Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4240409024', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch3', 'title': 'The many faces of the learning crisis', 'display_name': 'The many faces of the learning crisis', 'publication_year': 2017, 'publication_date': '2017-10-16', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4240409024', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch3'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch3', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306464009', 'display_name': 'The World Bank eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book-chapter', 'type_crossref': 'book-chapter', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 1, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.683489, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 63, 'max': 71}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '71', 'last_page': '90'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13532', 'display_name': 'Education Systems and Policy', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13532', 'display_name': 'Education Systems and Policy', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11300', 'display_name': 'Global Educational Policies and Reforms', 'score': 0.9881, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10674', 'display_name': 'School Choice and Performance', 'score': 0.9834, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.44349167}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch3', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306464009', 'display_name': 'The World Bank eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 51, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W133591683', 'https://openalex.org/W1495756248', 'https://openalex.org/W1500347437', 'https://openalex.org/W1524738911', 'https://openalex.org/W1565423437', 'https://openalex.org/W1603255996', 'https://openalex.org/W1685498667', 'https://openalex.org/W1824093275', 'https://openalex.org/W2034217706', 'https://openalex.org/W2042219705', 'https://openalex.org/W2047909845', 'https://openalex.org/W2067004304', 'https://openalex.org/W2068128099', 'https://openalex.org/W2076707519', 'https://openalex.org/W2078560190', 'https://openalex.org/W2094421584', 'https://openalex.org/W2096517822', 'https://openalex.org/W2098888358', 'https://openalex.org/W2102454047', 'https://openalex.org/W2105250625', 'https://openalex.org/W2109700267', 'https://openalex.org/W2113003036', 'https://openalex.org/W2114859194', 'https://openalex.org/W2117296187', 'https://openalex.org/W2136322068', 'https://openalex.org/W2142705498', 'https://openalex.org/W2146457157', 'https://openalex.org/W2147485806', 'https://openalex.org/W2153897911', 'https://openalex.org/W2161817916', 'https://openalex.org/W2165477804', 'https://openalex.org/W2171112462', 'https://openalex.org/W2185569388', 'https://openalex.org/W2235466654', 'https://openalex.org/W2256393716', 'https://openalex.org/W2403937710', 'https://openalex.org/W2413786735', 'https://openalex.org/W2552901693', 'https://openalex.org/W2580942528', 'https://openalex.org/W2617868279', 'https://openalex.org/W2764204369', 'https://openalex.org/W2778805466', 'https://openalex.org/W2887583496', 'https://openalex.org/W2890682736', 'https://openalex.org/W3021054688', 'https://openalex.org/W3121434539', 'https://openalex.org/W3141924394', 'https://openalex.org/W4230404682', 'https://openalex.org/W4238448053', 'https://openalex.org/W4254113883', 'https://openalex.org/W640577565'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2931662336', 'https://openalex.org/W2769102919', 'https://openalex.org/W2765597752', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2134894512', 'https://openalex.org/W2085372204', 'https://openalex.org/W2083375246', 'https://openalex.org/W2077865380', 'https://openalex.org/W2067108088', 'https://openalex.org/W2053487507'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'No': [0], 'AccessOct': [1], '2017The': [2], 'many': [3, 54, 65, 77], 'faces': [4, 60], 'of': [5, 156, 218, 229, 243, 265, 296, 329, 344, 383, 419, 459, 485, 488, 661, 695, 724, 764, 818, 824, 852, 861, 955, 1023, 1027, 1070, 1133, 1151, 1177, 1181, 1279, 1302, 1307, 1326, 1472, 1489, 1560, 1564, 1589, 1601, 1692, 1704, 1722, 1775, 1792, 1803, 1824, 1834, 1890, 1917, 2005, 2052, 2072, 2101, 2109, 2154, 2179, 2239, 2246, 2250, 2266, 2287, 2318, 2330, 2373, 2420, 2486, 2494, 2690, 2802], 'the': [6, 36, 57, 157, 173, 330, 377, 404, 413, 489, 605, 681, 720, 769, 848, 853, 873, 952, 956, 1024, 1152, 1274, 1300, 1354, 1438, 1487, 1492, 1519, 1586, 1790, 1862, 2050, 2247, 2400, 2412, 2554, 2614, 2655, 2688], 'learning': [7, 62, 68, 81, 127, 143, 150, 158], 'crisisAuthors/Editors:': [8], 'World': [9, 189, 354, 380, 416, 557, 585, 632, 781, 805, 898, 1196, 1251, 1445, 1475, 1497, 1759, 1895, 1901, 2355, 2450, 2810, 2829, 2835, 2839], 'BankWorld': [10], 'BankSearch': [11], 'for': [12, 138, 162, 256, 278, 832, 872, 937, 1056, 1269, 