Recent Applications of Homogeneous Catalysis in Electrochemical Organic Synthesis

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Xu Cheng; Aiwen Lei; Tian‐Sheng Mei; Hai‐Chao Xu; Kun Xu; Cheng‐Chu Zeng
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803, 1079, 1237, 1739, 1819, 1836, 1872, 1991, 2755], 'catalysis': [326, 478, 607, 664, 744, 805, 877, 966, 1238, 1703, 1730, 2457, 3545, 3860], 'has': [327, 473, 538, 689, 928, 1092], 'proven': [328], 'be': [330, 361, 748, 1331, 1417, 1475, 1713, 2218, 2653, 3562, 3654, 3744, 3782], 'a': [331, 336, 417, 552, 613, 737, 953, 957, 997, 1018, 1025, 1038, 1041, 1064, 1090, 1206, 1299, 1313, 1422, 1428, 1439, 1444, 1461, 1495, 1503, 1530, 1546, 1554, 1558, 1568, 1593, 1597, 1604, 1630, 1641, 1659, 1705, 1708, 1754, 1842, 1849, 1853, 1885, 1981, 1984, 2010, 2038, 2044, 2057, 2119, 2128, 2256, 2313, 2375, 2387, 2393, 2436, 2441, 2473, 2503, 2525, 2548, 2581, 2587, 2592, 2684, 2736, 2766, 2776, 2828, 2863, 2886, 2942, 2990, 3009, 3059, 3228, 3249, 3266, 3332, 3363, 3418, 3423, 3439, 3509, 3558, 3571, 3626, 3639, 3718, 3749, 3755, 3760, 3876, 3969, 4012], 'powerful': [332, 3762], 'strategy': [333], 'achieving': [335], 'diverse': [337], 'array': [338, 1986], 'novel': [340], 'transformations,': [341], 'some': [342, 666, 3567, 3606, 3766], 'challenges': [343, 772], 'such': [344, 580, 631, 1152, 1260, 2969], 'as': [345, 551, 632, 832, 1037, 1089, 1153, 1261, 1427, 1529, 1537, 1557, 1629, 1658, 1753, 1758, 1905, 1980, 2009, 2037, 2043, 2196, 2261, 2598, 2798, 2804, 2834, 2898, 3036, 3248, 3422, 3661], 'controlling': [346], 'diffusion': [348, 685, 1489], 'catalyst-related': [350], 'species': [351, 1414, 1676, 2063, 2299, 3131, 3212, 3288, 3296, 3600], 'instability': [354], 'catalysts': [356, 648, 671, 1977, 2197, 2488], 'at': [357, 437, 577, 623, 644, 676, 717, 751, 1053, 1131, 1229, 1399, 1419, 1454, 1567, 1633, 1724, 1917, 2462, 2541, 2633, 2655, 3063, 3069, 3098, 3103, 3411, 3500, 3601, 3647, 3717, 3729, 3875], 'electrodes': [358, 646, 2965], 'remain': [359], 'overcome.': [362], 'Herein,': [363, 795], 'we': [364, 796, 1349], 'review': [365, 797], 'recent': [366, 543, 793, 836, 1351], 'advances': [367, 798], 'electrochemical': [369, 374, 380, 419, 505, 515, 597, 609, 661, 702, 762, 774, 786, 804, 811, 817, 830, 849, 918, 934, 960, 1027, 1098, 1336, 1357, 1379, 1549, 1619, 1647, 1683, 1738, 1818, 1871, 1889, 1990, 2073, 2199, 2225, 2230, 2397, 2450, 2493, 2507, 2561, 2575, 2712, 2753, 2780, 2910, 2930, 2958, 2980, 3171, 3308, 3336, 3383, 3455, 3534, 3829], 'catalysis,': [371, 376, 378, 639, 813, 815, 1081, 2756, 2956], 'focusing': [372, 809], 'on': [373, 596, 810, 916, 1804, 2423, 2752], 'noble-transition-metal': [375, 812], 'photoelectrochemical': [377, 814, 3640], 'enantioselective': [381, 818], 'catalysis.': [382, 776, 819, 1992], 'The': [383, 531, 987, 1075, 1449, 1523, 1638, 1773, 1944, 2201, 2227, 2693, 2822, 2924, 3136, 3867, 3915, 4002], 'topics': [384], 'discussed': [385], 'include:': [386], '(1)': [387, 1778], 'how': [388, 402, 411], 'noble': [390, 1258], 'metal': [391, 733, 1307, 1832, 3219], 'catalyst': [392, 1190, 1572, 1595, 1666, 1755, 1970, 2011, 2039, 2137, 2308, 3273, 3303, 3907, 4010], 'works': [393], 'presence': [396], 'cathodic': [398, 853, 902, 1065, 1207, 1458, 2270, 3221, 3391, 3684, 4013], 'hydrogen': [399, 854, 975, 1471, 3178], 'evolution,': [400], '(2)': [401, 1788], 'photocatalyst': [404, 3623], 'gets': [405], 'enhanced': [406], 'redox': [407, 3278, 3569], 'property,': [408], '(3)': [410, 1797], 'enantioselectivity': [413], 'is': [414, 549, 681, 851, 878, 1294, 1486, 1491, 1581, 1828, 1954, 2205, 2722, 2932, 2945, 2966, 3086, 3199, 3359, 3552, 3610, 3625, 3667, 3759], 'regulated': [415], 'catalytic': [418, 455, 469, 618, 657, 701, 909, 1136, 1441, 1504, 1586, 1873, 2058, 3061, 3926], 'reaction.': [420, 3135], 'Download': [421, 423, 601, 603, 777, 779, 1246, 1248, 1692, 1694, 1823, 1825, 2186, 2188, 2495, 2497, 2566, 2568, 2716, 2718, 2920, 2922, 3180, 3182, 3354, 3356, 3540, 3542, 3831, 3833, 4035, 4037], 'figure': [422, 602, 778, 1247, 1693, 1824, 2187, 2496, 2567, 2717, 2921, 3181, 3355, 3541, 3832, 4036], 'PowerPoint': [424, 604, 780, 1249, 1695, 1826, 2189, 2498, 2569, 2719, 2923, 3183, 3357, 3543, 3834, 4038], 'Introduction': [425], 'Catalysts': [426], 'are': [427, 457, 566, 582, 898, 906, 944, 1512, 2192], 'chemicals': [428], 'that': [429, 444, 1125, 1139, 1487, 1566, 1710, 1966, 2109, 2144, 2161, 2203, 2294, 2420, 2469, 2519, 2534, 2550, 2553, 3075, 3113, 3377, 3553, 3747], 'alter': [430], 'reaction': [431, 850, 856, 1670, 1951, 2433, 2628, 2645, 2687, 2848, 3163, 3490], 'pathways': [432], 