Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4229590205', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1071/rd03087', 'title': 'Causes of azoospermia and their management', 'display_name': 'Causes of azoospermia and their management', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4229590205', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1071/rd03087'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1071/rd03087', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S199941106', 'display_name': 'Reproduction Fertility and Development', 'issn_l': '1031-3613', 'issn': ['1031-3613', '1448-5990'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320302', 'host_organization_name': 'CSIRO Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320302'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['CSIRO Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5073428580', 'display_name': 'Peter N. Schlegel', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7129-8137'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'P. N. Schlegel', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5073428580'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.027, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 93, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.953806, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '16', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '561', 'last_page': '561'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11077', 'display_name': 'Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11077', 'display_name': 'Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10116', 'display_name': 'Sperm and Testicular Function', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2743', 'display_name': 'Reproductive Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11956', 'display_name': 'Sexual Differentiation and Disorders', 'score': 0.9968, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/obstructive-azoospermia', 'display_name': 'Obstructive azoospermia', 'score': 0.89451706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sperm-retrieval', 'display_name': 'Sperm Retrieval', 'score': 0.6677736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/testicular-sperm-extraction', 'display_name': 'Testicular sperm extraction', 'score': 0.6373229}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/semen-analysis', 'display_name': 'Semen Analysis', 'score': 0.57540953}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/vas-deferens', 'display_name': 'Vas deferens', 'score': 0.5666968}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777420699', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794026', 'display_name': 'Azoospermia', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.9556936}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3018711027', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794026', 'display_name': 'Obstructive azoospermia', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.89451706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2910159267', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449214', 'display_name': 'Sperm Retrieval', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6677736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C35035537', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3733593', 'display_name': 'Testicular sperm extraction', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6373229}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777589648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501844', 'display_name': 'Semen analysis', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.57540953}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778210472', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735505', 'display_name': 'Vas deferens', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5666968}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.55660343}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777338322', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280156', 'display_name': 'Male infertility', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.54431653}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781087480', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145', 'display_name': 'Sperm', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5109469}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778093475', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9715', 'display_name': 'Semen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4955629}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C16685009', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057', 'display_name': 'Andrology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4745106}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29456083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899', 'display_name': 'Gynecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44564214}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777688143', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179399', 'display_name': 'Infertility', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.40800035}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126894567', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650', 'display_name': 'Urology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3424747}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.26212442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23571655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779234561', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995', 'display_name': 'Pregnancy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.16888249}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.06534737}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1071/rd03087', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S199941106', 'display_name': 'Reproduction Fertility and Development', 'issn_l': '1031-3613', 'issn': ['1031-3613', '1448-5990'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320302', 'host_organization_name': 'CSIRO Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320302'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['CSIRO Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.64, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 55, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W124260983', 'https://openalex.org/W1616450547', 'https://openalex.org/W1626567511', 'https://openalex.org/W1889523988', 'https://openalex.org/W1966303512', 'https://openalex.org/W1968521126', 'https://openalex.org/W1971586017', 'https://openalex.org/W1985334950', 'https://openalex.org/W1986354042', 'https://openalex.org/W1990148362', 'https://openalex.org/W1996569106', 'https://openalex.org/W1996774390', 'https://openalex.org/W1998765170', 'https://openalex.org/W2002314897', 'https://openalex.org/W2003109739', 'https://openalex.org/W2009323401', 'https://openalex.org/W2011928757', 'https://openalex.org/W2025843310', 'https://openalex.org/W2035581007', 'https://openalex.org/W2052054323', 'https://openalex.org/W2062585506', 'https://openalex.org/W2062708203', 'https://openalex.org/W2068880491', 'https://openalex.org/W2078593194', 'https://openalex.org/W2078851345', 'https://openalex.org/W2081837288', 'https://openalex.org/W2089199419', 'https://openalex.org/W2092944184', 'https://openalex.org/W2096716992', 'https://openalex.org/W2099062346', 'https://openalex.org/W2104642917', 'https://openalex.org/W2105322863', 'https://openalex.org/W2112808515', 'https://openalex.org/W2112856792', 'https://openalex.org/W2118036436', 'https://openalex.org/W2119898764', 'https://openalex.org/W2124859638', 'https://openalex.org/W2129779192', 'https://openalex.org/W2132062714', 'https://openalex.org/W2132649542', 'https://openalex.org/W2137125386', 'https://openalex.org/W2138806942', 'https://openalex.org/W2139457234', 'https://openalex.org/W2139535592', 'https://openalex.org/W2146832380', 'https://openalex.org/W2147474375', 'https://openalex.org/W2155048697', 'https://openalex.org/W2161414825', 'https://openalex.org/W2169580995', 'https://openalex.org/W2257140768', 'https://openalex.org/W2299110808', 'https://openalex.org/W2320043328', 'https://openalex.org/W2411445087', 'https://openalex.org/W2462481793', 'https://openalex.org/W31111886'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4283735483', 'https://openalex.org/W3141096188', 'https://openalex.org/W2380402725', 'https://openalex.org/W2313892973', 'https://openalex.org/W2129220528', 'https://openalex.org/W2104890888', 'https://openalex.org/W2042447016', 'https://openalex.org/W1994036839', 'https://openalex.org/W1984277315', 'https://openalex.org/W1785436556'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Azoospermia': [0, 26], 'may': [1, 92, 161, 186, 203, 252, 267], 'occur': [2], 'because': [3, 140], 'of': [4, 13, 33, 37, 59, 68, 71, 78, 81, 97, 141, 145, 156, 170, 178, 195, 210, 257, 265], 'reproductive': [5, 116, 125, 159], 'tract': [6, 126, 160], 'obstruction': [7, 127, 155], '(obstructive': [8, 73], 'azoospermia)': [9], 'or': [10, 104, 109, 167], 'inadequate': [11], 'production': [12, 213, 242], 'spermatozoa,': [14], 'such': [15], 'that': [16], 'spermatozoa': [17, 34], 'do': [18], 'not': [19], 'appear': [20], 'in': [21, 119, 229, 255, 274], 'the': [22, 31, 57, 69, 79, 98, 114, 121, 137, 142, 146, 157, 171, 176, 208, 250], 'ejaculate': [23], '(non-obstructive': [24], 'azoospermia).': [25], 'is': [27, 83], 'diagnosed': [28], 'based': [29, 85], 'on': [30, 86, 175], 'absence': [32, 96], 'after': [35], 'centrifugation': [36], 'complete': [38], 'semen': [39], 'specimens': [40], 'using': [41, 164], 'microscopic': [42], 'analysis.': [43], 'History': [44], 'and': [45, 48, 214, 223, 244, 277], 'physical': [46], 'examination': [47], 'hormonal': [49], 'analysis': [50, 135, 222], '(FSH,': [51], 'testosterone)': [52], 'are': [53, 261], 'undertaken': [54], 'to': [55, 113, 189], 'define': [56], 'cause': [58, 209], 'azoospermia.': [60], 'Together,': [61], 'these': [62, 230], 'factors': [63, 238], 'provide': [64], 'a': [65, 149], '>90%': [66], 'prediction': [67], 'type': [70, 80], 'azoospermia': [72, 82, 91, 202], 'v.': [74], 'non-obstructive).': [75], 'Full': [76], 'definition': [77], 'provided': [84], 'diagnostic': [87], 'testicular': [88], 'biopsy.': [89], 'Obstructive': [90], 'be': [93, 162, 187, 204, 253, 268], 'congenital': [94, 124], '(congenital': [95], 'vas': [99], 'deferens,': [100], 'idiopathic': [101], 'epididymal': [102], 'obstruction)': [103], 'acquired': [105, 154], '(from': [106], 'infections,': [107], 'vasectomy,': [108], 'other': [110], 'iatrogenic': [111], 'injuries': [112], 'male': [115, 147, 158], 'tract).': [117], 'Couples': [118], 'whom': [120], 'man': [122], 'has': [123], 'should': [128], 'have': [129, 235], 'cystic': [130], 'fibrosis': [131], '(CF)': [132], 'gene': [133], 'mutation': [134], 'for': [136], 'female': [138], 'partner': [139], 'high': [143], 'risk': [144], 'being': [148], 'CF': [150], 'carrier.': [151], 'Patients': [152], 'with': [153, 183, 192, 219, 273], 'treated': [163, 205, 243], 'microsurgical': [165], 'reconstruction': [166], 'transurethral': [168], 'resection': [169], 'ejaculatory': [172], 'ducts,': [173], 'depending': [174], 'level': [177], 'obstruction.': [179], 'Alternatively,': [180], 'sperm': [181, 212, 241, 247, 260, 279], 'retrieval': [182, 248], 'assisted': [184], 'reproduction': [185], 'used': [188], 'effect': [190], 'pregnancies,': [191], 'success': [193], 'rates': [194, 264], '25–65%': [196], 'reported': [197], 'by': [198, 206], 'different': [199, 271], 'centres.': [200], 'Non-obstructive': [201], 'defining': [207], 'low': [211], 'initiating': [215], 'treatment.': [216], 'Genetic': [217], 'evaluation': [218], 'Y-chromosome': [220], 'microdeletion': [221], 'karyotype': [224], 'testing': [225], 'provides': [226], 'prognostic': [227], 'information': [228], 'men.': [231], 'For': [232], 'men': [233], 'who': [234], 'had': [236], 'any': [237], 'potentially': [239], 'affecting': [240], 'remain': [245], 'azoospermic,': [246], 'from': [249], 'testis': [251], 'effective': [254], '30–70%': [256], 'cases.': [258], 'Once': [259], 'found,': [262], 'pregnancy': [263], '20–50%': [266], 'obtained': [269], 'at': [270], 'centres': [272], 'vitro': [275], 'fertilisation': [276], 'intracytoplasmic': [278], 'injection.': [280]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4229590205', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 5}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-06T16:29:58.328994', 'created_date': '2022-05-11'}