1371, 1416, 1511, 1549, 1789, 1968, 1997, 2018, 2039, 2064, 2162, 2190, 2219, 2299, 2366, 2402, 2415, 2440, 2503, 2513, 2521, 2548, 2579, 2608, 2649, 2751, 2785], 'more': [13], 'papers': [14], 'by': [15, 736, 1273, 1952], 'this': [16], 'authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch3AboutView': [17], 'ChaptersFull': [18], 'TextPDF': [19], '(0.5': [20], 'MB)': [21], 'ToolsAdd': [22], 'to': [23, 147, 171, 332, 597, 910, 917, 950, 1338, 2104, 2391], 'favoritesDownload': [24], 'CitationsTrack': [25], 'Citations': [26], 'ShareFacebookTwitterLinked': [27], 'In': [28, 64, 726, 1944, 2712], 'Abstract:': [29], 'Asserts': [30], 'that': [31, 38, 56], 'global': [32], 'schooling': [33, 40], 'expansion': [34], 'hides': [35], 'fact': [37], 'increased': [39, 43], 'has': [41, 144], 'not': [42, 123, 133], 'learning.': [44], 'Learning': [45, 212, 600, 1044, 1277, 1435, 1847, 1892, 2140, 2212, 2388, 2488, 2630], 'outcomes': [46], 'in': [47, 53, 72, 76, 87, 116, 182, 214, 304, 306, 369, 403, 444, 511, 550, 601, 650, 657, 684, 729, 768, 798, 856, 858, 876, 879, 891, 921, 976, 1008, 1011, 1049, 1103, 1155, 1185, 1219, 1245, 1299, 1343, 1358, 1403, 1514, 1530, 1664, 1694, 1742, 1746, 1754, 1779, 1831, 1849, 1893, 1920, 1985, 2008, 2030, 2135, 2142, 2182, 2291, 2327, 2387, 2393, 2436, 2443, 2459, 2481, 2490, 2550, 2610, 2629, 2632, 2651, 2671, 2692, 2694, 2754, 2799, 2825], 'basic': [48, 105], 'education': [49], 'prove': [50, 70], 'so': [51], 'low,': [52], 'contexts,': [55], 'developing': [58], 'world': [59], 'a': [61, 301, 448, 714, 1123, 1182, 1186], 'crisis.': [63], 'low-income': [66], 'countries,': [67], 'levels': [69, 82, 128], 'low': [71, 126], 'absolute': [73], 'terms,': [74], 'while': [75, 130], 'middle-income': [78], 'countries': [79], 'average': [80], 'remain': [83], 'far': [84], 'behind': [85], 'those': [86], 'high-income': [88], 'countries.': [89], 'This': [90], 'crisis': [91, 174], 'disproportionately': [92], 'affects': [93], 'children': [94], 'from': [95, 300, 447, 547, 691, 1016, 1077, 1122, 1434, 1437, 1592, 1828, 2049, 2273, 2323, 2347, 2389], 'poor': [96], 'households,': [97], 'who': [98], 'will': [99], 'likely': [100], 'leave': [101], 'school': [102], 'without': [103], 'acquiring': [104], 'skills': [106], 'like': [107], 'literacy': [108], 'or': [109, 710, 717, 1430, 1465], 'numeracy,': [110], 'which': [111], 'translates': [112], 'into': [113], 'severe': [114], 'shortcomings': [115], 'workforce': [117], 'skills.': [118], 'Many': [119], 'policy': [120], 'makers': [121], 'do': [122, 132], 'realize': [124], 'how': [125, 170], 'rest,': [129], 'others': [131], 'acknowledge': [134], 'them,': [135], 'but': [136, 759, 2714], 'reasons': [137], 'optimism': [139], 'exist,': [140], 'because': [141], '(1)': [142], 'increasingly': [145], 'come': [146], 'light;': [148], '(2)': [149], 'metrics': [151], 'have': [152], 'generated': [153], 'irrefutable': [154], 'evidence': [155], 'crisis,': [159], 'creating': [160], 'pressure': [161], 'action;': [163], 'and': [164, 187, 204, 211, 291, 320, 363, 376, 386, 398, 412, 437, 473, 503, 531, 541, 566, 590, 604, 622, 644, 653, 673, 680, 687, 704, 732, 740, 752, 773, 790, 796, 812, 835, 843, 882, 887, 912, 925, 933, 970, 980, 1001, 1020, 1038, 1064, 1081, 1092, 1118, 1143, 1170, 1207, 1216, 1232, 1242, 1261, 1296, 1323, 1356, 1367, 1390, 1405, 1412, 1424, 1455, 1482, 1504, 1527, 1539, 1579, 1594, 1615, 1629, 1654, 1670, 1685, 1707, 1725, 1750, 1769, 1781, 1785, 1796, 1817, 1842, 1855, 1878, 1886, 1910, 1932, 1948, 1956, 1971, 1980, 1988, 2000, 2021, 2028, 2042, 2067, 2092, 2099, 2139, 2172, 2198, 2204, 2232, 2311, 2339, 2362, 2406, 2430, 2472, 2478, 2507, 2534, 2541, 2553, 2565, 2575, 2589, 2613, 2623, 2643, 2654, 2669, 2696, 2740, 2770, 2788, 2821], '(3)': [165], 'promising': [166], 'new': [167], 'insights': [168], 'on': [169, 576, 1073, 1525, 1557, 1585, 2241, 2269, 2350, 2687, 2776], 'tackle': [172], 'exist.': [175], 'ReferencesAbadzi,': [176], 'Helen.': [177], '2009.': [178, 1210], '“Instructional': [179], 'Time': [180, 1693], 'Loss': [181], 'Developing': [183, 658, 1550, 1850, 2183, 2395, 2755], 'Countries:': [184, 1667], 'Concepts,': [185], 'Measurement,': [186], 'Implications.”': [188], 'Bank': [190, 458, 1252, 1896], 'Research': [191, 553, 777, 801, 1192, 1283, 1287, 1342, 1556], 'Observer': [192], '24': [193, 1255], '(2):': [194, 990, 1163, 1698, 2280, 2334], '267–90.': [195], 'LinkGoogle': [196, 561, 587, 785, 809, 900, 1200, 1258, 2452], 'ScholarAraujo,': [197], 'María': [198, 1574], 'Caridad,': [199], 'Pedro': [200], 'Carneiro,': [201], 'Yyannú': [202], 'Cruz-Aguayo,': [203], 'Norbert': [205], 'R': [206, 435, 640, 1205, 1652], 'Schady': [207], '2016.': [208, 1507, 1542, 1659, 1772, 2380, 2433, 2626], '“Teacher': [209], 'Quality': [210, 903, 2578], 'Outcomes': [213, 2753], 'Kindergarten.”': [215], 'Quarterly': [216, 2255], 'Journal': [217, 487, 514, 660, 694, 1306, 1325, 1600, 1833, 2329, 2493], 'Economics': [219, 484, 860, 1107, 1161, 1225, 1344, 1836, 2110], '131': [220], '(3):': [221, 