Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4243980398', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_62', 'title': 'Common Carriers', 'display_name': 'Common Carriers', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4243980398', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_62'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_62', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306463716', 'display_name': 'Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319703', 'host_organization_name': 'Palgrave Macmillan', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319703', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Palgrave Macmillan', 'Springer Nature'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book-chapter', 'type_crossref': 'book-chapter', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5016018614', 'display_name': 'Richard A. Epstein', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-7311'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Richard A. Epstein', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5016018614'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 57}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '301', 'last_page': '307'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11762', 'display_name': 'Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems', 'score': 0.9951, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11762', 'display_name': 'Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems', 'score': 0.9951, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12982', 'display_name': 'Legal principles and applications', 'score': 0.993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12374', 'display_name': 'European and International Contract Law', 'score': 0.9843, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/entitlement', 'display_name': 'Entitlement (fair division)', 'score': 0.9285755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/possession', 'display_name': 'Possession (linguistics)', 'score': 0.84133863}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/scope', 'display_name': 'Scope (computer science)', 'score': 0.5506173}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/real-property', 'display_name': 'Real property', 'score': 0.45951143}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bundle-of-rights', 'display_name': 'Bundle of rights', 'score': 0.43862268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'score': 0.43082893}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94982200', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380545', 'display_name': 'Entitlement (fair division)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9285755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780193096', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543662', 'display_name': 'Possession (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.84133863}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6750627}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75949130', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010', 'display_name': 'Database transaction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65450364}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189950617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228', 'display_name': 'Property (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65232706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5904333}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778012447', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415', 'display_name': 'Scope (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5506173}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47282895}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2993739289', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10494269', 'display_name': 'Real property', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45951143}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86511162', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101', 'display_name': 'Property rights', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44637004}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180379752', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4997551', 'display_name': 'Bundle of rights', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.43862268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776291640', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43082893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.27474418}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21823889}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1541478}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95691615', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872', 'display_name': 'Fundamental rights', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0898262}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.07996282}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22299250', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11917765', 'display_name': 'Right to property', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169437150', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458', 'display_name': 'Human rights', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_62', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306463716', 'display_name': 'Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319703', 'host_organization_name': 'Palgrave Macmillan', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319703', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Palgrave Macmillan', 'Springer Nature'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.5, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 12, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W12064067', 'https://openalex.org/W1598259303', 'https://openalex.org/W1966770423', 'https://openalex.org/W2025400911', 'https://openalex.org/W2170501060', 'https://openalex.org/W2335100883', 'https://openalex.org/W2796332632', 'https://openalex.org/W2797591738', 'https://openalex.org/W3023063752', 'https://openalex.org/W3123884943', 'https://openalex.org/W4242044618', 'https://openalex.org/W74559965'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2957887914', 'https://openalex.org/W2891526382', 'https://openalex.org/W2494607296', 'https://openalex.org/W2393372585', 'https://openalex.org/W2378617545', 'https://openalex.org/W2375499122', 'https://openalex.org/W2367611300', 'https://openalex.org/W2365839762', 'https://openalex.org/W2363345712', 'https://openalex.org/W1595069164'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4243980398', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-06T16:16:23.652212', 'created_date': '2022-05-12'}