Title: Chapter 3. Direct Obligations in Investment Law Practice
Abstract: Appreciating that direct obligations are possible, but scarce in internation al law, it is astonishing that they have recently emerged in investment law.Chapter 3 will analyse how they have been introduced in the last years.This development rests on two main pillars.First, direct obligations appear in several recent IIAs and model BITs of mainly developing countries. 1 The most important examples covered in this Chapter are the 2008 Ghana Model BIT, 2