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289], 'L.,': [192], 'Delbridge,': [193, 291], 'R.,': [194, 220], 'Denis,': [195, 293], 'J.-L.,': [196], 'Drori,': [197, 296], 'G.S.,': [198], 'Eriksson-Zetterquist,': [199, 252, 298], 'U.,': [200], 'Gehman,': [201, 300], 'J.,': [202, 206, 210], 'Gerhardt,': [203, 302], 'L.-M.,': [204], 'Goldenstein,': [205, 304], 'Harroche,': [207, 306], 'A.,': [208, 212], 'Jandrić,': [209, 308], 'Kosmützky,': [211, 310], 'Krücken,': [213, 312, 2270, 3011, 3109], 'G.,': [214], 'Lee,': [215, 315], 'S.S.,': [216], 'Lounsbury,': [217, 317], 'M.,': [218], 'Mizrahi-Shtelman,': [219, 319], 'Musselin,': [221, 321, 2791, 3005], 'C.,': [222], 'Gustafsson,': [223, 324, 3712], 'H.Ö.,': [224], 'Pineda,': [225, 326], 'P.,': [226, 228], 'Quattrone,': [227, 328], 'Ramirez,': [229, 331, 2276], 'F.O.,': [230], 'Sahlin,': [231, 249, 333, 2874], 'K.,': [232], 'van': [233, 335, 3930], 'Schalkwyk,': [234], 'F.': [235], 'Walgenbach,': [237], 'P.': [238], '(2023),': [239], '"“Outroduction”:': [240], 'A': [241, 1332, 1471, 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[301], 'Jan': [303], 'Audrey': [305], 'Jakov': [307], 'Anna': [309], 'Georg': [311], 'Seungah': [313], 'Michael': [316], 'Ravit': [318], 'Christine': [320], 'Hampus': [322], 'Östh': [323], 'Pedro': [325], 'Paolo': [327], 'Francisco': [329], 'O.': [330], 'Kerstin': [332], 'Francois': [334], 'Schalkwyka': [336], 'Peter': [338], 'Walgenbachi': [339], 'License': [340], 'These': [341, 1812, 3149], 'works': [342, 362, 365, 653], 'are': [343, 410, 452, 561, 623, 932, 1160, 1237, 1249, 1376, 1416, 1515, 1524, 1683, 1729, 1744, 1817, 1972, 2106, 2441, 2513, 2807, 3029, 3046, 3263, 3364, 3384, 3495, 3522, 3574, 3704, 3981, 4235], 'published': [344], 'under': [345, 1316, 3201, 3511, 3596], 'Creative': [347], 'Commons': [348], 'Attribution': [349], '(CC': [350], 'BY': [351], '4.0)': [352], 'licence.': [353], 'Anyone': [354], 'may': [355, 388, 1979, 3648, 3977, 4127], 'reproduce,': [356], 'distribute,': [357], 'translate': [358], 'create': [360], 'derivative': [361], 'these': [364, 449, 523, 795, 814, 889, 1346, 2177, 2253, 2306, 2547, 2944, 2971, 3694], '(for': [366], 'both': [367, 673, 906, 1125, 2128, 2167, 2815, 3205, 3247, 4051], 'commercial': [368], 'non-commercial': [370], 'purposes),': [371], 'subject': [372], 'full': [374, 383], 'attribution': [375], 'original': [378], 'publication': [379], 'authors.': [381], 'The': [382, 434, 498, 833, 865, 1441, 2114, 2236, 2392, 2569, 2686, 2909, 3191, 3926], 'terms': [384], 'licence': [387], 'seen': [390, 3257, 3536, 3781, 4065], 'at': [391, 404, 845, 1377, 1780, 1882, 2068, 2129, 2316, 2430, 2524, 2653, 3055, 3091, 3265, 3274, 3278, 3748, 4055, 4098], 'http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode.': [392], 'Opening': [393], 'Remarks': [394], 'It': [402, 1786, 2401, 3476], 'core': [406, 1612], 'what': [408, 412, 589, 648, 658, 3038, 3543], 'universities': [409, 501, 552, 737, 1089, 1096, 1241, 1277, 1302, 1314, 1705, 1910, 2087, 2211, 2241, 2486, 2583, 2604, 2620, 2648, 2725, 3000, 3077, 3089, 3096, 3195, 3599, 3611, 3703, 3851, 3863, 3889, 3939, 4173], 'their': [413, 514, 1182, 1243, 1505, 1638, 1686, 2589, 2627, 3212, 4112], 'purpose': [414], 'is.': [415], 'At': [416, 1610, 2541], 'same': [418, 2543], 'time,': [419, 2544, 2933], 'being': [422, 862, 2615, 2866, 3721], 'challenged': [423, 1250, 3843], 'as': [424, 544, 553, 591, 601, 779, 781, 907, 920, 1099, 1387, 1409, 1560, 1723, 1773, 1831, 1904, 1911, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1985, 1987, 1998, 2053, 2143, 2153, 2349, 2444, 2532, 2659, 2661, 2710, 2764, 2826, 2840, 2861, 3001, 3023, 3168, 3524, 3537, 3782, 3803, 3805, 3815, 3957, 3959, 4087, 4158], 'primary': [426, 3334], 'form': [427, 609, 2669, 2929, 3588], 'governing': [429], 'higher': [430, 705, 1260, 2149, 2191, 3310, 4163], 'education': [431, 