Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4211046232', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521215923', 'title': 'The Cambridge History of Africa', 'display_name': 'The Cambridge History of Africa', 'publication_year': 1979, 'publication_date': '1979-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4211046232', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521215923'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521215923', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306462995', 'display_name': 'Cambridge University Press eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book', 'type_crossref': 'edited-book', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 37, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.878788, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 92, 'max': 93}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13256', 'display_name': 'Archaeological Research in Southern Africa', 'score': 0.9734, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3302', 'display_name': 'Archeology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13256', 'display_name': 'Archaeological Research in Southern Africa', 'score': 0.9734, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3302', 'display_name': 'Archeology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10421', 'display_name': 'Human Evolution and Behavioral Modernity', 'score': 0.9719, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13019', 'display_name': 'Saharan Migrations and Transnational Connections', 'score': 0.9583, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/paleoanthropology', 'display_name': 'Paleoanthropology', 'score': 0.83427477}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/crania', 'display_name': 'Crania', 'score': 0.7893988}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-erectus', 'display_name': 'Homo erectus', 'score': 0.68103546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-stone-age', 'display_name': 'Middle Stone Age', 'score': 0.6768815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-sapiens', 'display_name': 'Homo sapiens', 'score': 0.66421324}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stone-age', 'display_name': 'Stone Age', 'score': 0.6455475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stone-tool', 'display_name': 'Stone tool', 'score': 0.5370613}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-human-behavior', 'display_name': 'Ancient Human Behavior', 'score': 0.512675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'score': 0.503553}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-africa', 'display_name': 'Out of africa', 'score': 0.4785405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-paleolithic', 'display_name': 'Upper Paleolithic', 'score': 0.44719812}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197698901', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7206', 'display_name': 'Paleoanthropology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.83427477}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775915008', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5182118', 'display_name': 'Crania', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7893988}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53570757', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25546', 'display_name': 'Pleistocene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6842811}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777407139', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101362', 'display_name': 'Homo erectus', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.68103546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776258062', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931902', 'display_name': 'Middle Stone Age', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6768815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777938546', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5', 'display_name': 'Homo sapiens', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66421324}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C85735339', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11759', 'display_name': 'Stone Age', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6455475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777170306', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q479257', 'display_name': 'Stone