'interacting': [434], 'with': [435, 649, 875, 908, 965, 1063, 1107, 1171, 1198, 1222, 1239, 1391, 1406, 1443, 1553, 1686, 1704, 1731, 1751, 1848, 1978, 2247, 2591, 2622, 2678, 2735, 2871, 2987, 3177, 3213, 3241, 3321, 3362, 3591, 3689, 3771, 3797, 3852, 3859, 3884, 4033], 'reactants': [436], 'specific': [438, 3559], 'sites': [439], 'form': [441, 996, 1201, 2874], 'transition': [442, 708, 1831, 2148], 'states': [443], 'ultimately': [445], 'lower': [446, 2159, 3657], 'energy': [448, 3609], 'input': [449], 'required': [450, 2765, 3021, 3556], 'pathway.': [453, 3271], 'Therefore,': [454], 'reactions': [456, 831, 919, 1297, 1337, 1358, 1382, 1511, 1622, 1649, 1742, 1892, 2001, 2028, 2108, 2182, 2233, 2366, 2401, 2578, 2761, 2784, 2823, 3235, 3340, 3348, 3463, 3796, 3847, 3868, 4048], 'useful': [458, 848], 'green': [460], 'chemistry': [461, 2324], 'chemical': [463, 4020], 'engineering': [464], 'applications.1': [465], 'Among': [466], 'various': [468, 562, 868, 1085, 2052, 3849], 'strategies,': [470], 'extensive': [471], 'progress': [472, 842, 915], 'been': [474, 790, 826, 929, 939, 1094, 2952], 'achieved': [475, 518, 952, 1613, 2089, 3307], 'recently,': [479], 'its': [481, 2725, 3277], 'use': [482, 532, 864, 1639, 2925], 'organic': [484, 514, 536, 598, 787, 807, 2763, 3207, 3785, 3800], 'synthesis': [485, 537, 610, 703, 763, 788, 2341, 2358, 3786], 'permits': [486], 'control': [487], 'chemo-,': [490], 'regio-,': [491], 'enantioselectivities': [493], 'reactions.2': [495], 'processes': [497], 'were': [498, 517, 1003, 1143, 1912, 2234, 2620, 2824, 3388, 3779, 3869, 3978, 3995], 'first': [499, 513, 525, 1615, 2228, 3780], 'observed': [500], 'biological': [502], 'systems': [503], 'cells': [506, 1361], 'late-eighteenth': [509], 'century,3': [510], 'syntheses': [516, 2345], 'Faraday4': [520], 'Kolbe5,6': [522], 'half': [526], 'nineteenth': [529], 'century.': [530], 'witnessed': [539], 'sustained': [540], 'growth': [541], 'years': [544], '(Figure': [545, 704, 734, 764, 985, 1056, 1116, 1183, 1410, 1561, 1608, 1636, 1662, 1771, 1808, 1897, 1971, 2017, 2029, 2065, 2082, 2098, 2123, 2251, 2310, 2328, 2336, 2342, 2350, 2356, 2361, 2367, 2390, 2445, 2465, 2514, 2640, 2647, 2820, 2993, 3047, 3072, 3164, 3236, 3298, 3313, 3324, 3341, 3450, 3492], '1).7': [546], 'When': [547], 'electricity': [548], 'used': [550, 760, 828, 1033, 1096, 1426, 1435, 1592, 1656, 1833, 2024, 2035, 2195, 2372, 2597, 3028, 3404], 'driving': [553, 615], 'force': [554, 616], 'activate': [556], 'inert': [557, 2964], 'compounds,': [558], 'they': [559, 905, 1279, 3403, 3425], 'can': [560, 574, 611, 672, 710, 747, 3216, 3575, 3653], 'undergo': [561, 673, 1282, 2938], 'transformations': [563, 2931, 2959], 'readily,': [564], 'which': [565, 688, 754, 1067, 1195, 2132, 2168, 2383, 2676, 3154], 'otherwise': [567], 'challenging.': [568, 879], 'In': [569, 706, 1021, 1155, 1250, 1346, 1372, 1430, 1540, 1588, 1696, 1920, 2031, 2067, 2084, 2253, 2278, 2392, 2570, 2642, 2748, 2845, 3184, 3223, 3326, 3487, 3680, 3709, 3732, 3835], 'particular,': [570, 641], 'multiple': [571, 714, 1132], 'electron': [572, 642, 674, 715, 1127, 3285, 3894], 'transfers': [573, 581, 716], 'occur': [575], 'rapidly': [576], 'electrodes,': [578, 624], 'whereas': [579, 2626], 'hard': [583], 'achieve': [585, 3381], 'other': [587], 'methods.': [588], 'Figure': [589, 766, 947, 1232, 1521, 1678, 1810, 2175, 2481, 2557, 2705, 2901, 2903, 3166, 3343, 3527, 3818, 4022], '1': [590], '|': [591, 768, 1234, 1680, 1812, 2177, 2483, 2559, 2707, 2905, 3168, 3345, 3529, 3820, 4024], 'Annual': [592], 'numbers': [593], 'publications': [595], 'synthesis,': [599, 808], '2016–2020.': [600], 'Merging': [605], 'provide': [612], 'new': [614], 'cycles,': [619], 'generate': [620, 1210, 3905, 4000], 'reactive': [621], 'intermediates': [622, 1010, 1048, 1141], 'reduce': [626], 'demand': [628], 'reagents': [630], 'external': [633, 1073, 1150, 4019], 'oxidants': [634, 866], '(Figures': [635, 3614, 3863], '2a–2c).': [636], 'For': [637, 668, 1993, 3415, 3618, 3638], 'transition-metal': [638, 876], 'transfer': [643, 675, 1128, 3895], 'generates': [647], 'more': [650, 3200, 3720], 'valence': [651, 1845], 'states,': [652], 'thus,': [654, 904], 'enables': [655], 'unprecedented': [656], 'pathways.': [658, 2415], 'However,': [659, 872, 1311, 1878, 2770, 3205, 3565, 3586], 'under': [660, 693, 3882, 4053], 'conditions,': [662, 695], 'presents': [665], 'challenges.': [667], 'example,': [669, 1024, 1158, 1994, 3416, 3619, 3682], 'solution-phase': [670], 'electrodes.': [678], 'Because': [679, 1412], 'an': [682, 697, 982, 1072, 1126, 1149, 1343, 1396, 1627, 1689, 1759, 1858, 1894, 2014, 2170, 2262, 2333, 2459, 