4060], 'disease;': [4061], 'however,': [4062], 'accompanied': [4067], 'appropriately': [4070, 4252], 'planned': [4071, 4253], 'evaluation': [4072, 4254], 'effectiveness.': [4074, 4256], 'Peg': [4075], 'IFN': [4076, 4108], 'times': [4081, 4123], 'SARS-CoV.63': [4087], 'Recent': [4088], 'active': [4096], 'compounds': [4102], 'screened.': [4103], 'Type': [4104], 'I': [4105], 'III': [4107], 'efficiently': [4109], 'reduced': [4110], 'HAE': [4114], 'cultures.': [4115], 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'indication)': [4278], 'adverse': [4284], 'side': [4285], 'effects.ConclusionThe': [4286], 'pathogenic': [4291], 'emerging': [4292], 'lethal': [4301], 'centered': [4303], 'capable': [4308], 'spread.': [4312], 'Betacoronavirus,': [4317], 'w': [4318]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W868176235', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T13:25:37.313648', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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