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926, 958, 1020, 1225, 1242, 1314, 1473, 1511, 1520, 1555, 1570, 1579, 1595, 1605, 1625, 1632, 1647, 1673, 1766, 1813, 1830, 1974, 2139, 2154], 'plan': [562, 746], 'study.The': [564], 'analysis': [570, 586, 637], 'communication': [576], 'intertwined.': [581], 'fact,': [583], 'drives': [585], 'communication.': [588], 'The': [589, 998, 1114, 1192, 1337, 1421, 2374], 'time': [590, 722, 813], 'is': [595, 616, 680, 698, 742, 768, 807, 917, 1119, 1216, 1256, 1269, 1298, 1345, 1367, 1424, 1429, 1549, 1657, 1781, 1793, 1797, 1825, 1859, 1868, 1922, 1940, 1963], 'defined': [599, 688], 'problem': [602, 1011], 'want': [604, 793, 1474, 1674], 'address:': [606], 'can': [609, 628, 647, 827, 896, 912, 1648, 1752, 2095, 2174], 'experiment': [614], 'efficient.': [619], 'Once': [620], 'collected': [623], 'assess': [631, 1710], 'whether': [632], 'satisfied.': [639], 'write': [642], 'manuscript,': [644], 'ensure': [650], 'conclusions': [652], 'justified.Guideline': [654], '2.': [655], 'Define': [656], 'justify': [658], 'critical': [660, 684, 1055, 1869, 1956], 'level': [662, 678, 686, 1048, 1057, 1542], 'α': [663, 713, 739, 765, 774, 804], 'goals': [667], 'study.For': [670], 'test,': [673], 'if': [674, 787, 791, 1765, 1804, 2002], 'achieved': [676, 1046], 'less': [681], 'α,': [687, 1954], 'before': [689], 'collected,': [693], 'then': [694, 764, 803, 1067, 1249, 1328, 1356, 1646, 1928, 1959], 'effect': [697, 729, 755, 786, 820, 1931, 1962, 2042, 2057, 2069, 2719], 'likely': [699, 1964], 'real': [702, 1967], '9,': [705, 1388, 1539, 1970, 2198], '782).': [707], 'By': [708], 'tradition,': [709], 'researchers': [711, 865], 'define': [712, 773], '0.05:': [716], 'is,': [718], '5%': [719], 'willing': [725, 816], 'declare': [727, 818], 'exists': [730, 821], 'it': [732, 788, 823, 1140, 1164, 1694, 1705, 1796], 'does': [733, 824, 1691], 'not.': [734], 'examples': [736], 'illustrate': [737], '=': [740, 766, 805, 1077, 1080, 1304, 1310, 1350, 1354, 1369, 1371, 1373, 1729, 1733, 1749], '0.05': [741, 1746], 'sometimes': [743], 'inappropriate.If': [744], 'hopes': [751], 'finding': [753], 'could': [757], 'lead': [758], 'promising': [761], 'discovery,': [763, 802], '0.10': [767], 'appropriate.': [769], 'Why?': [770], '0.10,': [777], 'increase': [779], 'probability': [781, 956], 'find': [784], 'exists.In': [789], 'contrast,': [790, 1162, 1853], 'especially': [796], 'confident': [797, 898, 914], '0.01': [806, 1819], 'appropriate:': [808], '1%': [810], 'not.A': [825], 'satisfy': [830], 'guideline': [832, 860, 1464, 1664, 1867], 'Guideline': [834, 893, 1762, 2128, 2165], '1).Guideline': [835], '3.': [836], 'Identify': [837], 'cite': [842], 'using': [844, 1097, 1136, 1417, 1492, 2105, 2120], 'textbooks': [845], 'review': [847], 'papers.': [848], 'Cite': [849], 'separately': [850, 922], 'commercial': [851, 924], 'software': [852, 925], 'do': [856, 929, 1624, 1829, 1973], 'analysis.This': [859], 'sounds': [861], 'obvious,': [862], 'but': [863, 1795], 'some': [864, 1026, 1173, 1238, 1567, 1639, 2262], 'fail': [866], 'identify': [868, 921, 2111], 'used.22We': [873], 'include': [874, 981, 1616], 'resources': [875, 2195], 'may': [877, 1003, 1932, 2038], 'useful': [879, 1120, 1270, 2000], 'general': [881, 2100], '(15),': [883], 'regression': [884], 'analyses': [885], '(10),': [886], '(5).When': [890], 'follow': [892, 907], '1,': [894, 1990], 'appropriate;': [904], 