706, 1261, 2192, 4164], 'research.': [433, 708, 812, 3250], '17': [435], 'papers': [436, 521, 684, 2115, 2251, 2969, 4029], 'two': [439, 796, 2254], 'volumes': [440, 524, 797, 2255, 2548, 2972, 3695], 'explore': [445, 3340, 3356, 3420], 'numerous': [446], 'examples': [447, 1412], 'challenges,': [450, 567], 'which': [451, 743, 850, 1178, 1375, 1489, 1529, 2187, 2632, 2836, 3154, 3368, 3464, 3490, 3600, 3702, 4149, 4227], 'partly': [453], 'sign': [455], 'time.': [458], 'They': [459], 'follow': [460, 483], 'pervasive': [461], 'processes': [462, 1296, 1349, 2456, 2461], 'organizational': [464, 1688, 1698, 1907, 1912, 2243, 2351, 2585, 2732], 'rationalization': [465], 'with': [466, 506, 534, 594, 620, 1327, 1492, 1981, 2354, 2383, 2662, 2734, 2919, 2926, 2947, 3139, 3468, 3553, 3772, 3893], 'increased': [467, 508, 2355, 2561, 2704, 2721, 2987], 'emphasis': [468], 'planning,': [470], 'management,': [471], 'transparency,': [472], 'concomitant': [475], 'drive': [476], 'for': [477, 556, 665, 677, 701, 801, 810, 820, 1104, 1354, 1461, 1473, 1488, 1537, 1564, 1599, 1700, 1713, 1732, 1852, 1974, 2110, 2754, 2777, 2832, 2855, 2895, 2976, 2999, 3081, 3132, 3406, 3607, 3652, 3720, 3784, 3789, 3833, 4156, 4219], 'predictability': [478], 'control.': [480], 'political': [485, 1317, 1328, 3480], 'pressures,': [486], 'reflecting': [487], 'more': [488, 1305, 1321, 1323, 2554, 3175, 3576, 3852, 4007], 'general': [489], 'threats': [490, 550], 'speech,': [494], 'openness,': [495], 'expansion': [499, 2290], 'has': [503, 1122, 1400, 1838, 1848, 1937, 2715, 2883, 2986, 2992, 3605, 3841], 'been': [504, 1839, 1849, 2159, 2884, 3842], 'matched': [505], 'interest': [509, 3129], 'among': [510, 1147, 2066, 3373], 'politicians': [511], 'control': [513, 1508, 3025], 'finances': [515], 'operations.': [517], 'short,': [519, 1962], 'show': [525, 694, 2549], 'how': [526, 621, 651, 702, 1676, 3839, 3887, 4066, 4121], 'go': [530], 'hand': [531, 533, 2328, 2916, 2918], 'doing': [539], 'so,': [540], 'they': [541, 1523, 3136, 3980, 4122], 'foreground': [542], 'critical': [546, 3982], 'resource': [547], 'counter': [549], 'free': [554], 'spaces': [555], 'knowledge': [557, 1215, 1452, 1629, 1635, 2756, 2966, 3183, 3473, 3583, 3837], 'inquiry.': [558], 'External': [559], 'pressures': [560, 1175, 4043, 4171], 'not': [562, 614, 685, 723, 1138, 2838, 4208], 'only': [564, 686, 724], 'sources': [565], 'however.': [568], 'have': [570, 626, 642, 1097, 1137, 1179, 1892, 2012, 2158, 2580, 2597, 2621, 2726, 2939, 2950, 2981, 3034, 3066, 3126, 3465, 4030, 4064], 'pointed': [571], 'out': [572, 1766], 'several': [573, 2250], 'weaknesses': [574], 'limitations': [576, 4125], 'collegial': [578, 1153, 1158, 1373, 1501, 1876, 2084, 3227, 3377, 3770, 3831, 3988, 4188], 'governance.': [579, 1154, 2304], 'One': [580], 'weakness': [582], 'lack': [585, 596], 'clarity': [587], 'about': [588], 'counts': [590], 'together': [593, 787], 'institution.': [603], 'Too': [604], 'often,': [605], 'governance': [611, 735, 1159, 2700, 2712, 3228, 3283, 3392, 4117], 'clearly': [615], 'expressed,': [616], 'largely': [618], 'associated': [619], 'things': [622], 'perceived': [624], 'worked': [627], '“good': [630], 'old': [631], 'days.”': [632], 'From': [633], 'very': [635], 'beginning': [636], 'project,': [640], 'recognized': [643], 'need': [645, 3292, 3767, 3941, 4105], 'clarify': [647], 'is,': [650, 1392], 'should': [655, 722, 3723, 3778, 3811, 4174], 'work,': [656], 'does.': [660], 'cannot': [662, 1466], 'taken': [664], 'granted;': [666], 'made': [671], 'explicit,': [672], 'practice': [675, 802, 1242, 1539], 'analytical': [678], 'purposes.': [679], 'regard,': [682], 'point': [687], 'remains': [697], 'important': [699, 933, 1697, 1731, 2247], 'ideal': [700], 'govern': [704], 'practiced': [711], 'various': [713, 717, 3558, 3773, 3809, 4056], 'extents': [714, 2942], 'forms': [718, 879, 1222, 2302, 