Title: Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), and Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Abstract: In recent years, pressure-driven membrane processes of ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) are being widely investigated for the removal of pharmaceuticals from various water bodies. UF showed relatively low removal of pharmaceuticals, in most cases < 50%, due to larger molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of this membrane type. In contrast to UF, NF and RO membranes showed high efficiency in rejections of pharmaceuticals from polluted water, in most cases > 90%. The rejection of pharmaceuticals strongly depends on the physicochemical properties of the membrane and solute, as well as feed water composition and operating conditions. Fouling is one of the main drawbacks of NF and RO processes but even so, in some cases, can have a positive effect on solute rejection. In hybrid processes, NF and RO are used as the final processing steps, providing high quality of permeate.
Publication Year: 2013
Publication Date: 2013-01-01
Language: en
Type: book-chapter
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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Cited By Count: 29
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