'guideline,': [909], 'also.': [915], 'It': [916], 'analysis.Guideline': [932], '4.': [933], 'Control': [934], 'multiple': [936, 973, 978, 1013, 1095], 'comparisons.Many': [937], 'physiological': [938, 2624], 'studies': [939], 'examine': [940], 'intervention': [945], 'set': [948, 968], 'related': [950], 'comparisons.': [951], 'situation,': [954], 'reject': [959], 'true': [963, 1186, 1502, 1941, 2029, 2041, 2056, 2068], 'null': [964, 1071, 1082], 'increases,': [969], 'often': [970], 'dramatically.': [971], 'A': [972, 1266, 2292, 2471, 2712, 2828], 'comparison': [974, 979], 'procedure33Examples': [975], 'Newman-Keuls,': [983], 'Bonferroni,': [984], 'significant': [987], 'difference': [988, 1284], '8).protects': [992], 'against': [993], 'kind': [995], 'mistake.': [997], 'false': [999, 1052, 1099, 1115], 'rate': [1001, 1054, 1101, 1117], 'best': [1006], 'practical': [1007], 'solution': [1008], 'comparisons': [1014, 1096, 1127], '8,': [1017, 1060, 1130, 2197], 'R6–R7).Suppose': [1019], 'concurrent': [1023], 'chemical': [1027], 'response': [1029, 1572], 'variables': [1030, 1042, 1107], 'A,': [1031], 'B,': [1032], 'C,': [1033], 'D,': [1034, 2422], 'E.': [1036, 2762], 'For': [1037, 1508, 1810], 'each': [1038, 1232, 1324, 1562, 1707, 1741, 1892, 1897], 'five': [1041], 'listed': [1044, 2093], 'Pi': [1049, 1064], 'R6–R7):': [1062], '≤': [1065, 1079], ',': [1066], 'remaining': [1069], 'i': [1070], 'hypotheses': [1072, 1083], 'rejected.': [1074, 1088], 'Because': [1075], 'P2': [1076], '0.017': [1078], '0.020,': [1081], '→': [1085], 'other': [1090, 2194, 2584], 'words,': [1091], 'after': [1092], 'controlling': [1093], 'procedure,': [1102], 'differences': [1105], 'B': [1108], 'C': [1110], 'remain': [1111], 'statistically': [1112], 'significant.': [1113], 'also': [1121, 1376, 1466, 1666], 'context': [1124], 'pairwise': [1126], 'R7).RESULTSGuideline': [1132], '5.': [1133], 'Report': [1134, 1434, 1487, 1683, 1773], 'variability': [1135, 1157, 1209, 1221, 1407, 2119], 'deviation.Because': [1139], 'reflects': [1141, 1165], 'dispersion': [1143, 1168], 'individual': [1145], 'sample': [1146, 1150, 1170, 1245, 1262, 1330, 1343, 1365, 1383, 1394, 1529, 1584, 1589, 1823, 1833], 'observations': [1147], 'mean,': [1151, 1175, 1384, 1519], 'deviation': [1154, 1252, 1287, 1308, 1359, 1416, 1428, 1437], 'characterizes': [1155, 1182, 1498], 'those': [1159], 'because': [1163, 1272], 'theoretical': [1167], 'means': [1171, 1246, 1255, 1331, 1344, 1366, 1585, 2075, 2080, 2084], 'population': [1174, 1190, 1318, 1347, 1506, 1518, 1534, 1622, 1640, 1655], 'mean': [1181, 1263, 1302, 1348, 1402, 1530, 1535, 1641, 1656, 1824], 'value': [1187, 1503, 1619, 1690, 1742, 1890, 2133], 'mean.': [1191, 1293], 'overwhelming': [1193], 'majority': [1194], 'report': [1202, 1413, 1478, 1678, 1740, 1767, 1802, 1831, 1882], 'apparent': [1206], 'estimates': [1207], '(9).To': [1210], 'see': [1211], 'why': [1212], 'inappropriate': [1218, 1404], 'estimate': [1219, 1405], 'among': [1222, 1408], 'observations,': [1223, 1236, 1248, 1327, 1565], 'suppose': [1224, 1812], 'draw': [1226, 1315, 1556], 'infinite': [1228, 1320], 'number': [1229, 1321, 1559, 1778, 2816], 'samples,': [1231, 1323, 1561], 'n': [1234, 1326, 1353, 1564], 'independent': [1235], 'from': [1237, 1316, 1566, 1924, 1992, 2045, 2059, 2071, 2088, 2836], 'normal': [1239], 'distribution.': [1240], 'treat': [1243], '(Fig.': [1264], '1).': [1265], 