3559], 'worldwide.': [719], 'thus,': [721], 'concentrate': [725], 'introduction': [730, 2910, 2921], 'new': [732, 1221, 1628, 2755], 'modes': [733], 'ways': [741, 1240, 2185, 4225], 'operates,': [745], 'transforms,': [746], 'maintained.': [749], 'report': [772], 'well': [780, 1948, 1986, 2660, 3804, 3888, 3958], 'activation.': [784], 'draw': [786], 'conceptual': [792], 'developments': [793, 1855, 2124, 2201, 2974, 3151, 3608], 'present': [799, 2136, 3162], 'policy.': [804, 3286], 'Our': [805], 'open': [807, 3402, 3949, 4236], 'multiple': [808], 'pathways': [809], 'Synthesizing': [813], 'insights,': [815], 'develop': [817, 3181], 'collegiality.': [823, 893, 2010, 2023, 3166], 'This': [824, 2035, 2368, 2878, 3604, 3900, 4141], 'outroduction': [825], 'result': [828], 'work.': [832, 1785], 'outline': [834], 'key': [836, 2387, 2955], 'were': [838, 856, 1278], 'developed': [839], 'interactively': [840], 'during': [841, 1133], 'final': [843], 'session': [844], 'Stellenbosch': [847], 'workshop,': [848], 'following': [849], 'parts': [852], 'written': [857], 'authors': [860], 'before': [861, 1834, 3179], 'jointly': [863], 'edited.': [864], 'conviction': [872], 'manifests': [875], 'many': [877, 890, 902, 1938, 2006, 3140], 'settings': [881], 'acknowledge': [888], 'variations': [891], 'reflects': [900], 'facets': [903], 'concept': [909], 'practice.': [912], 'next': [915], 'section,': [916], 'discuss': [918], 'address': [927, 3187], 'why': [928, 935], '(i.e.,': [934], 'care).': [937], 'Next,': [964], 'Is': [1079], 'Modus': [1081], 'Operandi': [1082], 'Since': [1085], 'founding': [1087], 'Europe': [1091], 'around': [1092], 'millennium': [1094], 'ago,': [1095], 'thrived': [1098], 'established': [1101], 'social': [1102, 1295, 1299, 1348, 1486, 1595, 2766, 3462], 'institution': [1103, 1170, 1366, 1968], 'study': [1105, 3928], 'knowledge.': [1107, 1867], 'wake': [1110], 'European': [1112, 1145], 'imperialism': [1113], 'subsequent': [1115], 'globalization,': [1116], 'model': [1118, 3303], 'expanded': [1123], 'domain': [1126, 1487], 'reach.': [1128], 'Changes': [1129], 'long': [1135], 'period': [1136], 'erased': [1139], 'imprint': [1141], 'its': [1143, 1356, 1359, 1401, 1493, 1857, 1905, 2474, 2717, 2769, 3209, 3569, 3653], 'Medieval': [1144], 'roots,': [1146], 'them': [1148, 1828, 3418], 'commitment': [1150], 'guild-like': [1152], 'Nevertheless,': [1155], 'rapidly': [1161], 'changing': [1162], 'due': [1163], 'mounting': [1165], 'global': [1169, 1291, 2576], 'university.': [1173, 3967], 'Recent': [1174], 'already': [1180, 3545], 'reoriented': [1181], 'missions': [1183], 'led': [1185, 3036], 'structural': [1187], 'behavioral': [1189], 'changes,': [1190], 'come': [1191, 1315, 2951, 3137], 'variety': [1194, 2138], 'sources.': [1196], 'For-profit': [1197], 'corporations,': [1198], 'consultancies,': [1199], 'think': [1200], 'tanks': [1201], 'non-profit': [1203], 'centers': [1205], 'encroach': [1206], 'university’s': [1209], 'mission': [1211], 'creation.': [1216], 'Technological': [1217], 'advances': [1218], 'enable': [1220, 2467], 'teaching': [1224, 3248], '(e.g.,': [1227, 2459, 3751], 'remote': [1228], 'learning,': [1229], 'online': [1230], 'studies,': [1231], 'MOOCs,': [1232], 'AI-based': [1234], 'text': [1235], 'production)': [1236], 'altering': [1238], 'traditional': [1244, 2310], 'missions.': [1246], 'labor': [1252], 'market': [1253, 1269], 'demands': [1254, 1309, 3177, 4080], 'justify': [1256], 'relevance': [1258, 1300, 2284, 2296], 'acquisition': [1264], 'employable': [1266], 'skills,': [1267], 'job': [1268], 'placement,': [1270], 'work': [1272, 1442, 1752, 2340, 2797, 2850, 3234], 'processes.': [1273], 'Furthermore,': [1274], 'seeing': [1275], '“born': [1279], 'global”': [1280], 'Middle': [1283], 'Ages': [1284], 'faithful': [1287], 'norms': [1289, 1519, 1814, 4137], 'regarding': [1290], 'standards': [1292, 1536], 'internationalization,': [1294], 