Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4232805981', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.3.tort', 'title': 'Tort Justice Reform', 'display_name': 'Tort Justice Reform', 'publication_year': 2019, 'publication_date': '2019-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4232805981', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.3.tort'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.3.tort', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1986&context=mjlr', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S151673326', 'display_name': 'University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform', 'issn_l': '0363-602X', 'issn': ['0363-602X', '2688-4933'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Michigan Law School', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316579', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Michigan', 'University of Michigan Law School'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1986&context=mjlr', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060535503', 'display_name': 'Paul Stern', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1314586196', 'display_name': 'United States Department of Justice', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02916qm60', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1314586196']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I27837315', 'display_name': 'University of Michigan–Ann Arbor', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00jmfr291', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I27837315']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul Stern', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['United States Department of Justice', 'University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform University of Michigan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'United States Department of Justice', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1314586196']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform University of Michigan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I27837315']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5060535503'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1314586196', 'https://openalex.org/I27837315'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.833, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 1, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.743351, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 61, 'max': 69}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': '52.3', 'first_page': '649', 'last_page': '649'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13075', 'display_name': 'Legal Systems and Judicial Processes', 'score': 0.9767, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13075', 'display_name': 'Legal Systems and Judicial Processes', 'score': 0.9767, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14493', 'display_name': 'Criminal Law and Evidence', 'score': 0.9702, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12982', 'display_name': 'Legal principles and applications', 'score': 0.9702, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/misconduct', 'display_name': 'Misconduct', 'score': 0.5240191}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/delict', 'display_name': 'Delict', 'score': 0.43752635}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C200635333', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970', 'display_name': 'Tort', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.69541985}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6446859}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780587575', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295', 'display_name': 'Misconduct', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5240191}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.46946087}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177986884', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207892', 'display_name': 'Public law', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45839936}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C158129432', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927', 'display_name': 'Statutory law', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44332197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C505815749', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184244', 'display_name': 'Delict', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.43752635}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780262971', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554', 'display_name': 'Law enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42240155}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777834853', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939', 'display_name': 'Liability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.37988308}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75011936', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235', 'display_name': 'Private law', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.34801173}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C167633797', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4922364', 'display_name': 'Black letter law', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.14313364}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.3.tort', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1986&context=mjlr', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S151673326', 