tool', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5370613}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5083923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3018417020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756234', 'display_name': 'Out of africa', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4785405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139807058', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374', 'display_name': 'Adaptation (eye)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46268523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778079442', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q479505', 'display_name': 'Upper Paleolithic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44719812}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185554395', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83944', 'display_name': 'Human evolution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42853093}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38786197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36573073}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2549261', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455', 'display_name': 'Ethnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34077907}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2855311}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.25054464}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521215923', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306462995', 'display_name': 'Cambridge University Press eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.6, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'display_name': 'Life on land'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 261, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1010192368', 'https://openalex.org/W130768026', 'https://openalex.org/W1501122033', 'https://openalex.org/W1539764104', 'https://openalex.org/W1587246030', 'https://openalex.org/W1588445270', 'https://openalex.org/W169037836', 'https://openalex.org/W1962197074', 'https://openalex.org/W1963483408', 'https://openalex.org/W1964504356', 'https://openalex.org/W1965973216', 'https://openalex.org/W1966911924', 'https://openalex.org/W1967026514', 'https://openalex.org/W1969445947', 'https://openalex.org/W1970458673', 'https://openalex.org/W1971913292', 'https://openalex.org/W1973150017', 'https://openalex.org/W1973306175', 'https://openalex.org/W1974301322', 'https://openalex.org/W1976119741', 'https://openalex.org/W1978632315', 'https://openalex.org/W1978718019', 'https://openalex.org/W1983966337', 'https://openalex.org/W1985132650', 'https://openalex.org/W1985745485', 'https://openalex.org/W1988597459', 'https://openalex.org/W1992693329', 'https://openalex.org/W1992905309', 'https://openalex.org/W1992969431', 'https://openalex.org/W1994214175', 'https://openalex.org/W1994411951', 'https://openalex.org/W1994952335', 'https://openalex.org/W1997790762', 'https://openalex.org/W1998580324', 'https://openalex.org/W1999308891', 'https://openalex.org/W1999926313', 'https://openalex.org/W2001367601', 'https://openalex.org/W2002975419', 'https://openalex.org/W2006740259', 'https://openalex.org/W2007050050', 'https://openalex.org/W2008748097', 'https://openalex.org/W2017514733', 'https://openalex.org/W2020217476', 'https://openalex.org/W2021140026', 'https://openalex.org/W2021318118', 'https://openalex.org/W2021830317', 'https://openalex.org/W2022100801', 'https://openalex.org/W2023731074', 'https://openalex.org/W2024349410', 'https://openalex.org/W2025136639', 'https://openalex.org/W2025875749', 'https://openalex.org/W2026837352', 'https://openalex.org/W2028282612', 'https://openalex.org/W2029019379', 'https://openalex.org/W2029038245', 'https://openalex.org/W2031181072', 'https://openalex.org/W2033588523', 'https://openalex.org/W2034134665', 'https://openalex.org/W2034292755', 'https://openalex.org/W2036418944', 'https://openalex.org/W2038161502', 'https://openalex.org/W2039534361', 'https://openalex.org/W2039629734', 'https://openalex.org/W2039829007', 'https://openalex.org/W2039958997', 'https://openalex.org/W2040096030', 'https://openalex.org/W2040389042', 'https://openalex.org/W2040744695', 'https://openalex.org/W2041377901', 'https://openalex.org/W2045107456', 'https://openalex.org/W2046702889', 'https://openalex.org/W2049974688', 'https://openalex.org/W2050720580', 'https://openalex.org/W2051201776', 'https://openalex.org/W2054342423', 'https://openalex.org/W2054655001', 'https://openalex.org/W2055105630', 'https://openalex.org/W2057576094', 