1311], '1415–53.': [222], 'CrossrefGoogle': [223, 316, 496, 518, 667, 701, 748, 838, 866, 992, 1033, 1061, 1087, 1111, 1138, 1165, 1229, 1313, 1332, 1348, 1637, 1682, 1700, 1839, 1928, 1965, 2195, 2259, 2282, 2336, 2499, 2761, 2791], 'ScholarASER': [224, 238, 260], 'Centre.': [225, 236], '2017.': [226, 536, 756, 1116, 1175, 1427, 1485, 1820, 2201, 2342, 2523], 'Annual': [227], 'Status': [228, 242, 264, 1628, 1663, 1919, 2286], 'Education': [230, 244, 257, 266, 279, 305, 347, 349, 766, 827, 862, 1268, 1473, 1696, 1755, 2132, 2524, 2549, 2609, 2650, 2691, 2710, 2780, 2796], 'Report': [231, 452, 1272, 2572], '(Rural).': [232], 'New': [233, 336, 460, 462, 482, 574, 745, 1960], 'Delhi:': [234], 'ASER': [235, 246, 268], 'Google': [237, 259, 281, 339, 358, 393, 428, 464, 634, 942, 964, 1290, 1376, 1421, 1449, 1479, 1501, 1536, 1570, 1606, 1718, 1736, 1761, 1810, 1872, 1903, 1994, 2015, 2036, 2061, 2085, 2119, 2148, 2169, 2224, 2302, 2359, 2377, 2425, 2469, 2517, 2528, 2559, 2583, 2617, 2661, 2678, 2703, 2723, 2812, 2831, 2844], 'Pakistan.': [239, 261], '2015a.': [240], '“Annual': [241, 263], 'Report:': [245, 267], 'Pakistan': [247, 269], '2015': [248, 270, 2025, 2695], 'National': [249, 271, 1025, 1131], '(Rural).”': [250], 'Lahore.': [251, 273], 'Pakistan:': [252, 274], 'South': [253, 275, 2482], 'Asian': [254, 276], 'Forum': [255, 277, 628], 'Development.': [258, 280, 2301], '2015b.': [262], '(Urban).”': [272], 'ScholarBanerjee,': [282, 317], 'Abhijit': [283, 318], 'Vinayak,': [284], 'Rukmini': [285, 2428], 'Banerji,': [286, 2429], 'Esther': [287, 321], 'Duflo,': [288], 'Glennerster': [289], 'Rachel,': [290], 'Stuti': [292], 'Khemani.': [293], '2010.': [294, 907, 1147, 1236, 1351, 1395, 1740, 1973], '“Pitfalls': [295], 'Participatory': [297], 'Programs:': [298], 'Evidence': [299, 446, 546, 575, 690, 1015, 1076, 1121, 1433, 1827, 2272, 2322], 'Randomized': [302, 1124], 'Evaluation': [303, 1471, 1547, 1791], 'India.”': [307, 1832], 'American': [308, 626, 1157, 1221, 2276], 'Economic': [309, 311, 491, 513, 662, 833, 1134, 1158, 1222, 1253, 1969, 1998, 2019, 2040, 2065, 2277, 2786], 'Journal:': [310, 1159, 1223], 'Policy': [312, 552, 727, 776, 800, 1191, 1362, 1885, 2215, 2404, 2777], '2': [313, 1162], '(1):': [314, 665, 699, 1085, 1227, 1256, 1330, 1346, 1604, 1926], '1–30.': [315], 'Vinayak': [319], 'Duflo.': [322], '2012.': [323, 1005, 2175, 2708], 'Poor': [324], 'Economics:': [325], 'A': [326, 762, 968, 1247, 1271, 1494, 1581, 2230, 2736, 2742, 2773], 'Radical': [327], 'Rethinking': [328], 'Way': [331], 'Fight': [333], 'Global': [334, 1057, 1531, 1671, 2163, 2191, 2220, 2511, 2570], 'Poverty.': [335], 'York:': [337, 746, 1961], 'PublicAffairs.': [338], 'ScholarBentaouet-Kattan,': [340], 'Raja.': [341], '2006.': [342, 648, 793, 1041, 2505], '“Implementation': [343], 'Free': [345], 'Basic': [346, 1596], 'Policy.”': [348], 'Working': [350, 554, 778, 802, 828, 927, 1051, 1128, 1193, 1407, 1467, 1553, 2111, 2186, 2781], 'Paper': [351, 555, 779, 803, 829, 1052, 1129, 1194, 1468, 1516, 1554, 1859, 2112, 2187, 2216, 2397, 2782], '7': [352], '(December),': [353], 'Bank,': [355, 381, 417, 558, 782, 806, 1197, 1446, 1476, 1498, 2356, 2840], 'Washington,': [356, 388, 421, 559, 583, 630, 783, 807, 896, 940, 1059, 1198, 1447, 1477, 1499, 1757, 1899, 2159, 2193, 2222, 2295, 2357, 2448, 2808, 2827, 2841], 'DC.': [357, 560, 784, 808, 941, 1060, 1199, 1448, 1478, 1500, 2194, 2223, 2358, 2842], 'ScholarBenveniste,': [359, 394], 'Luis,': [360, 395], 'Jeffrey': [361, 396, 637], 'Marshall,': [362, 397], 'M': [364, 1649, 1907, 2227], 'Caridad': [365], 'Araujo.': [366], '2008.': [367, 1709, 1935, 2236], '“Teaching': [368, 402], 'Cambodia.”': [370], 'Human': [371, 407, 579, 696, 893, 1308, 1340, 1509, 2331, 2445], 'Development': [372, 408, 580, 627, 733, 894, 1010, 1082, 1513, 1521, 1752, 2446, 2496, 2836], 'Sector,': [373, 409], 'East': [374, 410, 2675, 2699], 'Asia': [375, 411], 'Pacific': [378, 414], 'Region,': [379, 415], 'Ministry': [382, 418, 1703, 1721], 'Education,': [384, 420, 734, 1532, 1561, 1705, 1723, 1804], 'Youth': [385], 'Sport,': [387], 'DC,': [389, 422], 'Phnom': [390], 'Penh,': [391], 'Cambodia.': [392], 'Santibañez': [399], 'Lucrecia.': [400], '2007.': [401, 2096, 2746], 'Lao': [405, 424], 'PDR.”': [406], 'Vientiane,': [423], 'People’s': [425], 'Democratic': [426], 'Republic.': [427], 'ScholarBharadwaj,': [429], 'Prashant,': [430], 'Giacomo': [431], 'De': [432], 'Giorgi,': [433], 'David': [434, 611, 670, 1233], 'Hansen,': [436], 'Neilson': [438], 'Christopher.': [439], '2015.': [440, 507, 593, 846, 1727, 2002, 2129, 2285, 2314, 2475, 2514, 2592, 2680, 2765], '“The': [441, 1068, 1318, 1689, 1821, 2097, 2176, 2237, 2264, 2315], 'Gender': [442, 682, 854, 1153, 2006, 2385], 'Gap': [443, 855, 1154], 'Mathematics:': [445], 'Middle-Income': [449, 1666], 'Country.”': [450, 1190], 'Staff': [451], '721': [453], '(March': [454], '2),': [455], 'Federal': [456], 'Reserve': [457], 'York,': [461], 'York.': [463], 'ScholarBloom,': [465, 497], 