'display_name': 'University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform', 'issn_l': '0363-602X', 'issn': ['0363-602X', '2688-4933'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Michigan Law School', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316579', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Michigan', 'University of Michigan Law School'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.3.tort', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1986&context=mjlr', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S151673326', 'display_name': 'University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform', 'issn_l': '0363-602X', 'issn': ['0363-602X', '2688-4933'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Michigan Law School', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316579', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315934'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Michigan', 'University of Michigan Law School'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.81}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 2, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1924983860', 'https://openalex.org/W3033065642'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4388932007', 'https://openalex.org/W4211210103', 'https://openalex.org/W3212875184', 'https://openalex.org/W3125353712', 'https://openalex.org/W2980845482', 'https://openalex.org/W2900412148', 'https://openalex.org/W2463203908', 'https://openalex.org/W2353882583', 'https://openalex.org/W2243523796', 'https://openalex.org/W2079637738'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0, 52], 'Article': [1, 142], 'calls': [2], 'for': [3, 114, 156, 232], 'a': [4, 228], 'comprehensive': [5], 'reform': [6, 99], 'of': [7, 30, 38, 81, 88, 91, 96, 116, 136, 169, 218, 224, 243, 255, 272], 'public': [8, 31, 265], 'tort': [9, 32, 48, 238, 266, 282], 'law': [10, 14, 33, 59, 160, 239, 244, 267], 'with': [11, 34, 73, 166], 'respect': [12], 'to': [13, 47, 57, 196, 252, 277], 'enforcement': [15, 60, 161, 245], 'conduct.': [16], 'It': [17], 'articulates': [18], 'an': [19, 153, 204, 269], 'effective': [20], 'and': [21, 41, 50, 109, 120, 132, 139], 'equitable': [22], 'remedial': [23], 'regime': [24], 'that': [25, 44, 103, 144, 194, 237, 247], 'reconciles': [26], 'the': [27, 35, 79, 94, 104, 124, 133, 145, 167, 176, 189, 197, 200, 216, 219, 222, 225, 253], 'aspirational': [28], 'goals': [29], 'practical': [36], 'realities': [37], 'devising': [39], 'payment': [40], 'disciplinary': [42], 'procedures': [43], 'are': [45], 'responsive': [46], 'settlements': [49], 'judgments.': [51], 'proposed': [53], 'statutory': [54], 'scheme': [55], 'seeks': [56], 'deter': [58], 'misconduct': [61], 'without': [62, 185], 'disincentivizing': [63], 'prudent': [64], 'officers': [65], 'from': [66], 'performing': [67], 'their': [68, 170], 'duties': [69], 'or': [70, 93, 257], 'overburdening': [71], 'them': [72], 'extensive': [74], 'litigation.': [75], 'Rather': [76], 'than': [77], 'lamenting': [78], 'dissolution': [80], 'Bivens': [82], 'v.': [83], 'Six': [84], 'Unknown': [85], 'Named': [86], 'Agents': [87], 'Federal': [89], 'Bureau': [90], 'Narcotics': [92], 'insurmountability': [95], 'qualified': [97], 'immunity,': [98], 'advocates': [100], 'should': [101, 211], 'acknowledge': [102], 'very': [105], 'distinction': [106, 147], 'between': [107, 126, 148], 'constitutional': [108, 256], 'common-law': [110, 134], 'torts': [111, 135], 'is': [112, 183, 227], 'arbitrary': [113], 'purposes': [115], 'individual': [117, 233], 'officer': [118, 205], 'deterrence': [119], 'accountability.': [121], 'By': [122, 235], 'examining': [123], 'relationship': [125], 'Fourth': [127], 'Amendment': [128], 'excessive': [129], 'force': [130, 182], 'jurisprudence': [131], 'assault,': [137], 'battery,': [138], 'negligence,': [140, 193], 'this': [141], 'highlights': [143], 'analytical': [146], 'those': [149], 'legal': [150], 'doctrines': [151], 'imposes': [152], 'improper': [154], 'demarcation': [155], 'civil': [157], 'liability.': [158, 234], 'If': [159], 'agencies': [162], 'concern': [163], 'themselves': [164], 'solely': [165], 'constitutionality': [168], 'employees’': [171], 'conduct,': [172, 190], 'training': [173], 'concentrates': [174], 'on': [175, 188, 215], 'instant': [177], 'moment': [178], 'in': [179], 'which': [180], 'deadly': [181], 'used': [184], 'substantial': [186], 'reflection': [187], 'including': [191], 'antecedent': [192], 'led': [195], 'confrontation.': [198], 'At': [199], 'same': [201], 'time,': [202], 'whether': [203], 'can': [206, 262], 'be': [207, 213], 'held': [208], 'personally': [209], 'accountable': [210], 'not': [212, 249], 'based': [214], 'intentionality': [217], 'conduct;': [220], 'rather,': [221], 'reprehensibleness': [223], 'conduct': [226], 'more': [229], 'appropriate': [230], 'benchmark': [231], 'acknowledging': [236], 'addresses': [240], 'various': [241], 'types': [242], 'activity': [246], 'do': [248, 278], 'necessarily': [250], 'rise': [251], 'level': [254], 'criminal': [258, 273], 'infractions,': [259], 'legislative': [260], 'bodies': [261], 'begin': [263], 'conceptualizing': [264], 'as': [268], 'important': [270], 'component': [271], 'justice': [274, 283], 'reform.': [275, 284], 'But': [276], 'so,': [279], 'we': [280], 'need': [281]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4232805981', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T21:20:06.950762', 'created_date': '2022-05-12'}