'stress': [1298], 'force': [1301], 'become': [1304, 2727, 2994, 3067], 'responsive': [1306], 'local': [1308], 'cultural': [1311], 'preferences.': [1312], 'Increasingly,': [1313], 'pressure': [1318], 'countries,': [1324], 'outright': [1325], 'clashes': [1326], 'regimes’': [1329], 'ideological': [1330], 'stances.': [1331], 'last': [1333], 'pressure,': [1334], 'referred': [1336], 'above,': [1338, 3170], 'extreme': [1341], 'growth': [1342], 'Overall,': [1345], 'worldwide': [1347, 2238], 'challenge': [1350, 1856, 3669], 'criteria': [1353, 3032], 'knowledge,': [1355, 1712], 'validity,': [1357], 'acquisition.': [1360], 'Importantly,': [1361], 'alter': [1370, 2308], 'governance,': [1374], 'heart': [1379], 'compilation.': [1385], 'operandi,': [1390, 1433], 'manner': [1394], 'acting': [1396], 'taking': [1398], 'action,': [1399], 'home': [1402], 'group': [1405], 'occupations': [1407], 'designated': [1408], 'professions.': [1410, 1440], 'Typical': [1411], 'classical': [1414], 'professions': [1415, 1444], 'law': [1417], 'medicine': [1419], '19th': [1423], 'century': [1424], 'onwards': [1425], 'profession.': [1428, 2540], 'To': [1429], 'understand': [1430, 1964, 3890], 'one': [1434, 2327, 2630], 'must': [1435], 'consider': [1436, 3314], 'characteristics': [1438, 3426], 'characterized': [1446, 3919], 'expertise': [1448, 1495, 3185], 'abstract': [1451, 3822], 'members': [1454], 'apply': [1455], 'particular': [1457, 2889], 'cases': [1458], 'use': [1460, 3101], 'highly': [1462, 2730, 3069, 3903, 3998], 'specialized': [1463], 'activities': [1464, 2093, 2510, 2523], 'standardized': [1468], 'routinized.': [1470], 'prerequisite': [1472], 'development': [1475, 3240, 3349], 'profession': [1478, 1491, 1581, 1654, 1673, 1703, 1735, 1826, 1846, 1881, 2472], 'formation': [1481], 'establishment': [1483], 'specific': [1494, 1788, 3801], 'responsible.': [1497], 'Through': [1498], 'autonomy': [1499], 'self-regulation,': [1502], 'professionals': [1503, 1544], 'determine': [1504, 3491], 'tasks': [1506, 2555], 'task': [1509, 3335], 'fulfillment': [1510], 'themselves.': [1512], 'Their': [1513], 'practices': [1514, 1956, 1984, 3236, 3771], 'professional': [1518, 1527, 1538, 1615, 1621, 4136], 'ethics,': [1521], 'organized': [1525], 'associations,': [1528], 'play': [1530, 2953], 'role': [1533, 1859, 2956, 3193], 'setting': [1535], 'training': [1542], '(Abbott,': [1545], '1988;': [1546], 'Freidson,': [1547], '2001).': [1548], 'sociology': [1551], 'science,': [1553], 'pursuit': [1555], 'science': [1557, 2218, 2763, 2964, 3337, 3394], '(Wissenschaft)': [1558], '–': [1559, 1576, 2798, 2806, 2847, 2858], 'umbrella': [1562], 'term': [1563], 'entire': [1566], 'array': [1567], 'fields': [1569, 1639], 'disciplines': [1571, 2458], 'found': [1572], 'contemporary': [1574, 2148, 3172, 3862], 'academia': [1575, 1900, 2512, 2900, 2914], 'considered': [1578, 1647], '(Ben-David,': [1582, 1640, 1736], '1971;': [1583], 'Whitley,': [1584], '1984).': [1585], 'Scientific': [1586], 'communities,': [1587, 1658], 'disciplines,': [1588, 1728, 3630], 'trans-local': [1590], 'collaboration': [1591, 2652], 'networks': [1592], 'provide': [1593], 'intellectual': [1597], 'context': [1598, 1699], 'process,': [1603], 'peer': [1604, 2454, 2475, 2853], 'review,': [1605], 'individual': [1607, 2744, 2770, 2818, 2845, 3272, 3610, 4052, 4147], 'activities.': [1609, 2367], 'activity': [1616], '“communities': [1619], 'scientists”': [1622], 'ongoing': [1625, 3742], 'production': [1626, 1862], 'advancement': [1632, 3580], 'bases': [1636], '1971,': [1641], 'p.': [1642], '18).': [1643], 'can': [1645, 2002, 2036, 2222, 2378, 3255, 3901, 4123], 'shares': [1655], 'across': [1656, 2457, 3267, 3501, 3628], 'humanities': [1661], 'natural': [1664], 'sciences.': [1665], 'However,': [1666, 2346, 3214, 4086, 4200], 'depends': [1674], 'autonomous': [1677], 'pursuits': [1679], 'independent': [1681], 