'Nicholas,': [466, 498], 'Renata': [467, 499, 1538], 'Lemos,': [468, 500], 'Sadun': [469, 501], 'Raffaella,': [470, 502], 'Scur': [471], 'Daniela,': [472], 'John': [474, 504, 738], 'Van': [475, 505, 675], 'Reenen.': [476, 506], '2014.': [477, 947, 2455, 2568, 2663], '“JEEA-FBBVA': [478], 'Lecture': [479], '2013:': [480], 'The': [481, 722, 2003, 2070, 2152, 2484], 'Empirical': [483, 1149, 1297], 'Management.”': [486], 'European': [490], 'Association': [492, 1788, 2401], '12': [493], '(4):': [494], '835–76.': [495], '“Does': [508], 'Management': [509, 934, 1711, 1729], 'Matter': [510], 'Schools?”': [512], '125': [515], '(584):': [516], '647–74.': [517], 'ScholarBold,': [519], 'Tessa,': [520], 'Deon': [521, 564, 1063], 'Filmer,': [522, 565], 'Martin': [523], 'Gayle,': [524], 'Molina': [525], 'Ezequiel,': [526], 'Stacy': [527], 'Brian,': [528], 'Rockmore': [529], 'Christophe,': [530], 'Svensson': [532], 'Jakob': [533], 'et': [534, 1393, 1657, 2744], 'al.': [535, 1394, 1658, 2745], '“What': [537, 1352, 1936], 'Do': [538, 1098, 1937], 'Teachers': [539, 1741, 2268, 2506], 'Know': [540, 1939, 1979], 'Do?': [542], 'Does': [543], 'It': [544], 'Matter?': [545], 'Primary': [548, 692, 2143, 2633], 'Schools': [549, 572], 'Africa.”': [551, 859], '7956,': [556], 'ScholarBruns,': [562, 588], 'Barbara,': [563], 'Harry': [567, 2093], 'Anthony': [568, 2094], 'Patrinos.': [569, 2095], '2011.': [570, 708, 815, 870, 1264], 'Making': [571], 'Work:': [573], 'Accountability': [577], 'Reforms.': [578], 'Perspectives': [581, 663], 'Series.': [582, 629, 895, 1756, 1898, 2058, 2082, 2447], 'DC:': [584, 631, 897, 1758, 1900, 2160, 2296, 2449, 2809, 2828], 'Bank.': [586, 633, 899, 1760, 1902, 2451, 2793, 2811, 2814, 2830, 2833], 'Barbara': [589], 'Javier': [591], 'Luque.': [592], 'Great': [594], 'Teachers:': [595], 'How': [596], 'Raise': [598], 'Student': [599, 1119, 1983, 2242, 2270], 'Latin': [602, 625, 2551, 2611, 2652], 'America': [603, 2552, 2612, 2653], 'Caribbean.': [606], 'With': [607, 884], 'Gregorio,': [608], 'Soledad': [609], 'De,': [610], 'K': [612, 706], 'Evans,': [613], 'Marco': [614], 'Fernández,': [615], 'Moreno': [616], 'Martin,': [617, 1768], 'Rodriguez': [618], 'Jessica,': [619], 'Toral': [620], 'Guillermo,': [621], 'Yarrow': [623], 'Noah.': [624], 'ScholarChaudhury,': [635], 'Nazmul,': [636], 'Hammer,': [638], 'Michael': [639, 1204, 1612, 1766], 'Kremer,': [641, 1206], 'Karthik': [642, 1841], 'Muralidharan,': [643], 'F': [645], 'Halsey': [646], 'Rogers.': [647], '“Missing': [649], 'Action:': [651], 'Teacher': [652, 688, 1747, 1829, 2344, 2351, 2434], 'Health': [654], 'Worker': [655], 'Absence': [656, 1830], 'Countries.”': [659, 1079, 1551, 2184, 2396, 2756], '20': [664, 771], '91–116.': [666], 'ScholarCornwell,': [668], 'Christopher,': [669], 'B': [671, 1457], 'Mustard,': [672], 'Jessica': [674], 'Parys.': [676], '2013.': [677, 973, 1096, 1845, 1882, 2151, 2537], '“Noncognitive': [678], 'Skills': [679, 871, 958, 1490, 2045, 2056, 2080], 'Disparities': [683], 'Test': [685, 1217], 'Scores': [686, 1218], 'Assessments:': [689], 'School.”': [693], 'Resources': [697, 1309, 2332], '48': [698, 1634], '236–64.': [700], 'ScholarCrouch,': [702], 'Luis': [703], 'Amber': [705, 1260], 'Gove': [707], '“Leaps': [709], 'One': [711], 'Step': [712], 'at': [713, 984, 1518, 1861, 1942, 2399], 'Time:': [715], 'Skirting': [716], 'Helping': [718], 'Engage': [719], 'Debate?': [721], 'Case': [723, 2485], 'Reading.”': [725], 'Debates': [728], 'Comparative,': [730], 'International,': [731], 'edited': [735, 1951], 'Hawkins,': [737], 'N': [739], 'W': [741, 754, 2090, 2707], 'James': [742, 1334, 1876], 'Jacob': [743], '155–74.': [744], 'Springer.': [747], 'ScholarDang,': [749], 'Hai-Anh': [750], 'H': [751, 1173], 'Paul': [753, 1002, 1202, 2089], 'Glewwe': [755], '“Well': [757], 'Begun,': [758], 'Aiming': [760], 'Higher:': [761], 'Review': [763, 863, 1083, 1254, 2278, 2775], 'Vietnam’s': [765], 'Trends': [767, 878, 1357, 1778], 'Past': [770], 'Years': [772, 1774], 'Emerging': [774], 'Challenges.”': [775], '8112,': [780], 'ScholarDas,': [786], 'Jishnu,': [787], 'Priyanka': [788], 'Pandey,': [789], 'Tristan': [791], 'Zajonc.': [792], '“Learning': [794], 'Levels': [795, 1355, 1402, 1623], 'Gaps': [797, 2386], 'Pakistan.”': [799], '4067,': [804], 'ScholarDesjardins,': [810], 'Richard': [811], 'Kjell': [813], 'Rubenson.': [814], '“An': [816, 1148], 'Analysis': [817, 851, 1150, 1180, 2245, 2405], 'Skill': [819, 979, 1945], 'Mismatch': [820], 'Using': [821, 1674], 'Direct': [822], 'Measures': [823], 'Skills.”': [825], 'OECD': [826, 2055, 2079, 2779], '63,': [830], 'Organisation': [831, 2784], 'Co-operation': [834, 1970, 1999, 2020, 2041, 2066, 2787], 'Development,': [836, 932, 939, 1058, 2192, 2221, 2789], 'Paris.': [837, 1375, 1420, 2790], 'ScholarDickerson,': [839], 'Andy,': [840], 'Steven': [841, 1144], 'McIntosh,': [842], 'Christine': [844], 'Valente.': [845], '“Do': [847], 'Maths:': [849], 'An': [850, 1545, 2244], 'Mathematics': [857, 1780], '46': [864], '1–22.': [865], 