2731, 2786, 2790, 2917, 2999, 3013, 3067, 3242, 3284, 3435, 3872], 'interfacial': [683], 'process,': [684, 2167, 3402], 'mass,': [687], 'only': [690, 2259], 'marginal': [691], 'relevance': [692], 'becomes': [696], 'essential': [698], 'factor': [699], '2d).': [705], 'addition,': [707, 1589, 2032, 2279, 3327, 3733], 'metals': [709, 881, 891, 1341], 'take': [711], 'part': [712], 'cathode,': [719, 1187, 1421, 1726, 3991], 'resulting': [720, 3693], 'generation': [723, 1224], 'M0,': [725], 'followed': [726, 1212, 3514], 'deactivation': [728], 'precipitation': [730], '2f).': [735], 'Moreover,': [736], 'number': [738], 'ligands': [740, 759, 2491, 2928, 2950, 3480], 'developed': [741, 2953], '(e.g.,': [745, 892, 3981], 'phosphines)': [746], 'irreversibly': [749], 'oxidized': [750, 2654, 3980], 'anode,': [753, 3649], 'limits': [755], 'choice': [757], '2e).': [765], '2': [767, 3880], '(a–f)': [769, 1681], 'Advantages': [770], 'Seminal': [781], 'reviews': [782, 837], 'accounts': [784], 'have': [789, 825, 838, 882, 938, 1273, 2951], 'addressed': [791], 'years.8–28': [794], 'design': [801, 1355, 1869], 'Noble-Transition-Metal': [821], 'Transition-metal': [823], 'complexes': [824, 927, 2879, 2962, 3475, 3495, 3506], 'extensively': [827, 1095, 2194], 'mediators': [833], 'catalysts;': [835], 'documented': [839], 'rapid': [841], 'field.21,22,29–31': [845], 'One': [846, 1287, 2968, 3546], 'particularly': [847, 933], 'evolution': [855], '(HER)': [857], 'because': [858, 1715, 3580, 3605, 3725], 'it': [859, 1329, 1779, 1789, 1798, 3004], 'eliminates': [860], 'need': [862, 1070, 1147, 4017], 'stoichiometric': [865], 'X–H': [869], 'bond-functionalization': [870], 'reactions.': [871, 1822, 2494, 3025, 3830], 'coupling': [873, 1741, 1786, 1821, 2510, 2562, 3428], 'HER': [874, 2840, 3068, 3410, 4014], 'Transition': [880], 'different': [883, 2414, 3745], 'standard': [884, 1275, 1470, 3077], 'reduction': [885, 1208, 1276, 1283, 1459, 2271, 2727, 3095, 3158, 3187, 3676, 3685], 'potentials,': [886], 'but': [887, 2265], 'ions': [888], 'active': [890], 'Fe,': [893, 923, 1242], 'Mn,': [894, 922, 1240], 'Ni,': [895, 924], 'Co)': [897], 'relatively': [899, 1445], 'stable': [900, 2593], 'reduction;': [903], 'compatible': [907], 'cycles': [910], 'involving': [911, 1044, 1875, 2060, 2183, 2960], 'HER.': [913, 1480], 'Tremendous': [914], 'HER-coupled': [917], 'catalyzed': [920, 1179, 1338, 2579, 3257, 3349, 3472, 3642], 'Co': [926], 'achieved.': [930], 'These': [931, 1508, 1563, 1864, 2125, 2516], 'reactions,': [932, 937, 2297], 'C–H': [935, 1028, 1452, 1509, 1550, 1605, 1684, 1925, 2049, 2096, 2112, 2231, 2322, 2352, 2380, 2399, 2452, 2576, 2668, 2714, 2782, 2860, 2911, 3311, 3338, 3845, 4029, 4051], 'functionalization': [936, 1685, 2232, 2323, 3312, 4030], 'reviewed': [940], 'recently.20,32,33': [941], 'Four': [942], 'examples': [943, 1352], 'shown': [945, 1519, 2899], '3.': [948], 'First,': [949], 'Lin’s': [950], 'group34': [951], 'breakthrough': [954], 'developing': [956], 'protocol': [958, 2377, 3011], 'diazidation': [961], 'alkenes': [963, 1001, 2249], '3-1': [964, 1002], 'MnBr2': [968], '[E2+/0': [969], '=': [970, 1466, 2273, 2741, 3083, 3194, 3252, 3630, 3706, 3984], '−1.17': [971], 'V': [972, 1468, 2214, 2275, 2545, 2743, 3088, 3092, 3151, 3196, 3254, 3370, 3632, 3670, 3724, 3986], 'vs': [973, 1469, 2215, 2276, 2744, 3093, 3197, 3255, 3633, 3987], 'normal': [974], 'electrode': [976, 1472, 3573, 3603, 3636, 3651, 3713, 3751], '(NHE)]': [977], 'absence': [980, 3018], 'added': [983], 'ligand': [984, 1960, 1982, 2264, 2739, 3116, 3250, 3510], '3a).': [986], 'initially': [988], 'formed': [989], 'MnII': [990, 1019], 'azide': [991, 1008], 'underwent': [992, 1196, 1205, 2301, 2696, 2866, 3497], 'anodic': [993, 1447, 1575, 1760, 1794, 1963, 2133, 2303, 2384, 2470, 2867, 2939, 3963, 4005], 'oxidation': [994, 1164, 1214, 1576, 1964, 2134, 2304, 2385, 2471, 2698, 2868, 3663, 3795, 3964], 'MnIII': [998, 1007], 'azide.': [999], 'Then': [1000, 2885, 3508], 'azidated': [1004], 'twice': [1005], 'via': [1009, 1603, 2118, 2435, 3265], '3-A': [1011], 'afford': [1013, 1112, 1219, 1403], 'diazides': [1014], '3-2': [1015], 'regenerate': [1017, 2306], 'salt.': [1020], 'second': [1023], 'cobalt-catalyzed': [1026], 'alkylation': [1029, 2783, 2805, 2912, 3846], 'reaction,': [1030], 'Ackermann’s': [1031, 1100, 1590, 1995, 2103, 2237, 2572, 3225, 4043], 'group35': [1032], 'CoII': [1034], 'complex': [1035, 1204, 1464, 1580, 1929, 1946, 3148, 3240, 3421], '3-B': [1036], 'precursor': [1039, 2012, 2022], 'CoI/CoIII': [1042], 'cycle': [1043, 1059, 1137, 1442, 1783, 2059, 3062], 'formation': [1046, 1673, 3259], '3-C,': [1049], '3-D,': [1050], '3-E': [1052], 