Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4243656193', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109', 'title': 'DEDUCTIVE REASONING', 'display_name': 'DEDUCTIVE REASONING', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4243656193', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15012459'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90670110', 'display_name': 'Annual Review of Psychology', 'issn_l': '0066-4308', 'issn': ['0066-4308', '1545-2085'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320373', 'host_organization_name': 'Annual Reviews', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320373'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Annual Reviews'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032136375', 'display_name': 'P. N. Johnson‐Laird', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4461-1324'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20089843', 'display_name': 'Princeton University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hx57361', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'P. N. Johnson-Laird', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5032136375'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 6.046, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 198, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.985632, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '50', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '109', 'last_page': '135'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10906', 'display_name': 'AI-based Problem Solving and Planning', 'score': 0.9947, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10906', 'display_name': 'AI-based Problem Solving and Planning', 'score': 0.9947, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Science and Mapping', 'score': 0.9788, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11902', 'display_name': 'Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning', 'score': 0.9747, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-reasoning', 'display_name': 'Logical reasoning', 'score': 0.5606715}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97364631', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284', 'display_name': 'Deductive reasoning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8764499}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100521375', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382', 'display_name': 'Competence (human resources)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.71035856}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.58719593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C43971567', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865', 'display_name': 'Logical reasoning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5606715}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47414157}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188147891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638', 'display_name': 'Cognitive science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33066535}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24721107}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145420912', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077', 'display_name': 'Mathematics education', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.093839884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.09122524}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90670110', 'display_name': 'Annual Review of Psychology', 'issn_l': '0066-4308', 'issn': ['0066-4308', '1545-2085'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320373', 'host_organization_name': 'Annual Reviews', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320373'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Annual Reviews'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15012459', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.41}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 123, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W14423689', 'https://openalex.org/W1488025282', 'https://openalex.org/W1510672157', 'https://openalex.org/W1513030148', 'https://openalex.org/W1538066839', 'https://openalex.org/W1556449458', 'https://openalex.org/W1563716826', 'https://openalex.org/W1569596742', 'https://openalex.org/W1587919816', 'https://openalex.org/W1595450751', 'https://openalex.org/W1638693430', 'https://openalex.org/W1679660967', 'https://openalex.org/W1698199421', 'https://openalex.org/W1734631470', 'https://openalex.org/W174805281', 'https://openalex.org/W1771537915', 'https://openalex.org/W1853319131', 'https://openalex.org/W193060581', 'https://openalex.org/W1967549745', 'https://openalex.org/W1968976446', 'https://openalex.org/W1970610924', 'https://openalex.org/W1970844071', 'https://openalex.org/W1973792089', 'https://openalex.org/W1976906766', 'https://openalex.org/W1979746498', 'https://openalex.org/W1981753740', 'https://openalex.org/W1982863678', 'https://openalex.org/W1983859493', 'https://openalex.org/W1987236737', 