'Scholardi': [867], 'Gropello,': [868], 'Emanuela.': [869], 'Labor': [874], 'Market': [875], 'Indonesia:': [877], 'Demand,': [880], 'Gaps,': [881], 'Supply.': [883], 'Aurelien': [885], 'Kruse': [886], 'Prateek': [888], 'Tandon.': [889], 'Directions': [890, 2442], 'Development:': [892, 1179, 2320, 2444, 2748], 'ScholarEQUIP2': [901], '(Educational': [902, 944], 'Improvement': [904], 'Program': [905], '2).': [906], '“Using': [908], 'Opportunity': [909], 'Learn': [911], 'Early': [913, 1275, 2288], 'Grade': [914, 1240, 1276, 1359, 2289], 'Reading': [915, 1404, 2290], 'Fluency': [916], 'Measure': [918], 'School': [919, 1243, 1429, 1461, 1563, 1802, 2419, 2713], 'Effectiveness': [920], 'Ethiopia,': [922], 'Guatemala,': [923], 'Honduras,': [924], 'Nepal.”': [926], 'Paper,': [928], 'Educational': [929, 1074, 1303, 1373, 1418, 1793, 2106, 2253, 2368, 2495, 2508], 'Policy,': [930], 'Systems': [931, 1559], 'U.S.': [935, 2297], 'Agency': [936, 2298], 'International': [938, 1523, 1777, 1787, 1798, 2300, 2408, 2492], 'ScholarETS': [943], 'Testing': [945], 'Service).': [946], '“A': [948, 1042], 'Guide': [949], 'Understanding': [951], 'Literacy': [953, 2668, 2769], 'Assessment': [954], 'STEP': [957], 'Measurement': [959], 'Surveys.”': [960], 'ETS,': [961], 'Princeton,': [962], 'NJ.': [963], 'ScholarFernald,': [965, 993], 'Anne,': [966], 'Virginia': [967], 'Marchman,': [969], 'Weisleder': [971], 'Adriana.': [972], '“SES': [974], 'Differences': [975], 'Language': [977], 'Processing': [978], 'Vocabulary': [981], 'Are': [982, 1353], 'Evident': [983], '18': [985], 'Months.”': [986], 'Developmental': [987, 1662, 1923], 'Science': [988, 1782, 1924], '16': [989], '234–48.': [991], 'Lia': [994, 1171], 'C': [995, 1172], 'H,': [996], 'Kariger': [997], 'Patricia,': [998], 'Hidrobo': [999], 'Melissa,': [1000], 'J': [1003, 1335, 1613, 1912, 1931, 2234], 'Gertler': [1004], '“Socioeconomic': [1006], 'Gradients': [1007], 'Child': [1009, 1178, 1321, 2319], 'Very': [1012, 1187], 'Young': [1013, 1863], 'Children:': [1014], 'India,': [1017], 'Indonesia,': [1018], 'Peru,': [1019], 'Senegal.”': [1021], 'Proceedings': [1022], 'Academy': [1026], 'Sciences': [1028], '109': [1029], '(Supplement': [1030], '2):': [1031], '17273–80.': [1032], 'ScholarFilmer,': [1034, 1062], 'Deon,': [1035], 'Amer': [1036], 'Hasan,': [1037], 'Lant': [1039, 1065, 1425, 2171, 2197], 'Pritchett.': [1040, 1066, 1426], 'Millennium': [1043], 'Goal:': [1045], 'Measuring': [1046], 'Real': [1047], 'Progress': [1048], 'Education.”': [1050, 1695], '97': [1053], '(August),': [1054], 'Center': [1055, 2161, 2189, 2218], '1999.': [1067, 1459], 'Effect': [1069], 'Household': [1071], 'Wealth': [1072], 'Attainment:': [1075], '35': [1078], 'Population': [1080], '25': [1084], '85–120.': [1086], 'ScholarFouarge,': [1088], 'Didier,': [1089], 'Trudie': [1090], 'Schils,': [1091], 'Andries': [1093], 'de': [1094, 2126, 2594, 2598], 'Grip.': [1095], '“Why': [1097], 'Low-Educated': [1099], 'Workers': [1100], 'Invest': [1101], 'Less': [1102], 'Further': [1104, 2047], 'Training?”': [1105], 'Applied': [1106, 1160, 1224], '45': [1108], '(18):': [1109], '2587–601.': [1110], 'ScholarFryer,': [1112, 1139], 'Roland': [1113, 1140], 'G': [1114, 1141], 'Jr.': [1115], '“Management': [1117], 'Achievement:': [1120, 2271], 'Field': [1125], 'Experiment.”': [1126], 'NBER': [1127], '23437,': [1130], 'Bureau': [1132, 2547], 'Research,': [1135], 'Cambridge,': [1136], 'MA.': [1137, 1809], 'Jr': [1142], 'D': [1145, 1642, 2728], 'Levitt': [1146], 'Mathematics.”': [1156, 1406, 2491], '210–40.': [1164], 'ScholarGalasso,': [1166], 'Emanuela,': [1167], 'Ann': [1168], 'Weber,': [1169], 'Fernald': [1174], '“Dynamics': [1176], 'Longitudinal': [1183, 1853], 'Cohort': [1184], 'Low': [1188, 2768], 'Income': [1189], '7973,': [1195], 'ScholarGlewwe,': [1201], 'W,': [1203], 'Moulin': [1208], 'Sylvie.': [1209], '“Many': [1211], 'Children': [1212, 2324, 2666, 2683], 'Left': [1213], 'Behind?': [1214], 'Textbooks': [1215], 'Kenya.”': [1220], '1': [1226], '112–35.': [1228], 'ScholarGlick,': [1230], 'Peter': [1231, 1262, 2087], 'E': [1234, 2262], 'Sahn': [1235], '“Early': [1237, 1265, 1660], 'Academic': [1238], 'Performance,': [1239], 'Repetition,': [1241], 'Attainment': [1244], 'Senegal:': [1246, 2146], 'Panel': [1248, 2274], 'Data': [1249, 1854, 2349], 'Analysis.”': [1250], '93–120.': [1257], 'ScholarGove,': [1259], 'Cvelich.': [1263], 'Reading,': [1266, 1986], 'Igniting': [1267], 'All:': [1270], 'Community': [1278], 'Practice.”': [1280], 'Rev.': [1281], 'ed.': [1282, 2078], 'Triangle': [1284, 1288], 'Park,': [1285], 'NC:': [1286], 'Institute.': [1289], 'ScholarHanushek,': [1291, 1314], 'Eric': [1292, 1315], 'A.': [1293, 1316], '1979.': [1294], '“Conceptual': [1295], 'Issues': [1298, 1363, 1745], 'Estimation': [1301], 'Production': [1304], 'Functions.”': [1305], '14': [1310], '351–88.': [1312], '1992.': [1317], 'Trade-Off': [1319], 'between': [1320], 'Quantity': [1322], 'Quality.”': [1324], 'Political': [1327], 'Economy': [1328], '100': [1329], '84–117.': [1331], 