'anode': [1055, 2657, 2944, 3065, 3292, 3502], '3b).': [1057], 'This': [1058, 1203], 'was': [1060, 1191, 1425, 1650, 2023, 2156, 2292, 2596, 2605, 2650, 2971, 3005, 3101, 3155, 3715, 3727, 3741, 3919, 3971], 'coupled': [1061], 'smoothly': [1062], 'HER,': [1066], 'eliminated': [1068], 'oxidant.': [1074], 'third': [1076], 'example': [1077, 1616], 'involved': [1078, 3132], 'Fe': [1080, 1088], 'which,': [1082], 'despite': [1083], 'advantages': [1086, 3549], 'catalyst,': [1091, 2600, 2897, 3424], 'not': [1093, 2258, 3811], 'synthesis.': [1099, 2226], 'group36': [1101], 'accomplished': [1102, 2239, 3426, 4045], 'Fe-catalyzed': [1103], 'arylation': [1104], '3-6': [1106], 'Grignard': [1108], 'reagent': [1109], '3-7': [1110], 'arylated': [1113], 'products': [1114, 1220, 1404, 1910, 2282, 2410, 2618, 2638, 2691, 2813, 2892, 3445, 3520], '3-8': [1115], '3c).': [1117], 'A': [1118, 2416, 3106], 'computational': [1119, 2417], 'study': [1120, 2394, 2418, 2970], 'transformation': [1123, 3560, 3641], 'revealed': [1124, 2143, 3112], 'could': [1129, 3561], 'happen': [1130], 'stages': [1133], 'FeIII': [1140], '3-F': [1142], 'generated': [1144, 1173, 1947, 2288, 2411, 2690, 3799], 'without': [1145], 'oxidant': [1151, 3000, 3628], 'dichloroisobutane.': [1154], 'fourth': [1157], 'Jiao’s': [1159], 'group37': [1160], 'recently': [1161], 'reported': [1162, 1377, 1545, 1651, 1701, 1884, 2071, 2105, 2235, 2502, 2574, 2760, 2775, 2972, 3227, 3331, 3793, 3841], 'sulfides': [1166], '3-9': [1167], 'sulfoxides': [1169], '3-11': [1170], 'oxygen': [1172, 1199], 'situ': [1175, 2287], 'from': [1176, 1227, 1793, 1801, 2552, 3245, 3286, 3674, 3746, 3896, 3960], 'water': [1177], 'splitting': [1178], 'Ni(OTf)2/bipyridine': [1181], '3-10': [1182], '3d).': [1184], 'At': [1185, 3989], 'NiII': [1189, 1226], 'reduced': [1192, 1418, 2207, 3728, 3906], 'NiI,': [1194], 'complexation': [1197], '3-G.': [1202], '3-H,': [1211], 'substrate': [1217, 2429], '3-11,': [1221], 'Ni0': [1228], 'anode.': [1231], '3': [1233], '(a–d)': [1235], 'Co,': [1241], 'Ni': [1244], 'complexes.': [1245, 1877], 'contrast,': [1251], 'inclusive': [1253], 'list': [1254], 'salts': [1256, 2191], 'metals38': [1259], 'Cu,': [1262, 1364], 'Ru,': [1263, 1365], 'Rh,': [1264, 1366], 'Pd,': [1265, 1367], 'Ag,': [1266], 'Re,': [1267], 'Os,': [1268], 'Ir,': [1269, 1368], 'Pt,': [1270], 'Au': [1272, 1370, 3395, 3474], 'low': [1274, 1446, 3602], 'potentials;': [1277], 'hence,': [1278], 'tend': [1280, 1415], 'before': [1284], 'protonic': [1285], 'species.': [1286, 2290], 'straightforward': [1288], 'way': [1289], 'overcome': [1291, 1492, 3398], 'challenge': [1293], 'conduct': [1296], 'divided': [1300, 1314, 1423, 2767], 'cell': [1301, 1315, 1398, 1424, 1896, 2016, 2335, 2461, 2768, 2788, 3015, 3437, 3874], 'prevent': [1303], 'contact': [1304], 'between': [1305, 1743, 2402, 3464], 'cathode.': [1310, 3414], 'using': [1312, 1494, 2007, 2455, 2832, 3417], 'increases': [1316], 'cost': [1318], 'process': [1321, 1709, 2155], 'slows': [1323], 'down': [1324], 'mass': [1326], 'transfer.': [1327], 'Thus,': [1328], 'would': [1330], 'advantageous': [1332], 'carry': [1334], 'out': [1335, 1737, 1998, 2826, 3460], 'these': [1340, 2033, 2296, 2807, 3140, 3457, 3805], 'undivided': [1344, 1360, 1397, 1690, 1895, 2015, 2460, 2787, 2918, 3014, 3436, 3873], 'cell.': [1345, 1691, 2919], 'section,': [1348], 'describe': [1350], 'stabilize': [1363, 3217], 'catalysts.': [1371], '2018,': [1373, 1880, 3224], 'Mei': [1374], 'co-workers39': [1376], 'Cu-catalyzed': [1378, 1548, 1618, 1646, 1682, 1817], 'dehydrogenative': [1380, 2074, 2508, 3010, 3454, 3535], 'cross-coupling': [1381, 3384, 3462, 3519, 3536], 'aromatic': [1385, 2243, 2348, 3431, 3465, 4050], 'Csp2–H': [1386, 3233], 'bonds': [1387, 2097, 2115, 3264, 4052], 'substrates': [1389, 2799], '4-1': [1390, 1527], 'secondary': [1392, 3034], 'amines': [1393, 1534, 1744, 3035], '4-2': [1394, 1535], 'room': [1400, 1455, 1634, 2463, 3104], 'temperature': [1401, 1635, 2464], '4-3': [1405], 'good': [1407, 1915, 3483], 'conversion': [1408], 'yield': [1409, 1942, 2527], '4a).': [1411], 'Cu': [1413, 1579, 1594, 1665, 1706, 1729], 'preference.': [1429], 'their': [1431, 2935, 3378], 'work,': [1432], 'Mei’s': [1433, 1653, 2406, 2773, 3305], 'group': [1434, 1560, 1599, 1632, 1644, 2319, 3578], 'iodide': [1436, 1500, 2042], 'mediate': [1438], 'Cu3+/Cu2+/Cu+': [1440], 'potential.': [1448], 'Cu3+': [1450], 'facilitates': [1451], 'amination': [1453, 1510, 1551], 'temperature,': [1456], 'ligated': [1462], 'Cu+–substrate': [1463], '[Ered': [1465, 3629], '−0.44': [1467], '(SHE)]': [1473], 'may': [1474], 'less': [1476], 'favorable': [1477], 