'https://openalex.org/W1989930562', 'https://openalex.org/W1990688017', 'https://openalex.org/W1998877848', 'https://openalex.org/W1999108102', 'https://openalex.org/W2001816951', 'https://openalex.org/W2005188760', 'https://openalex.org/W2006743208', 'https://openalex.org/W2010269005', 'https://openalex.org/W2016251139', 'https://openalex.org/W2020993158', 'https://openalex.org/W2021472865', 'https://openalex.org/W2025153050', 'https://openalex.org/W2028298825', 'https://openalex.org/W2032137778', 'https://openalex.org/W2032449552', 'https://openalex.org/W2032567211', 'https://openalex.org/W2036265926', 'https://openalex.org/W2037704866', 'https://openalex.org/W2039161962', 'https://openalex.org/W2039874663', 'https://openalex.org/W2040340224', 'https://openalex.org/W2040576731', 'https://openalex.org/W2041007293', 'https://openalex.org/W2043219819', 'https://openalex.org/W2043460661', 'https://openalex.org/W2045163169', 'https://openalex.org/W2050520476', 'https://openalex.org/W2053919847', 'https://openalex.org/W2059362989', 'https://openalex.org/W2062620222', 'https://openalex.org/W2067864623', 'https://openalex.org/W2069792529', 'https://openalex.org/W2072409560', 'https://openalex.org/W2075360774', 'https://openalex.org/W2075688604', 'https://openalex.org/W2079680461', 'https://openalex.org/W2081443570', 'https://openalex.org/W2081486243', 'https://openalex.org/W2083274837', 'https://openalex.org/W2086953614', 'https://openalex.org/W2087025153', 'https://openalex.org/W2087329162', 'https://openalex.org/W2087362112', 'https://openalex.org/W2088563966', 'https://openalex.org/W2090260807', 'https://openalex.org/W2091637763', 'https://openalex.org/W2092596708', 'https://openalex.org/W2092919341', 'https://openalex.org/W2102629767', 'https://openalex.org/W2104959644', 'https://openalex.org/W2106755980', 'https://openalex.org/W2110998807', 'https://openalex.org/W2115702458', 'https://openalex.org/W2117958466', 'https://openalex.org/W2122853852', 'https://openalex.org/W2133187874', 'https://openalex.org/W2135408231', 'https://openalex.org/W2137667220', 'https://openalex.org/W2153762366', 'https://openalex.org/W2159512362', 'https://openalex.org/W2161225267', 'https://openalex.org/W2162387602', 'https://openalex.org/W2163775186', 'https://openalex.org/W2167702224', 'https://openalex.org/W2171174175', 'https://openalex.org/W2226652612', 'https://openalex.org/W2231790670', 'https://openalex.org/W2320048374', 'https://openalex.org/W2520349321', 'https://openalex.org/W2791490120', 'https://openalex.org/W3128581731', 'https://openalex.org/W3175113275', 'https://openalex.org/W4230689127', 'https://openalex.org/W4232760394', 'https://openalex.org/W4236213938', 'https://openalex.org/W4236539443', 'https://openalex.org/W4236953726', 'https://openalex.org/W4238584344', 'https://openalex.org/W4241666317', 'https://openalex.org/W4241811422', 'https://openalex.org/W4241963483', 'https://openalex.org/W4244744552', 'https://openalex.org/W4247820451', 'https://openalex.org/W4250363792', 'https://openalex.org/W4253790413', 'https://openalex.org/W4253863803', 'https://openalex.org/W4253922403', 'https://openalex.org/W4254547429', 'https://openalex.org/W4255002377', 'https://openalex.org/W4256200019', 'https://openalex.org/W4256297475', 'https://openalex.org/W4388361100', 'https://openalex.org/W51251913', 'https://openalex.org/W60692602'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3037204972', 'https://openalex.org/W2531205399', 'https://openalex.org/W2368956577', 'https://openalex.org/W2358195740', 'https://openalex.org/W2348686280', 'https://openalex.org/W2311306072', 'https://openalex.org/W2298733627', 'https://openalex.org/W2154094973', 'https://openalex.org/W2027647470', 'https://openalex.org/W143007621'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'chapter': [1], 'describes': [2], 'the': [3, 42], 'main': [4, 44], 'accounts': [5], 'of': [6, 25, 46, 48, 72, 84], 'deductive': [7, 49, 73], 'competence,': [8, 26], 'which': [9, 27, 51], 'explain': [10, 52], 'what': [11], 'is': [12, 28], 'computed': [13], 'in': [14, 30, 75], 'carrying': [15], 'out': [16], 'deductions.': [17], 'It': [18, 40, 67], 'argues': [19], 'that': [20], 'people': [21, 54], 'have': [22], 'a': [23, 34], 'modicum': [24], 'useful': [29], 'daily': [31], 'life': [32], 'and': [33], 'prerequisite': [35], 'for': [36], 'acquiring': [37], 'logical': [38], 'expertise.': [39], 'outlines': [41], 'three': [43], 'sorts': [45], 'theory': [47], 'performance,': [50], 'how': [53], 'make': [55], 'deductions:': [56], 'They': [57], 'rely': [58], 'on': [59], 'factual': [60], 'knowledge,': [61], 'formal': [62], 'rules,': [63], 'or': [64], 'mental': [65], 'models.': [66], 'reviews': [68], 'recent': [69], 'experimental': [70], 'studies': [71], 'reasoning': [74], 'order': [76], 'to': [77, 80], 'help': [78], 'readers': [79], 'assess': [81], 'these': [82], 'theories': [83], 'performance.': [85]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4243656193', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 8}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T07:43:07.477245', 'created_date': '2022-05-12'}