Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W4211034735', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/34/3/306', 'title': 'Observational cosmology', 'display_name': 'Observational cosmology', 'publication_year': 1971, 'publication_date': '1971-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W4211034735', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/34/3/306'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/34/3/306', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S105282323', 'display_name': 'Reports on Progress in Physics', 'issn_l': '0034-4885', 'issn': ['0034-4885', '1361-6633'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085366031', 'display_name': 'M. S. Longair', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-9917'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'M S Longair', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5085366031'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.755, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 43, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.908458, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 94, 'max': 95}, 'biblio': {'volume': '34', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '1125', 'last_page': '1248'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmological Parameters and Dark Energy', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmological Parameters and Dark Energy', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11960', 'display_name': 'Theory of Relativity and Unified Field Theories', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13126', 'display_name': 'Theoretical and Computational Physics', 'score': 0.9925, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3109', 'display_name': 'Statistical and Nonlinear Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-microwave-background', 'display_name': 'Cosmic Microwave Background', 'score': 0.538519}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmological-parameters', 'display_name': 'Cosmological Parameters', 'score': 0.501098}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-cosmology', 'display_name': 'Observational cosmology', 'score': 0.4356994}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.91880536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207297109', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605', 'display_name': 'Cosmic microwave background', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.65609837}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C26405456', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338', 'display_name': 'Cosmology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84999194', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1', 'display_name': 'Universe', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5003257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147452769', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452', 'display_name': 'General relativity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47086135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33332235', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362', 'display_name': 'Theoretical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.43892658}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C56764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998314', 'display_name': 'Observational cosmology', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4356994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44870925', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547', 'display_name': 'Astrophysics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42246974}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C1276947', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333', 'display_name': 'Astronomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3788495}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C172790937', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343', 'display_name': 'Dark energy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.1134713}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08386806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C85725439', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686', 'display_name': 'Anisotropy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/34/3/306', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S105282323', 'display_name': 'Reports on Progress in Physics', 'issn_l': '0034-4885', 'issn': ['0034-4885', '1361-6633'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 365, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W119086580', 'https://openalex.org/W1644759549', 'https://openalex.org/W1673838140', 'https://openalex.org/W1677693', 