'institutionalized': [1684], 'respective': [1687], 'or': [1689, 1718, 2070, 2416, 2422, 2424, 2433, 2829, 2851, 3224, 3317, 3548, 3739, 3950, 3972], 'national': [1690, 2131, 2432, 2787, 3318], 'contexts': [1691, 3914], '(Gläser': [1692], 'et': [1693, 1958, 2231, 2259, 2564, 2678, 2902, 2906, 4091], 'al.,': [1694, 1959, 2232, 2260, 2565, 2679, 2903, 2907], '2021).': [1695, 2643], 'An': [1696, 3760], 'other': [1707], 'organizations': [1708, 3002], 'produce': [1710], 'example,': [1714, 2977, 3313, 4062], 'non-university': [1715], 'institutes': [1717], 'research-intensive': [1719], 'industry': [1720, 2663], 'laboratories.': [1721], 'Universities,': [1722], 'stronghold': [1725], 'particularly': [1730, 3458, 3909, 4037], '1977;': [1737], 'Jacobs,': [1738], '2014).': [1739], 'organizations,': [1742], 'hierarchies': [1743], 'traditionally': [1745, 1764], 'flat,': [1746], 'much': [1748], 'administrative': [1751, 2339], '(admission': [1753], 'students,': [1755], 'recruitment': [1756], 'professors,': [1758], 'international': [1759, 2637, 2657], 'exchange': [1760, 3625], 'programs,': [1761], 'etc.)': [1762], 'carried': [1765], 'academics': [1768, 2330, 2342, 2361, 2819, 2891, 2938, 3415], '(Mintzberg,': [1769], '1983).': [1770], 'Here,': [1771], 'comes': [1777, 2353], 'play,': [1779], 'times': [1781], 'through': [1782, 1829, 2212, 3423, 4179], 'extensive': [1783], 'committee': [1784, 2849], 'requires': [1787, 4046], 'competencies': [1790], '(typically': [1791], 'rooted': [1792], 'one’s': [1794], 'discipline),': [1795], 'sense': [1799, 2780], 'responsibility': [1801, 4145], 'service,': [1803], 'effort,': [1804], 'integrity,': [1805], 'large': [1808, 2941], 'measure': [1809], 'self-control.': [1811], 'underlying': [1813], 'mostly': [1818], 'implicit': [1819], 'taken-for-granted.': [1821], 'Members': [1822], 'learn': [1827], 'socialization': [1830], 'did': [1832], 'generations': [1833], 'them.': [1835], 'While': [1836, 2305, 3332, 3968], 'place': [1851, 3976, 4128], 'centuries,': [1853], 'recent': [1854, 3729], 'transmission': [1864], 'Apart': [1868], 'erosion': [1871, 4134], 'self-organization': [1877, 2299], 'broader': [1884, 2096, 2695], 'level': [1885, 4103], 'related': [1889, 2301, 2758, 3945], 'contestations,': [1890], 'identified': [1893], 'number': [1895], 'within': [1899, 2029, 2189, 3411, 3499, 3609, 3915, 4034], 'preeminent': [1906], 'form,': [1908], 'including': [1909, 3429, 4223], 'actors,': [1913, 2733, 2771], 'increasing': [1915, 2154, 2283, 2393], 'strategic': [1916, 2728, 3118, 4196], 'competitive': [1918, 2722, 2731, 2813, 2844, 2983, 3302, 3602], 'orientation': [1919, 3121, 3372], 'scholars,': [1921], 'overall': [1923, 2534], 'trend': [1924, 2879], 'toward': [1925, 2703, 2720, 3031, 3366], 'metricization,': [1926], 'professionalization': [1929], 'leadership.': [1932], 'facets;': [1939], 'multi-dimensional': [1942], 'includes': [1944], 'decision-making': [1945, 2027, 2085, 3683, 3870, 4024], 'structures': [1946, 2028, 3700], 'procedures': [1950, 3973], 'inbuilt': [1952], 'aims,': [1953], 'identities,': [1954, 1992], '(Mignot-Gérard': [1957], '2022).': [1960], 'self-governance.': [1970], 'Practices': [1971], 'maintaining': [1975, 3878], 'institutions,': [1976], 'institutions': [1978, 3750], 'change': [1980], 'changes': [1982, 1988, 2697], 'structures,': [1990], 'procedures,': [1991], 'aims.': [1994], 'With': [1995, 2611], 'definition': [1997, 2015], 'foundation,': [2000], 'see': [2004], 'diverse': [2007, 3176], 'elaborated': [2013], 'further': [2016, 2739, 3114, 3813], 'distinguishing': [2018], 'between': [2019, 2321, 2743, 3221], 'vertical': [2020, 2208, 3879], 'horizontal': [2022, 2076, 2206, 3636, 3881, 4130], 'Vertical': [2024, 2074], 'concerns': [2026], 'formal': [2031], 'organization': [2032, 3207], 'rules.': [2034], 'include': [2037], 'composition': [2039], 'boards,': [2042], 'senates,': [2043], 