Title: IBD-based estimation of X chromosome effective population size with application to sex-specific demographic history
Abstract: Abstract The effective size of a population ( N e ) in the recent past can be estimated through analysis of identity-by-descent (IBD) segments. Several methods have been developed for estimating N e from autosomal IBD segments, but no such effort has been made with X chromosome IBD segments. In this work, we propose a method to estimate the X chromosome effective population size from X chromosome IBD segments. We show how to use the estimated autosome N e and X chromosome N e to estimate female and male effective population sizes. We demonstrate the accuracy of our autosome and X chromosome N e estimation with simulated data. We find that estimated female and male effective population sizes generally reflect the simulated sex-specific effective population sizes across the past 100 generations, but that short-term differences between the estimated sex-specific N e across tens of generations may not reliably indicate true sex-specific differences. We analyzed the effective size of populations represented by samples of sequenced UK White British and UK Indian individuals from the UK Biobank.