'https://openalex.org/W2059560605', 'https://openalex.org/W2059566034', 'https://openalex.org/W2059642308', 'https://openalex.org/W2066752898', 'https://openalex.org/W2068294961', 'https://openalex.org/W2070628463', 'https://openalex.org/W2071205099', 'https://openalex.org/W2071678878', 'https://openalex.org/W2071934955', 'https://openalex.org/W2072921511', 'https://openalex.org/W2073385399', 'https://openalex.org/W2075564954', 'https://openalex.org/W2075878639', 'https://openalex.org/W2077085530', 'https://openalex.org/W2079999779', 'https://openalex.org/W2081595324', 'https://openalex.org/W2081828685', 'https://openalex.org/W2082893935', 'https://openalex.org/W2082895438', 'https://openalex.org/W2083832258', 'https://openalex.org/W2085078318', 'https://openalex.org/W2085905171', 'https://openalex.org/W2086796016', 'https://openalex.org/W2087629674', 'https://openalex.org/W2088347048', 'https://openalex.org/W2090471920', 'https://openalex.org/W2091007970', 'https://openalex.org/W2091089195', 'https://openalex.org/W2091790449', 'https://openalex.org/W2093047061', 'https://openalex.org/W2096877968', 'https://openalex.org/W2098052715', 'https://openalex.org/W2099631635', 'https://openalex.org/W2103751720', 'https://openalex.org/W2103956253', 'https://openalex.org/W2104535728', 'https://openalex.org/W2104581148', 'https://openalex.org/W2105301189', 'https://openalex.org/W2106304714', 'https://openalex.org/W2113337941', 'https://openalex.org/W2116076888', 'https://openalex.org/W2118486783', 'https://openalex.org/W2118737659', 'https://openalex.org/W2118783868', 'https://openalex.org/W2119065677', 'https://openalex.org/W2126706557', 'https://openalex.org/W2127126342', 'https://openalex.org/W2127376909', 'https://openalex.org/W2129488110', 'https://openalex.org/W2130014158', 'https://openalex.org/W2133346363', 'https://openalex.org/W2135035218', 'https://openalex.org/W2136614218', 'https://openalex.org/W2137657860', 'https://openalex.org/W2139177288', 'https://openalex.org/W2140751470', 'https://openalex.org/W2141712636', 'https://openalex.org/W2145387810', 'https://openalex.org/W2150200844', 'https://openalex.org/W2153040098', 'https://openalex.org/W2155883267', 'https://openalex.org/W2160653550', 'https://openalex.org/W2163897976', 'https://openalex.org/W2164627846', 'https://openalex.org/W2165620017', 'https://openalex.org/W2165909875', 'https://openalex.org/W2168810136', 'https://openalex.org/W2169670092', 'https://openalex.org/W2170944426', 'https://openalex.org/W2175943212', 'https://openalex.org/W2259099276', 'https://openalex.org/W2262817869', 'https://openalex.org/W2267044533', 'https://openalex.org/W2296442552', 'https://openalex.org/W2300589092', 'https://openalex.org/W2301362142', 'https://openalex.org/W2312321442', 'https://openalex.org/W2318760216', 'https://openalex.org/W2319574928', 'https://openalex.org/W2320178023', 'https://openalex.org/W2321060671', 'https://openalex.org/W2322596284', 'https://openalex.org/W2324048193', 'https://openalex.org/W2324903610', 'https://openalex.org/W2324959214', 'https://openalex.org/W2325743337', 'https://openalex.org/W2326053930', 'https://openalex.org/W2326507283', 'https://openalex.org/W2326749443', 'https://openalex.org/W2327400291', 'https://openalex.org/W2329376988', 'https://openalex.org/W2329787041', 'https://openalex.org/W2330129127', 'https://openalex.org/W2332948495', 'https://openalex.org/W2334559109', 'https://openalex.org/W2334561937', 'https://openalex.org/W2335098084', 'https://openalex.org/W2409255303', 'https://openalex.org/W2466746085', 'https://openalex.org/W2474604687', 'https://openalex.org/W2476010549', 'https://openalex.org/W2482348032', 'https://openalex.org/W2486359191', 'https://openalex.org/W2489035532', 'https://openalex.org/W2534151368', 'https://openalex.org/W2587093958', 'https://openalex.org/W2764505966', 'https://openalex.org/W2789623473', 'https://openalex.org/W2790477972', 'https://openalex.org/W2790958944', 'https://openalex.org/W2791682520', 'https://openalex.org/W2792850643', 'https://openalex.org/W2793328287', 'https://openalex.org/W2794255094', 'https://openalex.org/W2795383148', 'https://openalex.org/W2795409281', 'https://openalex.org/W2795751765', 'https://openalex.org/W2795961914', 'https://openalex.org/W2796119843', 'https://openalex.org/W2796131705', 'https://openalex.org/W2796183853', 'https://openalex.org/W2796439951', 'https://openalex.org/W2796570368', 'https://openalex.org/W2796590575', 'https://openalex.org/W2796626664', 'https://openalex.org/W2796709015', 'https://openalex.org/W2796934039', 