Title: Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations for Earth's Atmosphere
Abstract: Chapter 9 Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations for Earth's Atmosphere Christopher G. Kruse, Christopher G. Kruse NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJadwiga H. Richter, Jadwiga H. Richter Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Joan Alexander, M. Joan Alexander NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJulio T. Bacmeister, Julio T. Bacmeister Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorChristopher Heale, Christopher Heale Department of Physical Sciences, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJunhong Wei, Junhong Wei School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Christopher G. Kruse, Christopher G. Kruse NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJadwiga H. Richter, Jadwiga H. Richter Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Joan Alexander, M. Joan Alexander NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJulio T. Bacmeister, Julio T. Bacmeister Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO,, USASearch for more papers by this authorChristopher Heale, Christopher Heale Department of Physical Sciences, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL,, USASearch for more papers by this authorJunhong Wei, Junhong Wei School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Yangang Liu, Yangang LiuSearch for more papers by this authorPavlos Kollias, Pavlos KolliasSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 November 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119529019.ch9Citations: 1Book Series:Geophysical Monograph Series AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs), or buoyancy waves, transport momentum and energy through Earth's atmosphere. GWs are important at nearly all levels of the atmosphere, though the momentum they transport is particularly important in general circulation of the middle and upper atmosphere. Primary sources of atmospheric GWs are flow over mountains, moist convection, and imbalances in jet/frontal systems. Secondary GWs can also be generated as a result of dissipation of a primary GWs. Gravity waves typically have horizontal wavelengths of tens to hundreds of kilometers, though they can have scales of one to thousands of kilometers as well. Current effective resolutions of climate models, and even numerical weather prediction models, do not resolve significant portions of the momentum-carrying and energy-flux-carrying GW spectrum, and so parameterizations are necessary to represent under-resolved and unresolved GWs in most current models. Here, an overview of GWs generated by orography, convection, jet/front systems, primary wave breaking, and secondary wave generation is provided. 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