'role': [1275, 1985], 'calculation': [1278], 'interval.Fig.': [1282], '1.The': [1283, 2166], 'between': [1285, 1527], 'Suppose': [1294, 1569, 1715], 'random': [1295, 1577], 'variable': [1296, 1573, 1863], 'Y': [1297, 1574], 'distributed': [1299, 1334], 'normally': [1300, 1335], 'μ': [1303, 1349, 1536], '0': [1305], 'σ': [1309], '20': [1311], '(bottom).': [1312], '(top).': [1336], 'average': [1338], 'distribution': [1341, 1363], '0.': [1351], '16,': [1355, 2716], 'SD{y̅}': [1360, 1368], 'σ/': [1370], '20/': [1372], '5,': [1374], 'known': [1375], 'SE{y̅}.': [1385], '(See': [1386], '779–781.)': [1390], 'Its': [1391], 'dependence': [1392], 'size': [1395], 'makes': [1396], 'observations.Download': [1409], 'figureDownload': [1410], 'PowerPointMost': [1411], '±': [1419, 1422], 'symbol.': [1420], 'symbol': [1423, 2073], 'superfluous:': [1425], 'single': [1431, 1628], 'positive': [1432], 'number.': [1433], 'notation': [1439, 1455], 'form:': [1442], 'As': [1443, 1592, 1835], 'July': [1445, 2769], '2004,': [1446], 'accordance': [1457], 'Format': [1462], '(6).This': [1463], 'applies': [1465, 1665], 'graphic': [1470, 1670], 'depict': [1476, 1676], 'variability:': [1477], 'deviation,': [1481, 2123], 'not': [1482, 2085, 2124], 'error.Guideline': [1485], '6.': [1486], 'importance': [1491], 'interval.A': [1495], 'interval': [1497, 1515, 1548, 1637, 1661, 1885, 1908, 1921, 2137], 'parameter.': [1507], 'example,': [1509, 1811], 'compute': [1512], 'assign': [1521], 'bounds': [1522, 1904], 'expected': [1525], 'discrepancy': [1526], 'y̅': [1531], '779–781).The': [1541], 'based': [1550], 'concept': [1553], 'large': [1558, 1934, 2009], 'population.': [1568], 'measure': [1571, 1814], '200': [1576, 1582, 1587, 1598], 'samples:': [1578], 'obtain': [1581], 'different': [1583, 1588, 1599], 'deviations.': [1591], 'consequence,': [1594], 'calculate': [1597, 1633], '100(1': [1600, 1608], '−': [1601, 1609], 'α)%': [1602, 1610], 'intervals;': [1604], 'expect': [1606], 'actual': [1618], 'mean.How': [1623], 'interpret': [1626, 1975], 'interval?': [1630], '99%': [1635, 1651], '[−19,': [1644, 1662], '−3],': [1645], 'declare,': [1649], 'confidence,': [1652], 'included': [1658], '−3].This': [1663], 'uncertainty:': [1677], 'interval.Guideline': [1681], '7.': [1682], 'precise': [1685, 1688, 1769, 1888, 1913, 2131], 'value.A': [1687], 'two': [1692], 'things:': [1693], 'communicates': [1695], 'same': [1700], 'amount': [1701], 'ink,': [1703], 'permits': [1706], 'individually': [1711], 'result.': [1714], 'values': [1718, 1981, 2020], 'associated': [1719], 'main': [1722, 1893, 1898], '0.057': [1730], '0.57.': [1734], 'You': [1735, 1751], 'might': [1736], 'tempted': [1738], '>': [1745, 2839], 'NS.': [1750], 'interpretations': [1756, 1998], 'differ': [1760], '10)': [1763], 'values.Guideline': [1771], '8.': [1772], 'quantity': [1775], 'digits': [1780, 1803], 'commensurate': [1782], 'relevance.The': [1785], 'resolution': [1786, 1845, 1855], 'precision': [1788], 'modern': [1790], 'instruments': [1792], 'remarkable,': [1794], 'unnecessary': [1798], 'distracting': [1800], 'little': [1807], 'relevance.': [1809], 'blood': [1815], 'pressure': [1816], 'within': [1818], 'mmHg': [1820, 1849], '115.73': [1826], 'mmHg.': [1827], 'How': [1828], 'mean?': [1834], '115.73,': [1836], '115.7,': [1838], '116': [1841], 'mmHg?': [1842], 'Does': [1843], 'smaller': [1846], 'really': [1850], 'matter?': [1851], '0.001': [1857], 