'https://openalex.org/W2797008465', 'https://openalex.org/W2797136737', 'https://openalex.org/W2797176319', 'https://openalex.org/W2797314726', 'https://openalex.org/W2797453343', 'https://openalex.org/W2797518653', 'https://openalex.org/W2797535053', 'https://openalex.org/W2797729004', 'https://openalex.org/W2797789383', 'https://openalex.org/W2797865228', 'https://openalex.org/W2798247443', 'https://openalex.org/W2799515860', 'https://openalex.org/W2799821665', 'https://openalex.org/W2800142552', 'https://openalex.org/W2800884166', 'https://openalex.org/W2801875820', 'https://openalex.org/W2803025106', 'https://openalex.org/W2989618106', 'https://openalex.org/W3006167054', 'https://openalex.org/W3049151984', 'https://openalex.org/W4206070353', 'https://openalex.org/W4206923322', 'https://openalex.org/W4211033787', 'https://openalex.org/W4230372772', 'https://openalex.org/W4230716201', 'https://openalex.org/W4231021555', 'https://openalex.org/W4232009456', 'https://openalex.org/W4232245294', 'https://openalex.org/W4232825693', 'https://openalex.org/W4233603948', 'https://openalex.org/W4233787796', 'https://openalex.org/W4235485371', 'https://openalex.org/W4235644859', 'https://openalex.org/W4236074726', 'https://openalex.org/W4237340727', 'https://openalex.org/W4240889562', 'https://openalex.org/W4241028675', 'https://openalex.org/W4241141029', 'https://openalex.org/W4242711754', 'https://openalex.org/W4244363752', 'https://openalex.org/W4247791864', 'https://openalex.org/W4252407180', 'https://openalex.org/W4253098722', 'https://openalex.org/W4253515713', 'https://openalex.org/W4254982495', 'https://openalex.org/W4255982278', 'https://openalex.org/W4256305835', 'https://openalex.org/W4256411919', 'https://openalex.org/W4256482178', 'https://openalex.org/W4297870560', 'https://openalex.org/W4298285114', 'https://openalex.org/W4301971535', 'https://openalex.org/W4302406673', 'https://openalex.org/W567765468', 'https://openalex.org/W596454697', 'https://openalex.org/W623103105'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4312038260', 'https://openalex.org/W4211046232', 'https://openalex.org/W3176480078', 'https://openalex.org/W3175753443', 'https://openalex.org/W3174559140', 'https://openalex.org/W2476527190', 'https://openalex.org/W2260982967', 'https://openalex.org/W2034369718', 'https://openalex.org/W1999898757', 'https://openalex.org/W1978042181'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Summary': [0], 'Palaeoanthropology': [1], 'is': [2, 126], 'the': [3, 6, 21, 32, 38, 51, 63, 68, 77, 85, 105, 115, 133, 136], 'means': [4], 'whereby': [5], 'developmental': [7], 'stages': [8], 'in': [9, 56, 132, 139], "man's": [10], 'intellectual': [11], 'and': [12, 17, 59, 91, 122, 141], 'cultural': [13], 'evolution': [14], 'are': [15, 50], 'investigated': [16], 'interpreted': [18], 'and,': [19], 'on': [20], 'evidence': [22, 127], 'as': [23, 47, 49], 'it': [24, 27], 'exists': [25], 'today,': [26], 'would': [28], 'appear': [29], 'that': [30, 71, 80, 110], 'man': [31], 'tool-maker': [33], 'was': [34, 45], 'a': [35], 'product': [36], 'of': [37, 67, 84, 95, 107, 135], 'African': [39], 'tropical': [40], 'savannas.': [41], 'The': [42, 93], 'basic': [43], 'stock': [44], 'perhaps': [46], 'variable': [48], 'Kibish': [52], 'crania': [53], 'from': [54], 'Omo': [55], 'East': [57], 'Africa,': [58], 'became': [60, 73], 'differentiated': [61], 'during': [62], '40-50,000': [64], "years'": [65], 'duration': [66], 'later': [69], 'Pleistocene,': [70], 'culture': [72], 'differentiated,': [74], 'coincidently': [75], 'with': [76, 87], 'genetic': [78], 'changes': [79], 'followed': [81], 'increasing': [82], 'identification': [83], 'populations': [86], 'specific': [88], 'geographical': [89], 'regions': [90], 'ecosystems.': [92], 'extent': [94], 'Middle': [96], 'Palaeolithic/Middle': [97], 'Stone': [98], 'Age': [99], 'variability': [100], 'will': [101], 'serve': [102], 'to': [103], 'demonstrate': [104], 'degree': [106], 'environmental': [108], 'adaptation': [109], 'had': [111], 'been': [112], 'achieved': [113], 'by': [114], 'early': [116], 'Homo': [117], 'sapiens': [118], 'populations.': [119], 'Between': [120], '16,000': [121], '10,000': [123], 'BC': [124], 'there': [125], 'for': [128], 'much': [129], 'local': [130], 'variation': [131], 'forms': [134], 'stone': [137], 'industries': [138], 'Nubia': [140], 'Upper': [142], 'Egypt.': [143]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4211046232', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-19T04:32:50.351916', 'created_date': '2022-02-13'}