Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4302376837', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Interpretation of diagnostic data: 5. How to do it with simple maths.', 'display_name': 'Interpretation of diagnostic data: 5. How to do it with simple maths.', 'publication_year': 1983, 'publication_date': '1983-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4302376837', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6671182'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6671182', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 5.479, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 23, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.907794, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 87, 'max': 88}, 'biblio': {'volume': '129', 'issue': '9', 'first_page': '947', 'last_page': '54'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9898, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9898, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10372', 'display_name': 'Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics', 'score': 0.9806, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11235', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials', 'score': 0.9571, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/odds', 'display_name': 'Odds', 'score': 0.55113375}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nomogram', 'display_name': 'Nomogram', 'score': 0.52444726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence', 'display_name': 'Sequence (biology)', 'score': 0.43644118}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-odds-ratio', 'display_name': 'Diagnostic odds ratio', 'score': 0.42751622}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/score-test', 'display_name': 'Score test', 'score': 0.42334187}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144494922', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6547272', 'display_name': 'Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.74597675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C174446222', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239190', 'display_name': 'Pre- and post-test probability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.73912203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9483764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585740', 'display_name': 'Likelihood-ratio test', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5806428}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C82157600', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652', 'display_name': 'Diagnostic test', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5531937}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143095724', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895', 'display_name': 'Odds', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.55113375}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34626388', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721129', 'display_name': 'Nomogram', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.52444726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777267654', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023', 'display_name': 'Test (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51895475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780586882', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643', 'display_name': 'Simple (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49278572}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46081087}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C156957248', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216', 'display_name': 'Odds ratio', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45615518}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778112365', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065', 'display_name': 'Sequence (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43644118}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C157481446', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270351', 'display_name': 'Diagnostic odds ratio', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42751622}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103463560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456449', 'display_name': 'Score test', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42334187}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28719098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946', 'display_name': 'Point (geometry)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41619104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.38833237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30574757}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44249647', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498', 'display_name': 'Confidence interval', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.27955818}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187212893', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028', 'display_name': 'Pediatrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19101477}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151956035', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755', 'display_name': 'Logistic regression', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.15637961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12298563}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003933', 'descriptor_name': 'Diagnosis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008433', 'descriptor_name': 'Mathematics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001499', 'descriptor_name': 'Bayes Theorem', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003327', 'descriptor_name': 'Coronary