'units': [1858], 'essential': [1860], 'like': [1864], 'pH.': [1865], 'effective': [1875], 'table': [1876], '(11).Guideline': [1877], '9.': [1878], 'Abstract,': [1881], 'result.DISCUSSIONGuideline': [1894], '10.': [1895], 'Interpret': [1896], 'result': [1899, 2142], 'assessing': [1901], 'numerical': [1903], 'considering': [1911], 'value.If': [1915], 'either': [1916], 'bound': [1917], 'perspective,': [1927], 'relevant.': [1938], 'whatever': [1942], 'result—the': [1945], 'value—of': [1947], 'test.': [1950], '<': [1953], 'level,': [1958], '782).How': [1972], 'value?': [1978], 'Although': [1979], 'limited': [1984], 'analysis,': [1988], 'Table': [1989], 'adapted': [1991], '7,': [1994], 'provides': [1995], 'guidance.': [1996], 'power': [2004], 'was': [2008], 'detect': [2012], 'effect.Table': [2015], 'Interpretation': [2017], 'ValueInterpretationP': [2022], '≁': [2023, 2047, 2083], '0.10Data': [2024, 2035], 'zero': [2030], 'effect.0.05': [2031], '∼': [2032, 2079], '≃': [2034, 2049, 2061, 2074], 'suggest': [2036], 'there': [2037], 'differs': [2044, 2058, 2070], 'zero.0.01': [2046], '0.05Data': [2050], 'good': [2052], 'evidence': [2053, 2065], 'zero.P': [2060], '0.01Data': [2062], 'strong': [2064], 'zero.The': [2072], 'near,': [2078, 2081], 'near.': [2086], 'Adapted': [2087], '7.SUMMARYThe': [2090], 'above': [2094], 'summarized': [2097], 'ones:': [2101], 'Analyze': [2102], 'manuscript:': [2116], '2–4.Report': [2118], 'error:': [2127], '5.Report': [2129], 'analysis:': [2145], '6–10.If': [2147], 'study,': [2157], 'findings:': [2164], 'mere': [2167], 'adherence': [2168], 'never': [2175], 'substitute': [2176], 'understanding': [2179, 2284], 'statistics.': [2185, 2286], 'Nevertheless,': [2186], 'guidelines,': [2190], '(4,': [2196], '11,': [2199], '12,': [2200], '14),': [2201], 'Society.We': [2218], 'thank': [2219], 'Matthew': [2220], 'Strand': [2221], 'James': [2223], 'Murphy': [2224], '(National': [2225], 'Jewish': [2226, 2593], 'Research': [2229, 2596], 'Center,': [2230, 2597], 'Denver,': [2231, 2601], 'CO),': [2232], 'Margaret': [2233], 'Reich': [2234], '(Director': [2235], 'Publications': [2237], 'Executive': [2239], 'Editor,': [2240], 'Society),': [2243], 'Journals': [2250], 'their': [2252], 'comments': [2253], 'suggestions.REFERENCES1': [2255], 'Altman': [2256, 2277], 'DG.': [2257], 'Statistics': [2258, 2355], 'medical': [2260, 2336], 'journals:': [2261], 'recent': [2263], 'trends.': [2264], 'Stat': [2265, 2289, 2468], 'Med': [2266, 2340, 2525, 2552], '19:': [2267], '3275–3289,': [2268], '2000.Crossref': [2269], '|': [2270, 2272, 2274, 2296, 2298, 2344, 2346, 2348, 2416, 2418, 2441, 2443, 2475, 2477, 2504, 2506, 2529, 2531, 2533, 2556, 2558, 2560, 2650, 2673, 2708, 2737, 2771, 2805], 'PubMed': [2271, 2345, 2530, 2557], 'ISI': [2273, 2297, 2347, 2417, 2442, 2476, 2505, 2532, 2559], 'Google': [2275, 2299, 2349, 2419, 2444, 2478, 2507, 2534, 2561], 'Scholar2': [2276], 'DG': [2278], 'Bland': [2280], 'JM.': [2281], 'Improving': [2282], "doctors'": [2283], 'J': [2287, 2407, 2435, 2466, 2496], 'R': [2288, 2467], 'Soc': [2290, 2469], 'Ser': [2291, 2470], '154:': [2293], '223–267,': [2294], '1991.Crossref': [2295], 'Scholar3': [2300], 'Society.': [2303], 'Manuscript': [2304, 2314], 'sections.': [2305], 'In:': [2306], 'Authors:': [2309], 'Instructions': [2310], 'Preparing': [2312], 'Your': [2313], '[Online].': [2315], 'APS,': [2316], 'Bethesda,': [2317], 'MD.': [2318], 