Title: A brain atlas for the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis
Abstract:The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex soc...The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex social behaviors, prehensile regenerating arms, and large brains capable of learning, memory, and problem-solving.1Turchetti-Maia A. Shomrat T. Hochner B. The vertical lobe of cephalopods: a brain structure ideal for exploring the mechanisms of complex forms of learning and memory.in: J.H. Byrne The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, 2019: 559-574Google Scholar,2Fiorito G. von Planta C. Scotto P. Problem solving ability of Octopus vulgaris Lamarck (Mollusca, Cephalopoda).Behav. Neural. 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Evol. 2019; 34: 45-56Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,8Hanlon R.T. Messenger J.B. Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 2018Crossref Google Scholar,9Osorio D. Ménager F. Tyler C.W. Darmaillacq A.S. Multi-level control of adaptive camouflage by European cuttlefish.Curr. Biol. 2022; 32: 2556-2562.e2Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar,10How M.J. Norman M.D. Finn J. Chung W.S. Marshall N.J. Dynamic skin patterns in cephalopods.Front. Physiol. 2017; 8: 393Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar The dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, is a promising model cephalopod species due to its small size, substantial egg production, short generation time, and dynamic social and camouflage behaviors.11Montague T.G. Rieth I.J. Axel R. Embryonic development of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis.Dev. Dyn. 2021; 250: 1688-1703Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by changing the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. Camouflage is optically driven and is achieved by expanding and contracting hundreds of thousands of pigment-filled saccules (chromatophores) in the skin, which are controlled by motor neurons emanating from the brain. We generated a dwarf cuttlefish brain atlas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning, and histology, and we built an interactive web tool (https://www.cuttlebase.org/) to host the data. Guided by observations in other cephalopods,12Young J.Z. The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris. Oxford University Press, 1971Google Scholar,13Young J.Z. The central nervous system of Loligo. I. The optic lobe.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1974; 267: 263-302Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar,14Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. II. Suboesophageal centres.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1976; 274: 101-167Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,15Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo, III. Higher motor centres: the basal supraoesophageal lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1977; 276: 351-398Crossref Google Scholar,16Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. V. The vertical lobe complex.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 311-354Crossref Google Scholar,17Messenger J.B. The nervous system of Loligo IV. The peduncle and olfactory lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 275-309Crossref Google Scholar,18Boycott B.B. The functional organization of the brain of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis.Proc. Royal Soc. B. 1961; 153: 503-534Crossref Google Scholar,19Chung W.S. Kurniawan N.D. Marshall N.J. Toward an MRI-based mesoscale connectome of the squid brain.iScience. 2020; 23: 100816Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar,20Young J.Z. The optic lobes of Octopus vulgaris.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1962; 245: 19-58Crossref Google Scholar we identified 32 brain lobes, including two large optic lobes (75% the total volume of the brain), chromatophore lobes whose motor neurons directly innervate the chromatophores of the color-changing skin, and a vertical lobe that has been implicated in learning and memory. The brain largely conforms to the anatomy observed in other Sepia species and provides a valuable tool for exploring the neural basis of behavior in the experimentally facile dwarf cuttlefish.Read More
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Title: $A brain atlas for the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis
Abstract: The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex social behaviors, prehensile regenerating arms, and large brains capable of learning, memory, and problem-solving.1Turchetti-Maia A. Shomrat T. Hochner B. The vertical lobe of cephalopods: a brain structure ideal for exploring the mechanisms of complex forms of learning and memory.in: J.H. Byrne The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, 2019: 559-574Google Scholar,2Fiorito G. von Planta C. Scotto P. Problem solving ability of Octopus vulgaris Lamarck (Mollusca, Cephalopoda).Behav. Neural. Biol. 1990; 53: 217-230Crossref PubMed Google Scholar,3Richter J.N. Hochner B. Kuba M.J. Pull or push? Octopuses solve a puzzle problem.PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0152048Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar,4Reiter S. Hülsdunk P. Woo T. Lauterbach M.A. Eberle J.S. 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Biol. 2022; 32: 2556-2562.e2Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar,10How M.J. Norman M.D. Finn J. Chung W.S. Marshall N.J. Dynamic skin patterns in cephalopods.Front. Physiol. 2017; 8: 393Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar The dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, is a promising model cephalopod species due to its small size, substantial egg production, short generation time, and dynamic social and camouflage behaviors.11Montague T.G. Rieth I.J. Axel R. Embryonic development of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis.Dev. Dyn. 2021; 250: 1688-1703Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by changing the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. Camouflage is optically driven and is achieved by expanding and contracting hundreds of thousands of pigment-filled saccules (chromatophores) in the skin, which are controlled by motor neurons emanating from the brain. We generated a dwarf cuttlefish brain atlas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning, and histology, and we built an interactive web tool (https://www.cuttlebase.org/) to host the data. Guided by observations in other cephalopods,12Young J.Z. The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris. Oxford University Press, 1971Google Scholar,13Young J.Z. The central nervous system of Loligo. I. The optic lobe.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1974; 267: 263-302Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar,14Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. II. Suboesophageal centres.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1976; 274: 101-167Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,15Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo, III. Higher motor centres: the basal supraoesophageal lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1977; 276: 351-398Crossref Google Scholar,16Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. V. The vertical lobe complex.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 311-354Crossref Google Scholar,17Messenger J.B. The nervous system of Loligo IV. The peduncle and olfactory lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 275-309Crossref Google Scholar,18Boycott B.B. The functional organization of the brain of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis.Proc. Royal Soc. B. 1961; 153: 503-534Crossref Google Scholar,19Chung W.S. Kurniawan N.D. Marshall N.J. Toward an MRI-based mesoscale connectome of the squid brain.iScience. 2020; 23: 100816Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar,20Young J.Z. The optic lobes of Octopus vulgaris.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1962; 245: 19-58Crossref Google Scholar we identified 32 brain lobes, including two large optic lobes (75% the total volume of the brain), chromatophore lobes whose motor neurons directly innervate the chromatophores of the color-changing skin, and a vertical lobe that has been implicated in learning and memory. The brain largely conforms to the anatomy observed in other Sepia species and provides a valuable tool for exploring the neural basis of behavior in the experimentally facile dwarf cuttlefish.