Disease', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003327', 'descriptor_name': 'Coronary Disease', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003402', 'descriptor_name': 'Creatine Kinase', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000097', 'qualifier_name': 'blood', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003402', 'descriptor_name': 'Creatine Kinase', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004562', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrocardiography', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009203', 'descriptor_name': 'Myocardial Infarction', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009203', 'descriptor_name': 'Myocardial Infarction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6671182', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.77, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'display_name': 'Quality education'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W191064394', 'https://openalex.org/W1968146550', 'https://openalex.org/W1972895778', 'https://openalex.org/W1974024161', 'https://openalex.org/W2048666094', 'https://openalex.org/W2053545673', 'https://openalex.org/W2064364635', 'https://openalex.org/W2076621244', 'https://openalex.org/W2096958193', 'https://openalex.org/W2334748255'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2921731433', 'https://openalex.org/W2405352601', 'https://openalex.org/W2315899870', 'https://openalex.org/W2171274093', 'https://openalex.org/W2169533316', 'https://openalex.org/W2151194086', 'https://openalex.org/W2092926517', 'https://openalex.org/W2090142427', 'https://openalex.org/W2064212850', 'https://openalex.org/W2036972161'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 134], 'use': [1, 341], 'of': [2, 22, 26, 56, 89, 94, 104, 109, 113, 185, 195, 202, 293, 307, 314, 342], 'simple': [3], 'maths': [4], 'with': [5, 13, 34, 96, 115, 147], 'the': [6, 19, 23, 57, 63, 70, 92, 102, 107, 148, 157, 166, 180, 192, 199, 205, 210, 213, 217, 223, 231, 238, 242, 248, 253, 257, 267, 289, 311, 340], 'likelihood': [7, 37, 58, 88, 149, 167, 218], 'ratio': [8, 150, 219], 'strategy': [9, 74], 'fits': [10], 'in': [11, 140, 301], 'nicely': [12], 'our': [14, 315, 331], 'clinical': [15, 158], 'views.': [16], 'By': [17], 'making': [18], 'most': [20, 306], 'out': [21], 'entire': [24], 'range': [25], 'diagnostic': [27, 71, 186, 196, 225, 250, 279, 303], 'test': [28, 187, 226, 240], 'results': [29, 99, 118], '(i.e.,': [30], 'several': [31, 175], 'levels,': [32], 'each': [33, 67], 'its': [35], 'own': [36], 'ratio,': [38], 'rather': [39, 322], 'than': [40, 178, 305], 'a': [41, 46, 60, 345], 'single': [42, 47], 'cut-off': [43], 'point': [44, 68], 'and': [45, 49, 106, 112, 144, 154, 172, 174, 182, 261, 277, 328, 338], 'ratio)': [48], 'by': [50], 'permitting': [51], 'us': [52, 76], 'to': [53, 77, 164, 222, 266, 287], 'keep': [54], 'track': [55], 'that': [59, 220, 230, 264, 325], 'patient': [61], 'has': [62], 'target': [64, 268], 'disorder': [65], 'at': [66, 80, 343], 'along': [69], 'sequence,': [72], 'this': [73], 'allows': [75], 'place': [78], 'patients': [79, 95], 'an': [81, 85], 'extremely': [82, 86], 'high': [83], 'or': [84, 159, 212, 235, 245], 'low': [87], 'disease.': [90, 294], 'Thus,': [91], 'numbers': [93], 'ultimately': [97, 116], 'false-positive': [98], '(who': [100, 119], 'suffer': [101], 'slings': [103], 'labelling': [105], 'arrows': [108], 'needless': [110], 'therapy)': [111, 129], 'those': [114], 'false-negative': [117], 'therefore': [120], 'miss': [121], 'their': [122], 'chance': [123], 'for': [124, 169, 204, 247, 255], 'diagnosis': [125, 327], 'and,': [126, 207], 'possibly,': [127], 'efficacious': [128], 'will': [130, 137, 285, 318], 'be': [131, 138, 275], 'dramatically': [132], 'reduced.': [133], 'following': [135], 'guidelines': [136], 'useful': [139], 'interpreting': [141, 302], 'signs,': [142, 173], 'symptoms': [143, 171], 'laboratory': [145, 160, 262], 'tests': [146, 304], 'strategy:': [151], 'Seek': [152], 'out,': [153], 'demand': [155], 'from': [156, 237], 'experts': [161], 'who': [162], 'ought': [163], 'know,': [165], 'ratios': [168], 'key': [170], 'levels': [176], '(rather': [177], 'just': [179], 'positive': [181], 'negative': [183], 'results)': [184], 'results.': [188], 'Identify,': [189], 'when': [190], 'feasible,': [191], 'logical': [193], 'sequence': [194], 'tests.': [197], 'Estimate': [198], 'pretest': [200, 243], 'probability': [201, 234, 244, 292], 'disease': [203], 'patient,': [206], 'using': [208], 'either': [209], 'nomogram': [211], 'conversion': [214], 'formulas,': [215], 'apply': [216], 'corresponds': [221], 'first': [224, 239], 'result.': [227], 'While': [228], 'remembering': [229], 'resulting': [232], 'post-test': [233, 291], 'odds': [236, 246], 'becomes': [241], 'next': [249], 'test,': [251], 'repeat': [252], 'process': [254], 'all': [256], 'pertinent': [258], 'symptoms,': [259], 'signs': [260], 'studies': [263], 'pertain': [265], 'disorder.': [269], 'However,': [270], 'these': [271], 'combinations': [272], 'may': [273], 'not': [274], 'independent,': [276, 284], 'convergent': [278], 'tests,': [280], 'if': [281], 'treated': [282], 'as': [283, 332], 'combine': [286, 326], 'overestimate': [288], 'final': [290], 'You': [295], 'are': [296], 'now': [297], 'far': [298], 'more': [299], 'sophisticated': [300], 'your': [308], 'teachers.': [309], 'In': [310], 'last': [312], 'part': [313], 'series': [316], 'we': [317], 'show': [319], 'you': [320], 'some': [321], 'complex': [323], 'strategies': [324], 'therapy,': [329], 'quantify': [330], 'yet': [333], 'nonquantified': [334], 'ideas': [335], 'about': [336], 'use,': [337], 'require': [339], 'least': [344], 'hand': [346], 'calculator.': [347]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4302376837', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T07:51:25.285381', 'created_date': '2022-10-06'}