Abstract: Abstract Biological membranes consist of lipids and proteins. The lipids are arranged as a fluid bilayer, and the proteins are either embedded in the lipid or are bound to the membrane surface. Research on membranes has moved from early studies of the lipids and membrane models to the determination of the molecular structure and dynamics of membrane proteins. About one‐third of the human genome encodes membrane proteins. Membrane proteins function as enzymes, receptors, transporters and channels, and mutations in their genes cause many inherited diseases. Membrane proteins are also common drug targets. Key Concepts Membrane proteins make up about one‐third of genomes. Membrane proteins play important roles as enzymes, receptors, transporters and channels. The amino acid sequences of membrane proteins can be deduced from their DNA sequences, leading to the construction of topological models. Membrane proteins can be solubilised and purified using detergents; however, they are difficult to crystallise for structural studies. Intrinsic membrane proteins are embedded in complex lipid bilayers and consist of bundles of hydrophobic transmembrane α‐helicals. Extrinsic membrane proteins are associated with the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Membrane proteins are glycosylated in eucaryotes and form higher oligomeric structures. Mutations in the genes encoding membrane proteins cause inherited diseases. Most commonly use drugs target membrane proteins. Many membrane proteins remain understudied due to their hydrophobic nature and low expression levels.
Publication Year: 2021
Publication Date: 2021-08-19
Language: en
Type: other
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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