'than': [1478, 2160, 2528, 3202, 3658, 3722], 'Another': [1481], 'advantage': [1482], 'iodine': [1484], 'mediation': [1485], 'barrier': [1490], 'substoichiometric': [1496], 'amount': [1497, 1505], 'inexpensive': [1499, 1830], 'instead': [1501, 2841], 'Cu.': [1507], 'thought': [1513], 'proceed': [1515], 'mechanism': [1518], '4b.': [1522], 'NHCO-2-Py': [1524], 'moiety': [1525, 1556], 'acts': [1528], 'directing': [1531, 1598, 1631, 1643], 'group,': [1532], 'serve': [1536], 'nitrogen': [1538, 2425, 2991, 3037], 'sources.': [1539], '2019,': [1541, 2068, 2772, 3837], 'Kathiravan': [1542], 'co-workers40': [1544], 'similar': [1547], 'approach': [1552], 'quinoline': [1555], 'chelating': [1559, 1642], '4c).': [1562], 'investigators': [1564, 2034, 2126, 2517, 2808, 3458], 'found': [1565, 1983, 2468, 2518, 3376], '20': [1569], 'mol': [1570], '%': [1571], 'loading,': [1573], 'direct': [1574, 2302], 'adequate': [1582], 'drive': [1584], 'cycle.': [1587, 3927], 'group41': [1591], 'alkyne': [1601, 1890, 1903, 1999, 2106, 2180], 'annulation': [1602, 1891, 1909, 2000, 2027, 2077, 2107, 2181, 2331, 2365, 2400, 2409, 2701, 3234, 3317], 'alkynylation': [1606, 3339], 'pathway': [1607, 2130, 2439, 2444, 2646, 3491], '4d).': [1609], 'Xie': [1610], 'co-workers42': [1612], 'B–H': [1620], 'oxygenation': [1621, 2050, 2453, 2577], 'o-carboranes': [1624], 'introducing': [1626], '8-aminoquinoline': [1628], '4e).': [1637], 'bromination': [1648, 1669], 'group,43': [1654], 'who': [1655, 2977], 'NH4Br': [1657], 'bromine': [1660], 'source': [1661, 2992], '4f);': [1663], 'accelerates': [1667], 'CuI': [1675], '4-A.': [1677], '4': [1679], 'chelation': [1687], '2021,': [1697, 2571], 'Sevov': [1699, 1733], 'group44': [1700], 'ligand-free': [1702], 'salt,': [1707], 'tended': [1711], 'challenging': [1714], 'potential': [1718, 3078, 3159, 3555, 3574, 3652, 3664, 3677, 3714], 'reductive': [1720, 1940, 2140, 2146, 2172, 2388, 2479, 2685, 2888, 3516], 'deposition': [1721], 'Cu0': [1723, 1802], 'avoided': [1727], 'ligands.': [1732], 'co-workers44': [1735], 'carried': [1736, 1997, 2825, 3459], 'Chan–Lam': [1740, 1820], '5-1': [1745], 'aryl': [1747, 2003, 2041, 2095, 2379, 2451, 2667, 2781, 2859, 3337], 'boronic': [1748], 'acids': [1749, 2245, 2513, 3320], '5-2': [1750], 'Cu(OAc)2': [1752], 'Fc+': [1757], 'mediator': [1761, 1774, 2045], 'obtained': [1763, 1913, 2408, 2621, 2809, 3482], 'moderate': [1764], 'excellent': [1766, 3448], 'yields': [1767, 1916, 2819, 3449, 3485], 'anilines': [1769, 1900], '5-3': [1770], '5a).': [1772], 'serves': [1775], 'several': [1776], 'functions:': [1777], 'mediates': [1780], 'CuI/CuII': [1782], 'reaction;': [1787], 'shields': [1790], 'amine': [1792], 'oxidation;': [1795, 2940], 'regenerates': [1799, 1967], 'Cu2+': [1800], 'deposited': [1803], 'cathode': [1806, 2836, 3071, 3100], 'surface': [1807], '5b).': [1809], '5': [1811], '(a': [1813, 2708, 2906, 3530, 3821, 4025], 'f)': [1815], 'Ligand-free': [1816], 'Ruthenium': [1827, 1838], 'another': [1829, 3681], 'innovative': [1835], 'catalysis.45': [1837], 'compounds': [1839, 3215], 'exist': [1840], 'variety': [1843], 'states.': [1846], 'Compared': [1847], 'proton,': [1850], 'Ru3+': [1851, 2152], 'exhibits': [1852], 'stronger': [1854], 'tendency': [1855, 2936], 'accept': [1857], 'electron,': [1859], 'giving': [1860, 3518], 'Ru2+': [1861, 1928, 1969, 1976, 2164], 'or': [1862, 2005, 2440, 2615, 2877, 2882, 3584, 3598, 3752, 3773], 'Ru0.46': [1863], 'varying': [1865, 2608], 'features': [1866], 'complicate': [1867], 'methods': [1874, 2222], 'Ru': [1876], 'co-workers47': [1883], 'method': [1886, 2504, 2777, 3229, 3333], '[RuCl2(p-cymene)]2-catalyzed': [1888], '6a).': [1898], 'With': [1899], '6-1': [1901], '6-2': [1904], 'starting': [1906], 'materials,': [1907], '[3+2]': [1908], '6-3': [1911], 'reflux': [1918], 'temperature.': [1919, 3105], 'proposed': [1922, 2056, 2127, 2293, 2644, 2847, 3489], 'mechanism,': [1923], 'thermal': [1924], 'activation': [1926], 'gives': [1927], '6-A,': [1930], 'subsequent': [1932, 2887, 3938], 'coordination': [1933, 3209], '(': [1934, 1937, 1952, 2880, 3281, 3902, 3909], '6-B),': [1935], 'insertion': [1936, 2856], '6-C),': [1938], 'elimination': [1941, 1950, 2147, 2173, 2389, 2686, 2889], '6-3.': [1943], 'Ru0': [1945, 2166], '6-D)': [1953], 'stabilized': [1955, 2267], 'neutral': [1958, 2443], 'p-cymene': [1959, 1979], 'during': [1961], 'step': [1965], '6b).': [1972], 'Following': [1973], 'report,': [1975], 'wide': [1985], 'applications': [1988], 'group48': [1996], 'carbamates': [2004], 'phenols': [2006], '[RuCl2(p-cymene)]2': [2008], '6c),': [2018], 'same': [2021, 2101, 2317, 3302], 'C–H/O–H': [2026], '6d).49': [2030], '[(p-cymene)Ru(OAc)2]': [2036], 