'committees,': [2045], 'selection': [2048], 'primus/prima': [2050], 'inter': [2051], 'pares': [2052], 'leaders.': [2055], 'Horizontal': [2056], 'encompasses': [2058], 'communities': [2060], 'peers': [2062], 'departments,': [2064], 'reviewers,': [2067], 'conferences,': [2069], 'scholarly': [2072, 3749, 3774], 'networks.': [2073], 'presuppose': [2078], 'balance': [2080], 'each': [2081], 'other.': [2082], 'Formal': [2083], 'draws': [2088], 'existence': [2091], 'community.': [2098], 'Both': [2099, 3085], 'dimensions': [2100, 2794], 'rely': [2101], 'faculty': [2103, 2112, 3210], 'authority': [2104], 'turn': [2108, 2692, 4143, 4152], 'upholding': [2111], 'authority.': [2113], 'paint': [2120], 'picture': [2122], 'which,': [2125, 2519], 'while': [2126, 3896], 'varying': [2127], 'levels,': [2134, 2658, 3276], 'collectively': [2135], 'education.': [2150, 3311], 'Developments': [2151], 'centralization': [2155], 'managerialism': [2157], 'well-rehearsed': [2160], 'previous': [2162, 3845], 'add': [2168], 'depth': [2170], 'detail': [2172], 'nature': [2175], 'insights': [2181, 3455, 4215], 'practical': [2184, 3907], 'actors': [2188, 2244, 2468, 2586, 3158], 'sector': [2193], 'might': [2194, 3638], 'respond.': [2195], 'element': [2198], 'current': [2200, 3816, 3830], 'displacement': [2204], 'globally': [2214], 'diffusing': [2215], 'idea': [2216, 2369], 'performance': [2221, 2388, 2449, 2497, 2997, 3017, 3326], 'managed': [2224], 'centralized': [2227, 3160], 'leadership': [2229, 2287, 2322, 3161, 4069, 4184], '(Denis': [2230], '2023,': [2233, 2261, 2265, 2271, 2277, 2566, 2875, 3006, 3012, 3110, 3713], '87).': [2235, 2877], 'now': [2237], 'transformation': [2239], 'topic': [2248], '(Gerhardt': [2258, 2563], '86;': [2263, 2267, 2273, 3008], 'Hwang,': [2264], 'Kosmützky': [2268, 3009], '&': [2269, 2275, 2488, 2506, 2683, 2873, 3004, 3010, 3108, 3753], 'Lee': [2274], '86).': [2279, 2568, 3014, 3112, 3715], 'Aspects': [2280], 'like': [2281, 2411, 2419], 'administration': [2293, 2324], 'weaken': [2294], 'shifts': [2307], 'power': [2311], 'structure': [2312], 'academia,': [2314], 'times,': [2317], 'lead': [2318], 'conflict': [2320], 'other,': [2333], 'impact': [2335], 'time-consuming': [2338], 'less': [2344], 'clear.': [2345], 'actor': [2352], 'reporting': [2356, 2973], 'duties': [2357], 'behalf': [2359], 'formalization': [2364], 'underpinned': [2371], 'assumption': [2374], 'progress': [2377], 'recorded': [2380], 'measured': [2382], 'help': [2385, 3849], 'indicators': [2389, 2440, 3018, 3362], 'rankings.': [2391], '“metricization”': [2394], '(Mau,': [2397], '2019)': [2398], 'paramount.': [2400], 'spurred': [2403], 'rankings,': [2405, 3020], 'publication,': [2406], 'citation': [2408], 'data': [2409, 2425], 'banks': [2410, 2426], 'Web': [2413], 'Science': [2415], 'Scopus,': [2417], 'platforms': [2418], 'Google': [2420], 'Scholar': [2421], 'ResearchGate,': [2423], 'external': [2428, 2803, 2823, 4042, 4170], 'grants': [2429, 2805], 'levels.': [2435], 'Such': [2436, 3251], 'quantitative': [2437, 2517], 'measures': [2438, 2624, 4004], 'increasingly': [2442, 2649, 3117, 3478, 3911], 'used': [2443, 3022], 'basis': [2446], 'comparative': [2448, 2494, 2689], 'measurements': [2450], 'benchmarks': [2452], 'review': [2455], 'hiring': [2460], 'funding': [2463, 2671, 2718, 2827, 2985], 'decisions)': [2464], 'outside': [2469], 'review-based': [2476], 'process': [2477], 'evaluate': [2479], 'performance-based': [2481], 'value': [2482], 'individuals': [2484], '(Espeland': [2487], 'Sauder,': [2489], '2016).': [2490], 'Digitalization': [2491], 'facilitates': [2492], 'evaluation': [2495], 'via': [2498], 'algorithms,': [2499], 'big': [2500], 'data,': [2501], 'digital': [2503, 3924], 'infrastructures': [2504], '(Fourcade': [2505], 'Healy,': [2507], '2017).': [2508], 'Complex': [2509], 'thus': [2514, 3575, 3724], 'reduced': [2515], 'measures,': [2518], 