'ScholarHeckman,': [1333], '2000.': [1336, 1619], '“Policies': [1337], 'Foster': [1339], 'Capital.”': [1341], '54': [1345], '3–56.': [1347], 'ScholarHungi,': [1349, 1377], 'Njora.': [1350], 'Repetition?”': [1360], 'SACMEQ': [1361], '5': [1364], '(September),': [1365], 'Southern': [1366, 1411], 'Eastern': [1368, 1413, 2363], 'Africa': [1369, 1414, 2364], 'Consortium': [1370, 1415, 2365], 'Monitoring': [1372, 1417, 2367, 2510, 2571], 'Quality,': [1374, 1419], 'Njora,': [1378], 'Demus': [1379], 'Makuwa,': [1380], 'Ross': [1381], 'Kenneth,': [1382], 'Saito': [1383], 'Mioko,': [1384], 'Dolata': [1385], 'Stephanie,': [1386], 'Frank': [1387, 1908], 'van': [1388], 'Cappelle,': [1389], 'Paviot': [1391], 'Laura': [1392, 1456], '“SACMEQ': [1396], 'III': [1397], 'Project': [1398], 'Results:': [1399, 2026], 'Pupil': [1400], 'Achievement': [1401, 2631], 'Document': [1408], 'Number': [1409], '1,': [1410], 'ScholarKaffenberger,': [1422], 'Michelle': [1423], '“More': [1428], 'More': [1431, 1526], 'Learning?': [1432, 2667, 2684], 'Profiles': [1436], 'Financial': [1439], 'Inclusion': [1440], 'Insights': [1441, 2346], 'Data.”': [1442, 2275], 'Background': [1443, 2353], 'paper,': [1444, 2354], 'ScholarKing,': [1450], 'Elizabeth': [1451], 'M,': [1452], 'Özler': [1453], 'Berk,': [1454], 'Rawlings': [1458], '“Nicaragua’s': [1460], 'Autonomy': [1462], 'Reform:': [1463], 'Fact': [1464], 'Fiction?”': [1466], '19,': [1469], 'Impact': [1470, 2238, 2265], 'Reforms,': [1474], 'ScholarLarson,': [1480], 'Bradley': [1481], 'Alexandria': [1483], 'Valerio.': [1484], '“Estimating': [1486], 'Stock': [1488], 'around': [1491], 'World:': [1493], 'Technical': [1495], 'Note.”': [1496], 'ScholarLee,': [1502], 'Ju-Ho': [1503], 'Hong': [1505], 'Song-Chang.': [1506], '“Accumulating': [1508], 'Capital': [1510], 'Sustainable': [1512], 'Korea.”': [1515], 'presented': [1517, 1860, 2398], 'Korea': [1520], 'Institute’s': [1522], 'Conference': [1524], 'Better': [1528], 'Investment': [1529], 'Seoul,': [1533], 'June': [1534, 2423], '14.': [1535], 'ScholarLemos,': [1537], 'Daniela': [1540], 'Scur.': [1541], '“Developing': [1543], 'Management:': [1544, 1884], 'Expanded': [1546], 'Tool': [1548], 'RISE': [1552], '16/007,': [1555], 'Improving': [1558, 1891], 'Blavatnik': [1562], 'Government,': [1565], 'Oxford': [1566, 1866], 'University,': [1567, 1867, 2117], 'Oxford,': [1568, 1868], 'U.K.': [1569], 'ScholarLipina,': [1571], 'Sebastián': [1572], 'J,': [1573, 1609, 2228], 'I': [1575], 'Martelli,': [1576], 'Vuelta': [1577], 'Beatriz,': [1578], 'Jorge': [1580], 'Colombo': [1582], '2005.': [1583, 1914], '“Performance': [1584], 'A-Not-B': [1587], 'Task': [1588], 'Argentinean': [1590], 'Infants': [1591], 'Unsatisfied': [1593], 'Satisfied': [1595], 'Needs': [1597, 2512], 'Homes.”': [1598], 'Interamerican': [1599], 'Psychology': [1602], '39': [1603], '46–60.': [1605], 'ScholarLupien,': [1607], 'Sonia': [1608], 'King': [1610], 'Suzanne,': [1611], 'Meaney,': [1614], 'Bruce': [1616], 'S': [1617], 'McEwen': [1618], '“Child’s': [1620], 'Stress': [1621], 'Hormone': [1622], 'Correlate': [1624], 'with': [1625, 1852, 2767], 'Mother’s': [1626], 'Socioeconomic': [1627, 1918, 2316], 'Depressive': [1630], 'State.”': [1631], 'Biological': [1632], 'Psychiatry': [1633], '(10):': [1635], '976–80.': [1636], 'ScholarMcCoy,': [1638], 'Dana': [1639], 'Charles,': [1640], 'Evan': [1641], 'Peet,': [1643], 'Ezzati': [1644], 'Majid,': [1645], 'Danaei': [1646], 'Goodarz,': [1647], 'Maureen': [1648], 'Black,': [1650], 'Christopher': [1651], 'Sudfeld,': [1653], 'Fawzi': [1655], 'Wafaie': [1656], 'Childhood': [1661], 'Low-and': [1665], 'National,': [1668], 'Regional,': [1669], 'Prevalence': [1672], 'Estimates': [1673], 'Predictive': [1675], 'Modeling.”': [1676], 'PLOS': [1677], 'Medicine': [1678], '13': [1679], '(6):': [1680], 'e1002034.': [1681], 'ScholarMillot,': [1683], 'Benoît': [1684], 'Julia': [1686], 'Lane.': [1687], '2002.': [1688], 'Efficient': [1690], 'Use': [1691], 'Economics10': [1697], '209–28.': [1699], 'ScholarMoEST': [1701, 1719], '(Malawi,': [1702, 1720], 'Science,': [1706, 1724], 'Technology).': [1708, 1726], '“Education': [1710, 1728, 2816], 'Information': [1712, 1730], 'System.”': [1713, 1731], 'Report,': [1714, 1732], 'MoEST,': [1715, 1733], 'Lilongwe,': [1716, 1734], 'Malawi.': [1717, 1735], 'ScholarMulkeen,': [1737], 'Aidan': [1738], 'G.': [1739], 'Anglophone': [1743], 'Africa:': [1744, 2483], 'Supply,': [1748], 'Training,': [1749], 'Management.': [1751], 'Practice': [1753], 'ScholarMullis,': [1762], 'Ina': [1763], 'V': [1764], 'S,': [1765], 'O': [1767], 'Tom': [1770], 'Loveless.': [1771], '“20': [1773], 'TIMSS:': [1776], 'Achievement,': [1783, 1794], 'Curriculum,': [1784], 'Instruction.”': [1786], 'TIMSS': [1795], 'PIRLS': [1797], 'Study': [1799, 1897, 2543], 'Center,': [1800], 'Lynch': [1801], 'Boston': [1805], 'College,': [1806], 'Chestnut': [1807], 'Hill,': [1808], 'ScholarMuralidharan,': [1811, 1840], 'Karthik,': [1812], 'Jishnu': [1813], 'Das,': [1814], 'Alaka': [1815], 'Holla,': [1816], 