'https://openalex.org/W192779489', 'https://openalex.org/W1964856306', 'https://openalex.org/W1965310795', 'https://openalex.org/W1965543352', 'https://openalex.org/W1965742764', 'https://openalex.org/W1967944946', 'https://openalex.org/W1968155178', 'https://openalex.org/W1969574897', 'https://openalex.org/W1969595681', 'https://openalex.org/W1969634500', 'https://openalex.org/W1970125492', 'https://openalex.org/W1970235237', 'https://openalex.org/W1970270184', 'https://openalex.org/W1970276077', 'https://openalex.org/W1970493177', 'https://openalex.org/W1970568585', 'https://openalex.org/W1970628541', 'https://openalex.org/W1971363306', 'https://openalex.org/W1971638443', 'https://openalex.org/W1971828964', 'https://openalex.org/W1972461264', 'https://openalex.org/W1972714021', 'https://openalex.org/W1973186837', 'https://openalex.org/W1973453266', 'https://openalex.org/W1973473849', 'https://openalex.org/W1973666232', 'https://openalex.org/W1973805122', 'https://openalex.org/W1973877957', 'https://openalex.org/W1974356338', 'https://openalex.org/W1974392178', 'https://openalex.org/W1974899226', 'https://openalex.org/W1975394799', 'https://openalex.org/W1975563036', 'https://openalex.org/W1975643737', 'https://openalex.org/W1976136852', 'https://openalex.org/W1976373540', 'https://openalex.org/W1976693531', 'https://openalex.org/W1976700026', 'https://openalex.org/W1977679188', 'https://openalex.org/W1978090530', 'https://openalex.org/W1978384139', 'https://openalex.org/W1978575983', 'https://openalex.org/W1978830369', 'https://openalex.org/W1979277514', 'https://openalex.org/W1979290905', 'https://openalex.org/W1980253882', 'https://openalex.org/W1980851479', 'https://openalex.org/W1980962436', 'https://openalex.org/W1981028294', 'https://openalex.org/W1981117060', 'https://openalex.org/W1982553362', 'https://openalex.org/W1982772833', 'https://openalex.org/W1983021512', 'https://openalex.org/W1983150819', 'https://openalex.org/W1984102626', 'https://openalex.org/W1984127104', 'https://openalex.org/W1984136665', 'https://openalex.org/W1984176268', 'https://openalex.org/W1984208055', 'https://openalex.org/W1985429705', 'https://openalex.org/W1985767017', 'https://openalex.org/W1986882119', 'https://openalex.org/W1987664109', 'https://openalex.org/W1987756219', 'https://openalex.org/W1987768725', 'https://openalex.org/W1987901103', 'https://openalex.org/W1987989728', 'https://openalex.org/W1988188235', 'https://openalex.org/W1989052264', 'https://openalex.org/W1989609673', 'https://openalex.org/W1989972931', 'https://openalex.org/W1990417671', 'https://openalex.org/W1991376080', 'https://openalex.org/W1991761319', 'https://openalex.org/W1992279357', 'https://openalex.org/W1992705982', 'https://openalex.org/W1993499821', 'https://openalex.org/W1993600536', 'https://openalex.org/W1994324764', 'https://openalex.org/W1994422122', 'https://openalex.org/W1994531171', 'https://openalex.org/W1995962607', 'https://openalex.org/W1996148556', 'https://openalex.org/W1996501054', 'https://openalex.org/W1996560127', 'https://openalex.org/W1997756830', 'https://openalex.org/W1997822458', 'https://openalex.org/W1998290692', 'https://openalex.org/W1999225773', 'https://openalex.org/W1999909907', 'https://openalex.org/W2000222499', 'https://openalex.org/W2000292106', 'https://openalex.org/W2000296399', 'https://openalex.org/W2000558712', 'https://openalex.org/W2001587909', 'https://openalex.org/W2001740925', 'https://openalex.org/W2001886291', 'https://openalex.org/W2002869157', 'https://openalex.org/W2002973683', 'https://openalex.org/W2004234319', 'https://openalex.org/W2004975433', 'https://openalex.org/W2005056102', 'https://openalex.org/W2006343695', 'https://openalex.org/W2006473173', 'https://openalex.org/W2007135095', 'https://openalex.org/W2007381290', 'https://openalex.org/W2008264489', 'https://openalex.org/W2008534253', 'https://openalex.org/W2008706357', 'https://openalex.org/W2009454505', 'https://openalex.org/W2009650502', 'https://openalex.org/W2010179745', 'https://openalex.org/W2010721179', 'https://openalex.org/W2010935553', 'https://openalex.org/W2011935665', 'https://openalex.org/W2012071222', 'https://openalex.org/W2012897907', 'https://openalex.org/W2013478283', 'https://openalex.org/W2013890770', 'https://openalex.org/W2014244379', 'https://openalex.org/W2015192405', 'https://openalex.org/W2015735639', 'https://openalex.org/W2017232919', 'https://openalex.org/W2017686955', 'https://openalex.org/W2017724816', 'https://openalex.org/W2018321938', 'https://openalex.org/W2018550426', 'https://openalex.org/W2018580642', 'https://openalex.org/W2019418066', 'https://openalex.org/W2019458100', 'https://openalex.org/W2019574934', 'https://openalex.org/W2019654967', 'https://openalex.org/W2019669271', 'https://openalex.org/W2019946068', 'https://openalex.org/W2020000507', 