'again,': [2520], 'favor': [2521, 3238], 'expense': [2526], 'others,': [2528], 'hence': [2529, 2559], 'weakening': [2530, 3654], 'positions': [2552], 'involve': [2553], 'over': [2556, 3048], 'time': [2557, 3675], 'display': [2560], 'complexity': [2562], 'rise': [2570], 'world': [2572, 3342], 'rankings': [2574], 'templates': [2577], 'excellence': [2579, 3382], 'contributed': [2581, 2598], 'becoming': [2584], 'enacting': [2588], 'actorhood': [2590], 'direction': [2593], 'isomorphism.': [2595], 'Rankings': [2596], 'structuring': [2600], 'field': [2602], 'stratified': [2606], 'markets': [2607], '(Wedlin,': [2608], '2006,': [2609], '2011).': [2610, 2685], 'strong': [2612, 2775, 4047], 'intentions': [2613], '“world-class': [2616], 'universities,”': [2617], 'governments': [2618, 2646], 'adopted': [2622], 'enhance': [2626], 'performance,': [2629], 'promotion': [2635], 'collaborations': [2639], 'exchanges': [2641], '(Peters,': [2642], 'As': [2644, 2968, 3633], 'such,': [2645], 'incentivize': [2650], 'institutional,': [2654], 'national,': [2655], 'community-based': [2665], 'partners,': [2666], 'conditions,': [2672, 3203], 'hiring,': [2673], 'tenure': [2675], 'decisions': [2676, 3483], '(Kollasch': [2677], '2016;': [2680, 2904, 3755], 'Van': [2681], 'Rijnsoever': [2682], 'Hessels,': [2684], 'creation': [2687], 'metrics': [2690, 2912, 2949], 'leads': [2693], 'interrelated': [2696], 'move': [2702], 'competition:': [2705], 'state': [2707, 3087], 'uses': [2708], 'competition': [2709, 2742, 2753, 2782, 3075, 3153], 'mechanism': [2713, 4015], 'shifted': [2716], 'instruments': [2719], 'funding;': [2724], 'consequence': [2736], 'increase': [2740], 'academics.': [2745], 'Although': [2746], 'there': [2747, 2772, 3647], 'broad': [2749], 'historical': [2750], 'evidence': [2751, 2776, 3614, 4201], 'reputation': [2759, 3082], 'system': [2767, 3319, 3328], 'equally': [2774], 'heightened': [2779], 'individual,': [2784], 'organizational,': [2785], 'levels': [2788, 3269, 3280, 3810, 4057], '(Krücken,': [2789], '2021;': [2790], '2018).': [2792, 2908, 3759], 'Some': [2793], 'particular,': [2800], 'publications': [2801], 'assessed': [2808], 'compared': [2810], 'themselves': [2820], 'relevant': [2822], 'forces': [2824], 'agencies': [2828], 'appointment': [2830], 'committees': [2831], 'professors.': [2833], 'Other': [2834], 'dimensions,': [2835], 'do': [2837], 'fit': [2839], 'easily': [2841], '“portfolio”': [2846], 'anonymous': [2852], 'reviewing': [2854], 'journals': [2857], 'lose': [2859], 'importance,': [2860], 'does': [2862], 'self-description': [2864], 'part': [2867], 'community': [2871], '(Eriksson-Zetterquist': [2872], 'ubiquitous': [2881], 'shown': [2885, 4031, 4088], 'affect': [2887], 'junior': [2890], 'who': [2892, 3125], 'still': [2893], 'strive': [2894], 'permanent': [2897], 'position': [2898], '(Fochler': [2901], 'Waaijer': [2905], 'goes': [2915], 'enterprise': [2923], 'models': [2924], 'reshaped': [2928], 'competition.': [2931, 3331], 'Over': [2932], 'clear': [2936], 'internalized': [2943], 'metrics,': [2945], 'reproducing': [2958], 'strengthening': [2960], 'metrication': [2962], 'production.': [2967], 'in,': [2975], 'France': [2978], 'Germany': [2980], 'shown,': [2982], 'significantly': [2988], 'importance': [2990, 3198], 'leading': [2996], 'indicator': [2998], '(Harroche': [3003], 'Yet,': [3015], 'when': [3021], 'managerial': [3024], 'variables': [3026], 'oriented': [3030, 3365], 'supposedly': [3035], 'called': [3040], '“success”': [3041], 'past.': [3044, 3388], 'There': [3045], 'questions': [3047], 'appropriateness': [3050], 'given': [3053], 'that,': [3054], 'intersection': [3057], 'developments,': [3060], 'newly': [3061], 'formed': [3062], 'inter-disciplinary': [3063, 3433], 'clusters': [3065, 3106, 3134], 'prestigious': [3070], 'scarce': [3071], 'researchers': [3080, 3099, 4193], 'resources.': [3084], 'aim': [3090], 