'http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/prep_manuscript.htm#manuscript_sections': [2319], '[March': [2320], '2004].Google': [2321], 'Scholar4': [2322], 'Bailar': [2323], 'JC': [2324], 'III': [2325], 'Mosteller': [2327], 'F.': [2328], 'journals.': [2337, 2522, 2549], 'Ann': [2338, 2523, 2550], 'Intern': [2339, 2524, 2551], '108:': [2341, 2526], '266–273,': [2342], '1988.Crossref': [2343, 2528], 'Scholar5': [2350], 'Conover': [2351], 'WJ.': [2352], 'Practical': [2353], 'Nonparametric': [2354], '(2nd': [2356, 2454], 'ed.).': [2357, 2383, 2455, 2571], 'New': [2358, 2392, 2456], 'York:': [2359, 2393, 2457], 'Wiley,': [2360, 2394, 2458], '1980.Google': [2361, 2578], 'Scholar6': [2362], 'Editors,': [2366, 2379], 'Manual': [2368, 2376], 'Subcommittee.': [2369], 'Format:': [2373], 'CSE': [2375], 'Authors,': [2378], 'Publishers': [2381], '(7th': [2382, 2570], 'preparation.Google': [2385], 'Scholar7': [2386], 'Cox': [2387], 'DR.': [2388], 'Planning': [2389], 'Experiments.': [2391], '1958,': [2395], '159.Google': [2397], 'Scholar8': [2398], 'Curran-Everett': [2399, 2421], 'D.': [2400, 2586], 'Multiple': [2401], 'comparisons:': [2402], 'philosophies': [2403], 'illustrations.': [2405], 'Am': [2406, 2495], 'Physiol': [2408, 2412, 2437, 2497], 'Regul': [2409], 'Integr': [2410], 'Comp': [2411], '279:': [2413], 'R1–R8,': [2414], '2000.Link': [2415], 'Scholar9': [2420], 'Taylor': [2423], 'S,': [2424], 'Kafadar': [2426], 'K.': [2427], 'Fundamental': [2428], 'elucidation': [2432], 'illustration.': [2434], 'Appl': [2436], '85:': [2438], '775–786,': [2439], '1998.Link': [2440], 'Scholar10': [2445], 'Draper': [2446], 'NR': [2447], 'Smith': [2449], 'H.': [2450], 'Applied': [2451], 'Regression': [2452], 'Analysis': [2453, 2758], '1981.Google': [2459], 'Scholar11': [2460], 'Ehrenberg': [2461], 'ASC.': [2462], 'Rudiments': [2463], 'numeracy.': [2465], '140:': [2472], '277–297,': [2473], '1977.Crossref': [2474], 'Scholar12': [2479], 'Holmes': [2480], 'TH.': [2481], 'Ten': [2482], 'categories': [2483], 'errors:': [2486], 'guide': [2488], 'research': [2490], 'endocrinology': [2492], 'metabolism.': [2494], 'Endocrinol': [2498], 'Metab': [2499], '286:': [2500], 'E495–E501,': [2501], '2004;': [2502], '10.1152/ajpendo.00484.2003.Link': [2503], 'Scholar13': [2508], 'Editors.': [2514, 2541], 'requirements': [2516, 2543], 'manuscripts': [2518, 2545], 'submitted': [2519, 2546], 'biomedical': [2521, 2548], '258–265,': [2527], 'Scholar14': [2535], '126:': [2553], '36–47,': [2554], '1997.Crossref': [2555], 'Scholar15': [2562], 'Snedecor': [2563], 'GW': [2564], 'Cochran': [2566], 'WG.': [2567], 'Statistical': [2568], 'Methods': [2569], 'Ames,': [2572], 'IA:': [2573], 'Iowa': [2574], 'State': [2575], 'Univ.': [2576], 'Press,': [2577], 'ScholarAUTHOR': [2579], 'NOTESAddress': [2580], 'reprints': [2582], 'correspondence:': [2585], 'Division': [2588], 'Biostatistics,': [2590], 'M222,': [2591], 'National': [2592], '1400': [2598], 'Jackson': [2599], 'St.,': [2600], 'CO': [2602], '80206': [2603], '(E-mail:': [2604], '[email': [2605], 'protected]).': [2606], 'Download': [2607], 'Back': [2609], 'Top': [2611], 'Next': [2612], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation': [2613], 'Cited': [2614], 'ByVentral': [2615], 'posterolateral': [2616], 'ventral': [2618], 'posteromedial': [2619], 'thalamocortical': [2620], 'neurons': [2621, 2818], 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