'https://openalex.org/W2020174071', 'https://openalex.org/W2020184563', 'https://openalex.org/W2020396830', 'https://openalex.org/W2020951385', 'https://openalex.org/W2020989309', 'https://openalex.org/W2021332473', 'https://openalex.org/W2021495482', 'https://openalex.org/W2021777744', 'https://openalex.org/W2022040750', 'https://openalex.org/W2022088080', 'https://openalex.org/W2022461344', 'https://openalex.org/W2022554772', 'https://openalex.org/W2022957157', 'https://openalex.org/W2022966566', 'https://openalex.org/W2023106187', 'https://openalex.org/W2023137822', 'https://openalex.org/W2023962607', 'https://openalex.org/W2024244628', 'https://openalex.org/W2024416927', 'https://openalex.org/W2024465891', 'https://openalex.org/W2024584597', 'https://openalex.org/W2024928250', 'https://openalex.org/W2025041503', 'https://openalex.org/W2025123514', 'https://openalex.org/W2027595139', 'https://openalex.org/W2029755185', 'https://openalex.org/W2029791502', 'https://openalex.org/W2030822343', 'https://openalex.org/W2031912728', 'https://openalex.org/W2032229098', 'https://openalex.org/W2033073195', 'https://openalex.org/W2033155629', 'https://openalex.org/W2033699517', 'https://openalex.org/W2033966961', 'https://openalex.org/W2034002159', 'https://openalex.org/W2034908873', 'https://openalex.org/W2035877537', 'https://openalex.org/W2036380315', 'https://openalex.org/W2037215734', 'https://openalex.org/W2039091616', 'https://openalex.org/W2039573134', 'https://openalex.org/W2039699244', 'https://openalex.org/W2040604058', 'https://openalex.org/W2041166071', 'https://openalex.org/W2041771947', 'https://openalex.org/W2042745526', 'https://openalex.org/W2043463462', 'https://openalex.org/W2044525925', 'https://openalex.org/W2045081423', 'https://openalex.org/W2045737362', 'https://openalex.org/W2046396185', 'https://openalex.org/W2047729974', 'https://openalex.org/W2047819431', 'https://openalex.org/W2047943154', 'https://openalex.org/W2048935918', 'https://openalex.org/W2049279938', 'https://openalex.org/W2049497290', 'https://openalex.org/W2049664769', 'https://openalex.org/W2049701376', 'https://openalex.org/W2049782085', 'https://openalex.org/W2050047758', 'https://openalex.org/W2051072179', 'https://openalex.org/W2051262140', 'https://openalex.org/W2051300365', 'https://openalex.org/W2051670780', 'https://openalex.org/W2052415495', 'https://openalex.org/W2052641871', 'https://openalex.org/W2054378906', 'https://openalex.org/W2054494055', 'https://openalex.org/W2054897479', 'https://openalex.org/W2055536749', 'https://openalex.org/W2055619763', 'https://openalex.org/W2055937995', 'https://openalex.org/W2055938508', 'https://openalex.org/W2056398930', 'https://openalex.org/W2056648701', 'https://openalex.org/W2056708651', 'https://openalex.org/W2056761994', 'https://openalex.org/W2057793864', 'https://openalex.org/W2058738963', 'https://openalex.org/W2059034225', 'https://openalex.org/W2059193665', 'https://openalex.org/W2060331516', 'https://openalex.org/W2060484125', 'https://openalex.org/W2060517290', 'https://openalex.org/W2061302791', 'https://openalex.org/W2061537933', 'https://openalex.org/W2061768325', 'https://openalex.org/W2062186128', 'https://openalex.org/W2062569512', 'https://openalex.org/W2062624438', 'https://openalex.org/W2063743352', 'https://openalex.org/W2064230241', 'https://openalex.org/W2065284937', 'https://openalex.org/W2066118347', 'https://openalex.org/W2067057038', 'https://openalex.org/W2068439849', 'https://openalex.org/W2068546221', 'https://openalex.org/W2068712423', 'https://openalex.org/W2069675204', 'https://openalex.org/W2069977913', 'https://openalex.org/W2070419499', 'https://openalex.org/W2071203653', 'https://openalex.org/W2072324236', 'https://openalex.org/W2072700600', 'https://openalex.org/W2074108140', 'https://openalex.org/W2074115136', 'https://openalex.org/W2074406050', 'https://openalex.org/W2074523344', 'https://openalex.org/W2074527361', 'https://openalex.org/W2075115955', 'https://openalex.org/W2075790151', 'https://openalex.org/W2076447103', 'https://openalex.org/W2076480526', 'https://openalex.org/W2076696952', 'https://openalex.org/W2076899965', 'https://openalex.org/W2076947422', 'https://openalex.org/W2077165246', 'https://openalex.org/W2078780310', 'https://openalex.org/W2078905186', 'https://openalex.org/W2078932800', 'https://openalex.org/W2078976849', 'https://openalex.org/W2079227455', 'https://openalex.org/W2080138000', 'https://openalex.org/W2081198613', 'https://openalex.org/W2081353174', 'https://openalex.org/W2081775339', 'https://openalex.org/W2082470481', 'https://openalex.org/W2083165657', 'https://openalex.org/W2083253719', 'https://openalex.org/W2084697133', 'https://openalex.org/W2085875420', 'https://openalex.org/W2086039119', 'https://openalex.org/W2086307077', 'https://openalex.org/W2086748756', 