Abstract: This chapter will discuss the differences between stable and radioactive isotopes, define the term "isotope," present the Mattauch's rule, and provide a classification of the stable nuclides and their nuclear parameters. It will also discuss the circumstances under which isotope effects play a role, including physical, spectroscopic, phase equilibrium, chemical kinetic and equilibrium, and biological isotope effects. In addition, an explanation of isotope effects will be provided. We will discuss the fractionation of isotopes, along with their applications and the methods that can be used for fractionation. The most important enriched and depleted isotopes will be listed. The distribution of the isotopes in nature and some examples of geological and environmental applications of the measurement of stable isotope ratios will be provided. A more detailed discussion will ensue about the five most important isotopes that are used in stable isotope geochemistry. Using the isotope effects that play an essential role in determining isotope ratios, a rationale will be provided for the different isotope ratios.
Publication Year: 2018
Publication Date: 2018-01-01
Language: en
Type: book-chapter
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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