'Aakash': [1818], 'Mohpal.': [1819], 'Fiscal': [1822], 'Cost': [1823], 'Weak': [1825], 'Governance:': [1826], 'Public': [1835, 2403, 2818], '145': [1837], '116–35.': [1838], 'Yendrick': [1843], 'Zieleniak.': [1844], '“Measuring': [1846], 'Trajectories': [1848], 'Countries': [1851], 'Item': [1856], 'Response': [1857], 'Theory.”': [1858], 'Lives': [1864], 'Conference,': [1865, 2409], 'U.K.,': [1869], 'July': [1870], '8–9.': [1871], 'ScholarNajjumba,': [1873], 'Innocent': [1874], 'Mulindwa,': [1875], 'Habyarimana,': [1877], 'Charles': [1879], 'Lwanga': [1880], 'Bunjo.': [1881], 'School-Based': [1883], 'Functionality.': [1887], 'Vol.': [1888, 1990, 2032], '3': [1889], 'Uganda.': [1894, 2702], 'ScholarNoble,': [1904], 'Kimberly': [1905], 'G,': [1906], 'Norman,': [1909], 'Martha': [1911], 'Farah': [1913], '“Neurocognitive': [1915], 'Correlates': [1916], 'Kindergarten': [1921], 'Children.”': [1922], '8': [1925], '74–87.': [1927], 'ScholarO’Connell,': [1929], 'Philip': [1930], 'Jungblut': [1933], 'Jean-Marie.': [1934], 'We': [1938], 'about': [1940], 'Training': [1941], 'Work?”': [1943], 'Formation:': [1946], 'Interdisciplinary': [1947], 'Cross-National': [1949], 'Perspectives,': [1950], 'Mayer,': [1953], 'Karl': [1954], 'Ulrich': [1955], 'Solga': [1957], 'Heike,': [1958], '109–25.': [1959], 'Cambridge': [1962], 'University': [1963, 2372], 'Press.': [1964, 2168], 'ScholarOECD': [1966, 1995, 2016, 2037, 2062], '(Organisation': [1967, 1996, 2017, 2038, 2063], 'Development).': [1972, 2001, 2022, 2043, 2068], 'PISA': [1974, 2024], '2009': [1975], 'Results,': [1976], 'What': [1977, 2635], 'Students': [1978], 'Can': [1981, 2636], 'Do:': [1982], 'Performance': [1984, 2134, 2435], 'Mathematics,': [1987], 'Science.': [1989], '1.': [1991, 2033], 'Paris:': [1992, 2013, 2034, 2059, 2083, 2581, 2603], 'OECD.': [1993, 2014, 2035, 2060, 2084], 'ABC': [2004], 'Equality': [2007], 'Education:': [2009, 2155, 2634], 'Aptitude,': [2010], 'Behaviour,': [2011], 'Confidence.': [2012], '2016a.': [2023, 2794], 'Excellence': [2027], 'Equity': [2029], 'Education.': [2031, 2144, 2441], '2016b.': [2044, 2815], 'Matter:': [2046], 'Results': [2048, 2801], 'Survey': [2051, 2071, 2824], 'Adult': [2053, 2073], 'Skills.': [2054], 'Studies': [2057, 2081], '2016c.': [2069, 2834], 'Skills:': [2074, 2772], 'Reader’s': [2075], 'Companion.': [2076], '2d': [2077], 'ScholarOrazem,': [2086], 'F,': [2088], 'Glewwe,': [2091], 'Benefits': [2098], 'Costs': [2100], 'Alternative': [2102], 'Strategies': [2103], 'Improve': [2105], 'Outcomes.”': [2107], 'Department': [2108], '07028': [2113], '(November),': [2114], 'Iowa': [2115], 'State': [2116, 2689], 'Ames.': [2118], 'ScholarPASEC': [2120], '(Programme': [2121], 'd’Analyse': [2122], 'des': [2123], 'Systèmes': [2124], 'Éducatifs': [2125], 'la': [2127], 'Confemen).': [2128], 'PASEC': [2130], '2014:': [2131], 'System': [2133], 'Francophone': [2136], 'Africa,': [2137, 2676, 2700], 'Competencies': [2138], 'Factors': [2141, 2750], 'Dakar,': [2145], 'PASEC.': [2147], 'ScholarPritchett,': [2149, 2170, 2196], 'Lant.': [2150], 'Rebirth': [2153], 'Schooling': [2156, 2203, 2207], 'Ain’t': [2157], 'Learning.': [2158], 'Development;': [2164], 'Baltimore:': [2165], 'Brookings': [2166], 'Institution': [2167], 'Amanda': [2173], 'Beatty.': [2174], 'Negative': [2177], 'Consequences': [2178], 'Overambitious': [2180], 'Curricula': [2181], 'CGD': [2185, 2214], '293,': [2188], 'Justin': [2199, 2706], 'Sandefur.': [2200], '“Girls’': [2202], 'Women’s': [2205], 'Literacy:': [2206], 'Targets': [2208], 'Alone': [2209], 'Won’t': [2210], 'Reach': [2211], 'Goals.”': [2213], '104,': [2217], 'ScholarRobinson,': [2225], 'Viviane': [2226], 'Claire': [2229], 'Lloyd,': [2231], 'Kenneth': [2233], 'Rowe': [2235], 'Leadership': [2240, 2251], 'Outcomes:': [2243], 'Differential': [2248], 'Effects': [2249], 'Types.”': [2252], 'Administration': [2254], '44': [2256], '(5):': [2257], '635–74.': [2258], 'ScholarRockoff,': [2260], 'Jonah': [2261], '2004.': [2263], 'Individual': [2267], '94': [2279], '247–52.': [2281], 'ScholarRTI': [2283], 'International.': [2284], 'Sub-': [2292], 'Saharan': [2293], 'Africa.': [2294], 'ScholarRubio-Codina,': [2303], 'Marta,': [2304], 'Attanasio': [2305], 'Orazio,': [2306], 'Meghir': [2307], 'Costas,': [2308], 'Varela': [2309], 'Natalia,': [2310], 'Sally': [2312], 'Grantham-McGregor.': [2313], 'Gradient': [2317], 'Cross-Sectional': [2321], '6–42': [2325], 'Months': [2326], 'Bogota.”': [2328], '50': [2333], '464–83.': [2335], 'ScholarSabarwal,': [2337], 'Shwetlena': [2338], 'Malek': [2340], 'Abu-Jawdeh.': [2341], '“Understanding': [2343], 'Effort:': [2345], 'Cross-Country': [2348], 'Perceptions.”': [2352], 'ScholarSACMEQ': [2360], '(Southern': [2361], 'Quality).': [2369], 'Various': [2370], 'years.': [2371], 'Botswana,': [2374], 'Gaborone.': [2375], 'http://www.sacmeq.org/.': [2376], 'ScholarSingh,': [2378], 'Abhijeet.': [2379], '“Starting': [2381, 2476], 'Together,': [2382], 'Growing': [2383, 2413], 'Apart:': [2384], 'Preschool': [2390], 