'realize': [2047], 'ortho': [2048], 'substituted': [2053], 'arenes': [2054], 'p-cymene-coordinated': [2061], 'Ru4+': [2062], '6-E': [2064], '6e).50': [2066], 'Tang’s': [2069], 'group51': [2070], 'Ru-catalyzed': [2072, 2179], 'double': [2075], '[4+2]': [2076], 'benzamides': [2079, 2355], 'diphenylacetylene': [2081], '6f).': [2083], '2020,': [2085], 'Zhong': [2086], 'co-workers52': [2088], 'rutheniumelectro-catalyzed': [2090], 'mono-': [2091], 'diacyloxylation': [2093], '6g).': [2099], 'That': [2100], 'year,': [2102], 'group53': [2104], 'involve': [2110], 'alkenylic': [2111], 'N–H': [2114], 'proceeded': [2117], 'key': [2120, 2875], 'azaruthena(II)-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene': [2121], 'intermediate': [2122, 2476, 2674, 2851], '6h).': [2124], 'Ru2+/Ru3+/Ru+': [2129], 'regenerated': [2135, 2894], 'induced': [2139, 2386, 3893], 'elimination.': [2141, 2480], 'Calculations': [2142], 'state': [2149, 3740], 'Ru+': [2154], '8.6': [2157], 'kcal/mol': [2158], 'supported': [2169, 3055], 'oxidation-induced': [2171], 'mechanism.': [2174], '6': [2176], '(a–h)': [2178], 'Ru4+/Ru3+/Ru2+/Ru+': [2184], 'intermediates.': [2185], 'Rhodium': [2190], 'also': [2193, 2266], 'transformations.': [2200], 'fact': [2202], 'Rh3+': [2204, 2289, 2671], 'readily': [2206, 3979], 'Rh0': [2209], 'aqueous': [2211, 2555, 2733, 2791, 3185], 'media': [2212, 2764], '(0.76': [2213], 'NHE)': [2216, 3198], 'must': [2217], 'considered': [2219], 'designing': [2221], 'Rh-catalyzed': [2224, 2229], 'group,54': [2238], 'α-alkenylation': [2241], 'carboxylic': [2244], '7-1': [2246], 'electron-deficient': [2248], '7-2': [2250], '7a).': [2252], 'transformation,': [2255], 'Cp*': [2257, 2490], 'acted': [2260], 'anionic': [2263, 2738], '[RhCp*Cl2]2': [2268], 'against': [2269, 3220], '(Ered': [2272, 3193], '−0.35': [2274], 'SHE).': [2277], 'KOAc': [2280], '7-3': [2283], 'influenced': [2284], 'It': [2291], 'Cp*Rh+': [2298, 2456], '7-A': [2300], 'Cp*Rh3+': [2307, 2314], '7-B': [2309], '7b).': [2311], 'Using': [2312, 3300, 3452, 4039], 'complex,': [2315, 2589], 'research': [2318], 'extended': [2320], 'C–C': [2326, 3263], 'alkenylation': [2327], '7c),55': [2329], 'C–H/C–N/alkyne': [2330], 'electroflow': [2334], '7d),56': [2337], 'annulative': [2338, 2344], 'polycyclic': [2339], 'arene': [2340], '7e),57': [2343], 'aza-polycyclic': [2347], 'hydrocarbons': [2349], '7f),58': [2351], 'olefination': [2353], '7g),59': [2357], 'chromones': [2360], '7h),60': [2362], '[5+2]': [2364], '7i).61': [2368], 'co-workers62': [2371], '[Cp*RhCl2]2': [2373], 'scalable': [2376], 'phosphorylation': [2381], '7j).': [2391], '[Cp*RhCl2]2-catalyzed': [2396], 'vinylic': [2398, 3310], 'acrylamides': [2403], 'alkynes,': [2405], 'group63': [2407], 'two': [2413], 'indicated': [2419], 'substituent': [2422], 'amide': [2428], 'determines': [2430], 'whether': [2431], 'proceeds': [2434], 'stepwise': [2437, 2540], 'ionic': [2438], 'concerted': [2442], '7k).': [2446], 'Chang’s': [2447], 'group64': [2448], 'investigated': [2449, 2978], '7l)': [2466], 'rhodacyclic': [2474], 'carboxylate': [2475], 'enabled': [2477], '7': [2482], '(a–l)': [2484], 'Stabilization': [2485], 'Rh': [2487, 2583], 'Recently,': [2499], 'Gooßen’s': [2500], 'group65': [2501], 'RhCl3-catalyzed': [2506, 2560], 'C–H/C–H': [2509], 'benzoic': [2512, 2564, 3319], '8).': [2515], 'dimethylformamide': [2521], '(DMF),': [2522], 'RhCl3.3H2O': [2523], 'provides': [2524], 'higher': [2526], '[Cp*RhCl2]2.': [2529], 'Cyclic': [2530], 'voltammetry': [2531, 3110], 'measurement': [2532], 'showed': [2533], 'DMF,': [2536], 'RhCl3': [2537], 'accepted': [2538], 'electrons': [2539, 3992], '0.12': [2542], '−0.38': [2544], 'versus': [2546, 3089, 3152, 3371, 3671], 'SHE,': [2547], 'behavior': [2549], 'differed': [2551], 'media.': [2556], '8': [2558], 'acids.': [2565], 'group66': [2573], 'dimetallic': [2582], 'complex.': [2584], 'Instead': [2585], 'Cp*Rh': [2588], '[Rh(OAc)2]2,': [2590], 'dimeric': [2594], 'structure,': [2595], 'product': [2603, 2695, 3484], 'selectivity': [2604, 3735], 'controlled': [2606], 'quantity': [2610], 'electricity.': [2612], 'From': [2613], 'amides': [2614, 2631, 3041], 'ketones': [2616], '9-1,': [2617], '9-3': [2619], '2.2–2.5': [2623], 'F/mol': [2624, 2635], 'electricity,': [2625], 'N-Me': [2630], '9-2': [2632], '4.0': [2634], 'gave': [2636, 3512, 3936], 'annulated': [2637], '9-4': [2639], '9a).': [2641], '9b),': [2648], '[Rh(OAc)2]2': [2649], 'presumed': [2651], 'give': [2659, 2681, 2703, 3504], 'Rh3+/Rh3+': [2660], 'dimer': [2661], '9-A.': [2662], 'Subsequent': [2663], 'cleavage': [2664], 'bond': [2669, 2861], 'afforded': [2672, 3944], '9-B,': [2675], 