'cluster-ability': [3093], '“their”': [3095, 3098], 'contractualization': [3102], 'foster': [3104, 3623], '(Kosmützky': [3107], 'Contractualization': [3113], 'spurs': [3115], 'individualistic': [3120], 'researchers,': [3124], 'vested': [3128], 'applying': [3131], 'because': [3135], 'bundled': [3138], 'resources': [3141], 'high': [3144], 'degree': [3145], 'prestige.': [3148], 'twin': [3150], 'individualizes': [3155], 'rationalizes': [3157], 'major': [3163, 3188], 'Moreover,': [3167], 'noted': [3169], 'faces': [3174], 'than': [3178, 3586], 'applicable': [3182], 'societal': [3189, 3192, 3776, 3894], 'challenges.': [3190], 'gaining': [3197], 'can,': [3200], 'certain': [3202], 'benefit': [3204], 'development.': [3213], 'delicate': [3218], 'balancing': [3219], 'act': [3220], 'regeneration': [3225], 'renewal': [3231, 3641], 'innovations': [3243], 'partnerships': [3245], 'tensions': [3252], 'throughout': [3258], 'experienced': [3264], 'academic,': [3273], 'intra-university': [3275], 'government': [3285, 3290], 'University': [3287], 'leaders': [3288, 4097], 'policymakers': [3291, 3489], 'reflect': [3294, 4107], 'short-termist': [3300], '(sometimes': [3304], 'labeled': [3305], 'neo-liberal)': [3306], 'having': [3308], 'For': [3312, 4061], '“research': [3321], 'excellence”': [3322], 'measurement': [3327], 'constructed': [3329], 'thereby': [3344], 'contribute': [3346], 'humankind,': [3351], 'inclination': [3354], 'unknown': [3358, 3422], 'limited': [3360], 'competition,': [3367], 'encourages': [3369], 'instrumental': [3371, 3590], 'colleagues': [3374], 'weakens': [3376], 'bonds,': [3378], 'understandings': [3380], 'founded': [3385], 'contrast,': [3390], 'policy': [3395, 3868], 'principle': [3399], 'up': [3403], 'scope': [3405], 'faculties': [3409], 'arranged': [3410], 'them,': [3412], 'working': [3416], 'inherent': [3425, 3570], 'open-ended': [3430], 'exploration': [3431], 'collaboration.': [3434], 'Exploration': [3435], 'always': [3436], 'carries': [3437], 'risk': [3439], 'failure,': [3441], 'exploitation': [3443], 'alone,': [3444], 'informed': [3445, 3885], 'centrally': [3447], 'defined': [3448], 'criteria,': [3449], 'makes': [3450], 'fundamental': [3451], 'socially': [3453], 'beneficial': [3454, 3577], 'unlikely,': [3456], 'maybe': [3457], 'so': [3459], 'sciences': [3463], 'deal': [3467], 'fluid': [3470], 'object': [3471], '(March,': [3474, 3519], '1991).': [3475], 'economic': [3482], 'leaders,': [3486, 3687], 'politicians,': [3487, 3688], 'goals': [3493, 3521], 'achieved': [3498], 'contrast': [3504], 'rationalized': [3507], 'technologies': [3508], 'organization,': [3510], 'March’s': [3512], 'notion': [3513], 'technology': [3516, 3571], 'foolishness': [3518, 3573], '2006),': [3520], 'treated': [3523], 'hypotheses': [3525], 'tested,': [3528], '“analytical': [3531], 'rigidity': [3532], 'rationality': [3534], 'limiting': [3538], 'refinements': [3541], 'known,': [3546], 'believed,': [3547], 'existent': [3549], 'contrasted': [3552], 'imaginative': [3555], 'wildness': [3556], 'creativity”': [3561], '(p.': [3562], '203).': [3563], 'humankind': [3585], 'individualized': [3592], 'endeavor': [3594], 'reported': [3595, 3661, 4202], 'policies': [3597, 3971], 'promote': [3601], 'excellence.': [3603], 'since': [3612], 'suggests': [3615], 'clusters,': [3618], 'often': [3619, 3678], 'interdisciplinary': [3620, 3644], 'nature,': [3622], 'understanding': [3627], 'fields,': [3629], 'departments.': [3632], 'result,': [3635], 'experience': [3639], 'contexts,': [3645], 'though': [3646], 'potential': [3651, 4133], 'disciplinary': [3656], 'departmental': [3658, 4102], 'contexts.': [3659], 'reveals': [3667], 'accelerated': [3672], 'short-term': [3674], 'frames': [3676], 'seem': [3679], 'dominate': [3681], 'senior': [3685], 'policymakers.': [3690], 'Evidence': [3691], 'presented': [3692], 'shows': [3696, 3937, 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