'Adult-hood': [2392], 'Four': [2394], 'Management’s': [2407], '“Inequalities:': [2410], 'Addressing': [2411], 'Challenge': [2414], 'Policymakers': [2416], 'Worldwide,”': [2417], 'London': [2418], 'Economics,': [2421], 'London,': [2422], '13–14.': [2424], 'ScholarSinha,': [2426], 'Shabnam,': [2427], 'Wilima': [2431], 'Wadhwa.': [2432], 'Bihar,': [2437], 'India:': [2438], 'Implications': [2439], 'ScholarSmith,': [2453], 'David.': [2454], '“Nigerian': [2456], 'Schoolchildren': [2457], 'Defiant': [2458], 'City': [2460], 'That': [2461], 'Defied': [2462], 'Boko': [2463], 'Haram.”': [2464], 'Guardian': [2465], '(May': [2466], '17).': [2467], 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/18/nigeria-kano-schoolchildren-boko-haram.': [2468], 'ScholarSpaull,': [2470], 'Nicholas': [2471], 'Janeli': [2473], 'Kotze.': [2474], 'Behind': [2477, 2480], 'Staying': [2479], 'Insurmountable': [2487], 'Deficits': [2489], '41': [2497], '13–24.': [2498], 'ScholarUIS': [2500, 2518], '(UNESCO': [2501, 2519], 'Institute': [2502, 2520], 'Statistics).': [2504, 2522], 'Quality:': [2509], 'Montreal:': [2515], 'UIS.': [2516], '(database).': [2525, 2838], 'Montreal.': [2526], 'http://data.uis.unesco.org/.': [2527], 'ScholarUNESCO': [2529, 2560, 2584, 2618], '(United': [2530, 2561, 2585, 2619], 'Nations': [2531, 2562, 2586, 2620], 'Educational,': [2532, 2563, 2587, 2621], 'Scientific,': [2533, 2564, 2588, 2622], 'Cultural': [2535, 2566, 2590, 2624], 'Organization).': [2536, 2567, 2591, 2625], 'Third': [2538, 2640], 'Regional': [2539, 2546, 2606, 2641, 2647], 'Comparative': [2540, 2642], 'Explanatory': [2542, 2644], '(TERCE).': [2544], 'UNESCO': [2545, 2605, 2616, 2646], 'Caribbean,': [2555, 2615, 2656], 'Santiago,': [2556, 2601, 2657], 'Chile.': [2557], 'http://www.unesco.org/new/en/santiago/education/education-assessment-llece/third-regional-comparative-and-explanatory-study-terce/.': [2558], 'EFA': [2569], '2013/4,': [2573], 'Teaching': [2574], 'Learning:': [2576], 'Achieving': [2577], 'All.': [2580], 'UNESCO.': [2582, 2660], 'Informe': [2593], 'resultados,': [2595], 'TERCE:': [2596], 'Logros': [2597], 'aprendizaje.': [2599], 'Paris,': [2600], 'Chile,': [2602, 2658], 'UNESC,': [2604], 'Office': [2607, 2648], '“Gender': [2627], 'Inequality': [2628], 'TERCE': [2637], 'Tell': [2638], 'Us?”': [2639], 'Study,': [2645], 'Paris;': [2659], 'ScholarUwezo.': [2662, 2679], '“Are': [2664, 2681], 'Our': [2665, 2682], 'Numeracy': [2670, 2771], 'Kenya': [2672], '2014.”': [2673], 'Twaweza': [2674, 2698], 'Nairobi.': [2677], 'Five': [2685], 'Stories': [2686], 'Uganda': [2693], 'Beyond.”': [2697], 'Kampala,': [2701], 'Scholarvan': [2704], 'Fleet,': [2705], '“Africa’s': [2709], 'Crisis:': [2711], 'Not': [2715], 'Learning.”': [2716], 'Up': [2717], 'Front': [2718], '(blog),': [2719], 'September': [2720], '17.': [2721], 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2012/09/17/africas-education-crisis-in-school-but-not-learning/.': [2722], 'ScholarWalker,': [2724], 'Susan': [2725], 'P,': [2726], 'Theodore': [2727], 'Wachs,': [2729], 'Julie': [2730, 2741], 'Meeks': [2731], 'Gardner,': [2732], 'Lozoff': [2733], 'Betsy,': [2734], 'Gail': [2735], 'Wasserman,': [2737], 'Pollitt': [2738], 'Ernesto,': [2739], 'Carter': [2743], '“Child': [2747], 'Risk': [2749], 'Adverse': [2752], 'Lancet': [2757], '369': [2758], '(9556):': [2759], '145–57.': [2760], 'ScholarWindisch,': [2762], 'Hendrickje': [2763], 'Catriona.': [2764], '“Adults': [2766], 'Literature': [2774], 'Intervention.”': [2778], '123,': [2783], 'ScholarWorld': [2792, 2813, 2832], '“Africa': [2795], 'Service': [2797, 2804, 2822], 'Delivery': [2798, 2805, 2823], 'Madagascar:': [2800], '2016': [2803], 'Indicator': [2806], 'Survey.”': [2807], 'Sector': [2817], 'Expenditure': [2819], 'Tracking': [2820], 'Zambia.”': [2826], 'Indicators': [2837], 'http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.': [2843], 'Scholar': [2845], 'Previous': [2846], 'chapterNext': [2847], 'chapter': [2848], 'FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails': [2849], 'View': [2850], 'Published:': [2851], 'October': [2852], '2017ISBN:': [2853], '978-1-4648-1096-1e-ISBN:': [2854], '978-1-4648-1098-5': [2855], 'Copyright': [2856], '&': [2857], 'Permissions': [2858], 'Related': [2859], 'TopicsEducation': [2860], 'KeywordsEDUCATIONAL': [2861], 'EQUALITYEDUCATIONAL': [2862], 'OUTCOMESENROLLMENT': [2863], 'RATESQUALITY': [2864], 'OF': [2865, 2877], 'EDUCATIONEDUCATION': [2866], 'TRACKING': [2867], 'ECONOMIC': [2868], 'CHANGESSKILLS': [2869], 'DEVELOPMENT': [2870], 'AND': [2871], 'TRAININGACCESS': [2872], 'TO': [2873, 2879], 'EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL': [2874], 'ATTAINMENTEDUCATION': [2875], 'LEVEL': [2876], 'PARENTSRETURNS': [2878], 'EDUCATIONMIDDLE-INCOME': [2880], 'COUNTRIES': [2881], 'PDF': [2882], 'DownloadLoading': [2883], '...': [2884]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4240409024', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-11T17:37:40.774484', 'created_date': '2022-05-12'}