'reacted': [2677], 'CF3CO2−': [2679], '9-C;': [2682], '9-C': [2689], '9-3.': [2692], 'N-methyl': [2694], 'Shono': [2697], 'intramolecular': [2700], '9-4.': [2704], '9': [2706], 'b)': [2710, 2908, 3532, 3823, 4027], '[Rh(OAc)2]2-catalyzed': [2711], 'bimetallic': [2713], 'oxygenation.': [2715], 'Palladium': [2720], '(Pd)': [2721], 'well-known': [2723], 'high': [2726, 3365, 3572], 'potential,': [2728], 'even': [2729, 3973], 'acidic': [2732, 2830], 'solution': [2734, 3958], 'coordinative': [2737], '(EPdCl4/Pd': [2740], '0.62': [2742], 'SHE': [2745, 3090], 'HCl).': [2747], 'pioneering': [2750], 'work': [2751], 'Pd': [2754, 2855, 2955, 3147], 'many': [2757, 2948], 'configuration.67–78': [2769], 'group79': [2774], 'Pd-catalyzed': [2779, 2909, 2979, 3170], 'solution.': [2792], 'By': [2793], 'employing': [2794], '2-aryl': [2795, 2914], 'pyridines': [2796, 2915], '10-1': [2797], 'potassium': [2801], 'trifluoroalkylborates': [2802], '10-2': [2803, 2872], 'reagents,': [2806], 'corresponding': [2811], 'alkylated': [2812, 3947], '10-3': [2814], 'up': [2816], '70%': [2818], '10a).': [2821], 'mixed': [2829], 'solvent': [2831, 3122], 'Pt': [2833, 3413], 'facilitate': [2838], 'Pd2+': [2843, 2896, 3097, 3130], 'reduction.': [2844, 3204, 3222], 'pathway,': [2849], '10-A': [2852], '(generated': [2853], 'into': [2857], '10-1–Pd(OAc)2': [2864], 'complex)': [2865], 'transmetalation': [2870], 'Pd3+': [2876], 'Pd4+': [2878], '10-B': [2881], '10-C,': [2883], 'respectively).': [2884], 'yielded': [2890], '10b.': [2902], '10': [2904], 'phosphine': [2927, 2949, 3115, 3477], 'hampered': [2933, 3389], 'therefore,': [2941], 'sacrificial': [2943], 'necessary.': [2946], 'Since': [2947], 'studying': [2957], 'Pd–phosphine': [2961], 'important.': [2967], 'Lei': [2974], 'co-workers,80': [2976], 'oxidative': [2981, 3172], 'aminocarbonylation': [2982, 3024, 3173], 'terminal': [2984, 3175, 3386, 3430, 3538], 'alkynes': [2985, 3176, 3323, 3387, 3432, 3466, 3470], '11-1': [2986], 'CO': [2988, 2997], '11).': [2994], 'Considering': [2995], 'mixing': [2996], 'raises': [3001], 'safety': [3002], 'issues,': [3003], 'necessary': [3006], 'develop': [3008], 'air,': [3020], 'conventional': [3023], 'Lei’s': [3026], 'group80': [3027], 'ammonium': [3029], 'salts,': [3030], 'primary': [3031], 'amines,': [3032], 'sources': [3038], 'prepare': [3040], '11-2,': [3042], '11-3,': [3043], '11-4,': [3045], 'respectively': [3046], '11a).': [3048], 'Quick-scanning': [3049], 'X-ray': [3050], 'absorption': [3051], 'fine-structure': [3052], 'spectroscopy': [3053], '(Q-XAFS)': [3054], 'involvement': [3057], 'Pd0/Pd2+': [3060], '11b).': [3073], 'Given': [3074], 'Pd2++': [3081], '2e': [3082], 'Pd0': [3084], 'half-reaction': [3085], '0.92': [3087], '(0.72': [3091], 'Ag/AgCl),': [3094], 'possible': [3102], 'series': [3107], 'cyclic': [3109], 'experiments': [3111], '(PAr3),': [3117], 'CO,': [3118], 'nBuOH': [3121], 'all': [3123], 'play': [3124], 'important': [3125], 'roles': [3126], 'stabilizing': [3128], 'combined': [3137], 'effects': [3138], 'factors': [3141], 'shift': [3142], 'Ered': [3144], '−1.84': [3150], 'Ag/AgCl,': [3153], 'beyond': [3156], 'window': [3160, 3825], '11c).': [3165], '11': [3167], '(a–c)': [3169], 'evolution.': [3179], 'solutions,': [3186], 'Ir': [3189, 3211, 3239], 'cations': [3190], 'Ir0': [3192], '0.77–1.16': [3195], 'likely': [3201, 3940], 'proton': [3203], 'solvents,': [3208], 'suitable': [3214], 'group81': [3226], 'Ir-catalyzed': [3231, 3309, 3335], 'electro-oxidative': [3232], '12a).': [3237], 'An': [3238], 'anion': [3243, 3703], 'derived': [3244], 'pentamethyl': [3246], 'cyclopentadiene': [3247], '(EIII/II': [3251], '−1.86': [3253], 'Fc+/0)': [3256], 'intermolecular': [3258], 'C–O,': [3261], 'base-assisted': [3267], 'internal': [3268, 3322], 'electrophilic-type': [3269], 'substitution': [3270], 'During': [3272], 'regeneration,': [3274], 'benzoquinone,': [3275], 'couple': [3279], 'hydroquinone': [3280], '12-A)': [3282], 'shuttled': [3283], 'IrI': [3287], '12-B': [3289], 'furnish': [3294], 'IrIII': [3295], '12-C': [3297], '12b).': [3299], 'precursor,': [3304], 'group82,83': [3306], '12c)82': [3314], 'regioselective': [3316], '12d).83': [3325], 'Shi': [3328, 3373], 'co-workers84': [3330], '12e).': [3342], '12': [3344], '(a–e)': [3346], 'Cp*-stabilized': [3351], 'cationic': [3352], 'Ir.': [3353], 'Gold': [3358], 'highly': [3360], 'stable,': [3361], 'remarkably': [3364], 'EAu+/Au': [3366], 'value': [3367, 3719], '1.8': [3369], 'SHE;': [3372], 'co-workers85': [3375], 'attempts': [3379], 'Au-catalyzed': [3382], 'decomposition': [3392], 'catalyst.': [3396, 3526], 'To': [3397], 'unwanted': [3400], 'side': [3401], 