'https://openalex.org/W2087510562', 'https://openalex.org/W2087856846', 'https://openalex.org/W2089099342', 'https://openalex.org/W2089224200', 'https://openalex.org/W2089434436', 'https://openalex.org/W2089630383', 'https://openalex.org/W2089899636', 'https://openalex.org/W2090824018', 'https://openalex.org/W2091194987', 'https://openalex.org/W2091540268', 'https://openalex.org/W2091693573', 'https://openalex.org/W2092172344', 'https://openalex.org/W2092434381', 'https://openalex.org/W2092583925', 'https://openalex.org/W2093190121', 'https://openalex.org/W2093349960', 'https://openalex.org/W2093357992', 'https://openalex.org/W2094376638', 'https://openalex.org/W2094728573', 'https://openalex.org/W2095075600', 'https://openalex.org/W2095374300', 'https://openalex.org/W2095547293', 'https://openalex.org/W2098772458', 'https://openalex.org/W2100973451', 'https://openalex.org/W2104739414', 'https://openalex.org/W2104909487', 'https://openalex.org/W2105849091', 'https://openalex.org/W2106628010', 'https://openalex.org/W2111130755', 'https://openalex.org/W2111626371', 'https://openalex.org/W2113191610', 'https://openalex.org/W2113702167', 'https://openalex.org/W2116249636', 'https://openalex.org/W2122357525', 'https://openalex.org/W2126769742', 'https://openalex.org/W2135428194', 'https://openalex.org/W2141036712', 'https://openalex.org/W2141838048', 'https://openalex.org/W2144142322', 'https://openalex.org/W2152207542', 'https://openalex.org/W2155987846', 'https://openalex.org/W2156063796', 'https://openalex.org/W2156184462', 'https://openalex.org/W2157427356', 'https://openalex.org/W2161474425', 'https://openalex.org/W2164376846', 'https://openalex.org/W2165481186', 'https://openalex.org/W2172975918', 'https://openalex.org/W2176572935', 'https://openalex.org/W2219480619', 'https://openalex.org/W2224213800', 'https://openalex.org/W2289292999', 'https://openalex.org/W2314491155', 'https://openalex.org/W2463723019', 'https://openalex.org/W2616601383', 'https://openalex.org/W2976664144', 'https://openalex.org/W2984471584', 'https://openalex.org/W3004198491', 'https://openalex.org/W3023826999', 'https://openalex.org/W3048054691', 'https://openalex.org/W3094961775', 'https://openalex.org/W3173289781', 'https://openalex.org/W4210534754', 'https://openalex.org/W4213107016', 'https://openalex.org/W4232370599', 'https://openalex.org/W4234793223', 'https://openalex.org/W4234864062', 'https://openalex.org/W4235493809', 'https://openalex.org/W4235927939', 'https://openalex.org/W4236177012', 'https://openalex.org/W4237430944', 'https://openalex.org/W4240250703', 'https://openalex.org/W4241394374', 'https://openalex.org/W4241447871', 'https://openalex.org/W4242356770', 'https://openalex.org/W4243449184', 'https://openalex.org/W4244931977', 'https://openalex.org/W4247086919', 'https://openalex.org/W4248770395', 'https://openalex.org/W4251167057', 'https://openalex.org/W4252382947', 'https://openalex.org/W4253223309', 'https://openalex.org/W4253252551', 'https://openalex.org/W4254761227', 'https://openalex.org/W4254810513', 'https://openalex.org/W4255573459', 'https://openalex.org/W4256284809', 'https://openalex.org/W4302325823', 'https://openalex.org/W4371579178', 'https://openalex.org/W4376542639', 'https://openalex.org/W65377389'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W568280927', 'https://openalex.org/W3123783013', 'https://openalex.org/W3002624663', 'https://openalex.org/W2990718344', 'https://openalex.org/W2461483349', 'https://openalex.org/W2228286340', 'https://openalex.org/W2020431957', 'https://openalex.org/W1994763537', 'https://openalex.org/W1672298862', 'https://openalex.org/W1661350138'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 21, 50], 'observational': [1], 'basis': [2], 'for': [3], 'the': [4, 24, 29, 37, 47, 54, 63, 71], 'world': [5, 44, 67], 'models': [6, 45, 68], 'of': [7, 23, 32, 46, 53, 65], 'general': [8], 'relativity': [9], 'is': [10], 'now': [11], 'much': [12], 'more': [13], 'secure': [14], 'than': [15], 'it': [16], 'was': [17], 'ten': [18], 'years': [19], 'ago.': [20], 'discovery': [22], 'microwave': [25, 55], 'background': [26, 56], 'radiation': [27, 57], 'and': [28], 'high': [30, 76, 78], 'degree': [31], 'its': [33], 'isotropy': [34], 'indicate': [35], 'that': [36], 'universe': [38, 72], 'can': [39, 58], 'be': [40, 59], 'adequately': [41], 'described': [42], 'by': [43], 'Robertson-Walker': [48], 'type.': [49], 'thermal': [51], 'nature': [52], 'naturally': [60], 'explained': [61], 'within': [62], 'framework': [64], 'evolutionary': [66], 'in': [69], 'which': [70], 'passed': [73], 'through': [74], 'a': [75], 'density,': [77], 'temperature': [79], 'phase.': [80]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4211034735', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-14T17:37:44.646675', 'created_date': '2022-02-13'}