'excess': [3405], 'acid': [3406], 'enhance': [3408], '1,2,3-triazole': [3419], '(TA)–Au': [3420], 'homo': [3427], '13-1': [3433], 'mixture': [3440], 'MeCN/HOAc': [3442], 'obtain': [3444], '13-2': [3446], '13a).': [3451], 'protocol,': [3456], 'hetero': [3461], '13-3': [3467], 'aliphatic': [3469], '13-4,': [3471], 'bearing': [3476], 'phenanthroline': [3479], '13-5.': [3486], '13b),': [3493], 'Au+–alkynyl': [3494], '13-A': [3496], 'two-electron': [3498], 'oxidations': [3499], 'Au3+': [3505], '13-B.': [3507], 'exchange': [3511], '13-C,': [3513], 'elimination,': [3517], 'regeneration': [3522, 4006], 'Au+': [3525], '13': [3528], 'Gold-catalyzed': [3533], 'alkynes.': [3539], 'Photoelectrochemical': [3544], 'dialed': [3563], 'in.': [3564], 'difficult': [3568], 'processes,': [3570], 'limit': [3576], 'functional': [3577], 'tolerance': [3579], 'undesired': [3582], 'overoxidation': [3583], '-reduction.': [3585], 'merger': [3588], 'photocatalysis': [3592], 'allows': [3593], 'access': [3594, 3696], 'strongly': [3596, 3699], 'oxidizing': [3597], 'reducing': [3599, 3700], 'potentials': [3604], 'provided': [3611], 'photoirradiation': [3613], '14a': [3615], '14b).': [3617], 'excited': [3621, 3701, 3739, 3900], 'Fukuzumi86': [3622], 'Mes-Acr+': [3624, 3644, 3862, 3892, 3922], 'strong': [3627], '2.06': [3631, 3659], 'saturated': [3634], 'calomel': [3635], '(SCE)].': [3637], 'turning': [3645], 'over': [3646], 'kept': [3655, 3716], 'substantially': [3656], 'V,': [3660], 'Mes-Acr•': [3666, 3908, 3918], 'around': [3668], '−0.60': [3669], 'SCE': [3672], '(estimated': [3673], 'Mes-Acr+).87': [3679], 'combining': [3683], 'dicyanoanthracene': [3687], '(DCA)': [3688], 'photoexcitation': [3690], 'DCA•−': [3694], 'allowed': [3695], 'radical': [3702, 3801, 3913, 3917, 3957, 3967], '[DCA•−]*': [3704], '(Eoxd': [3705], '−3.2': [3707, 3723], 'V).': [3708], 'case,': [3711], 'positive': [3721], 'DCA': [3726], '−0.82': [3730], 'V.88': [3731], 'transient': [3738], 'expected': [3742], 'persistent': [3750, 3916], 'mediator.': [3753], 'As': [3754], 'result,': [3756], 'synthetic': [3757, 3808], 'photoelectrochemistry': [3758, 3809], 'potentially': [3761], 'tool': [3763], 'overcoming': [3765], 'limitations': [3769], 'associated': [3770], 'photochemistry': [3774, 3778], 'alone.': [3775], 'Electrochemistry': [3776], 'merged': [3783], '1979': [3788], 'when': [3789], 'Moutet': [3790], 'Reverdy89': [3792], 'photoinduced': [3794], 'electrochemically': [3798], 'cations;': [3802], 'however,': [3803], 'after': [3804], 'early': [3806, 3836], 'studies,': [3807], 'did': [3810], 'receive': [3812], 'much': [3813], 'attention': [3814], 'until': [3815], 'very': [3816], 'recently.90,91': [3817], '14': [3819], 'Redox': [3824], 'photocatalysts': [3827], 'co-workers92': [3840], 'efficient': [3842], 'photoelectrocatalytic': [3843], 'Minisci': [3844], 'heteroarenes': [3850, 4032], '15-1': [3851], 'primary,': [3853], 'secondary,': [3854], 'tertiary': [3856], 'organotrifluoroborates': [3857], '15-2': [3858], '15a': [3864], '15b).': [3866], 'conducted': [3870], 'constant': [3877], 'current': [3878], 'mA': [3881], 'irradiation': [3883, 3890], 'blue': [3885], 'light-emitting': [3886], 'diodes': [3887], '(LEDs).': [3888], 'Mechanistically,': [3889], 'organotrifluoroborate': [3898], 'Mes-Acr+*': [3901], '15-A)': [3903], '15-B)': [3910], 'alkyl': [3912, 3956, 3976], '15-C.': [3914], 'reoxidized': [3920], 'complete': [3924], 'Meanwhile,': [3928], 'addition': [3930], '15-C': [3932], 'protonated': [3934], 'heteroarene': [3935, 3948], '15-D;': [3937], 'rearomatization,': [3939], 'assisted': [3941], 'Mes-Acr+,': [3943], 'final': [3946], 'product.': [3949], 'Due': [3950], 'bulk': [3953], 'production': [3954], 'away': [3959], 'electrode,': [3962], 'carbocation': [3970], 'avoided,': [3972], 'though': [3974], 'electron-rich': [3975], 'radicals': [3977], 'Ep/2': [3982], '(t-Bu•)': [3983], '0.09': [3985], 'SCE).': [3988], 'protons': [3994], 'able': [3996], 'combine': [3998], 'H2.': [4001], 'ground-state': [4009], 'obviated': [4015], 'oxidants.': [4021], '15': [4023], 'Photoelectrocatalytic': [4028], 'organotrifluoroborates.': [4034], 'Langlois': [4041], 'reagent,': [4042], 'group93': [4044], 'undirected': [4046], 'trifluoromethylation': [4047], 'electrophotocatalytic': [4054]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3217396523', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 128}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 144}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 61}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-24T05:24:09.096844', 'created_date': '2021-12-06'}
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