Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3209319219', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207007', 'title': 'Effect of Lagrangian-phase Modelling on Charge Stratification and Spatial Distribution of Threshold Soot Index for Toluene Reference Fuel Surrogates', 'display_name': 'Effect of Lagrangian-phase Modelling on Charge Stratification and Spatial Distribution of Threshold Soot Index for Toluene Reference Fuel Surrogates', 'publication_year': 2021, 'publication_date': '2021-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3209319219', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207007', 'mag': '3209319219'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207007', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/88/e3sconf_ati2021_07007.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210186093', 'display_name': 'E3S Web of Conferences', 'issn_l': '2267-1242', 'issn': ['2267-1242', '2555-0403'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319748', 'host_organization_name': 'EDP Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319748'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['EDP Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'doaj'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'diamond', 'oa_url': 'https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/88/e3sconf_ati2021_07007.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065652755', 'display_name': 'Valentina Pessina', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2257-4457'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I122346577', 'display_name': 'University of Modena and Reggio Emilia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02d4c4y02', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I122346577']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Valentina Pessina', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, Modena 41125, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, Modena 41125, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I122346577']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5070542988', 'display_name': 'Massimo Borghi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1738-6777'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I122346577', 'display_name': 'University of Modena and Reggio Emilia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02d4c4y02', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I122346577']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Massimo Borghi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, Modena 41125, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, Modena 41125, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I122346577']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5065652755'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I122346577'], 'apc_list': {'value': 0, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 0, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 57}, 'biblio': {'volume': '312', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '07007', 'last_page': '07007'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10117', 'display_name': 'Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1507', 'display_name': 'Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/15', 'display_name': 'Chemical Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10117', 'display_name': 'Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1507', 'display_name': 'Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/15', 'display_name': 'Chemical Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10075', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols', 'score': 0.9971, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10192', 'display_name': 'Catalytic Processes in Materials Science', 'score': 0.9969, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775925408', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13174856', 'display_name': 'Soot', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9313612}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105923489', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235', 'display_name': 'Combustion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6432004}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103697071', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558', 'display_name': 'Gasoline', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6238221}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159063594', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382', 'display_name': 'Ignition system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48719805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778142098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15779', 'display_name': 'Toluene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46838406}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.45252413}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21880701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042', 'display_name': 'Process engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4131837}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30065113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2438905}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14935538}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.1244075}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09302476}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207007', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/88/e3sconf_ati2021_07007.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210186093', 'display_name': 'E3S Web of Conferences', 'issn_l': '2267-1242', 'issn': ['2267-1242', '2555-0403'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319748', 'host_organization_name': 'EDP Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319748'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['EDP Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doaj.org/article/fade8cafe9214acc954689d281aa251f', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401280', 'display_name': 'DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207007', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/88/e3sconf_ati2021_07007.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210186093', 'display_name': 'E3S Web of Conferences', 'issn_l': '2267-1242', 'issn': ['2267-1242', '2555-0403'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319748', 'host_organization_name': 'EDP Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319748'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['EDP Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7', 'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.67}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 46, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1480733332', 'https://openalex.org/W1967373004', 'https://openalex.org/W2025633672', 'https://openalex.org/W2033428036', 'https://openalex.org/W2075283881', 'https://openalex.org/W2077567658', 'https://openalex.org/W2093623261', 'https://openalex.org/W2132154236', 'https://openalex.org/W2199819698', 'https://openalex.org/W2220736046', 'https://openalex.org/W2259574836', 'https://openalex.org/W2266554088', 'https://openalex.org/W2267119577', 'https://openalex.org/W2345569020', 'https://openalex.org/W2468824180', 'https://openalex.org/W2477125077', 'https://openalex.org/W2490040947', 'https://openalex.org/W2592157160', 'https://openalex.org/W2592329831', 'https://openalex.org/W2758948178', 'https://openalex.org/W2773411653', 'https://openalex.org/W2811147779', 'https://openalex.org/W2926477527', 'https://openalex.org/W2949711515', 'https://openalex.org/W2949911098', 'https://openalex.org/W2953155336', 'https://openalex.org/W2953969620', 'https://openalex.org/W2964078505', 'https://openalex.org/W2994307858', 'https://openalex.org/W2994642288', 'https://openalex.org/W2994895917', 'https://openalex.org/W2995924400', 'https://openalex.org/W2996237861', 'https://openalex.org/W3003253798', 'https://openalex.org/W3011387408', 'https://openalex.org/W3016977431', 'https://openalex.org/W3037556282', 'https://openalex.org/W3041808218', 'https://openalex.org/W3056749138', 'https://openalex.org/W3092103065', 'https://openalex.org/W3092772254', 'https://openalex.org/W3094178050', 'https://openalex.org/W3129924255', 'https://openalex.org/W3136293509', 'https://openalex.org/W3136443090', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W820652005', 'https://openalex.org/W4205938170', 'https://openalex.org/W2771822283', 'https://openalex.org/W2440558995', 'https://openalex.org/W2175724669', 'https://openalex.org/W2053054623', 'https://openalex.org/W2021733045', 'https://openalex.org/W2019127932', 'https://openalex.org/W2007105342', 'https://openalex.org/W1484751800'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Nowadays,': [0], 'soot': [1, 35, 111, 226], 'emissions': [2], 'are': [3, 30, 150, 242], 'one': [4, 81], 'of': [5, 45, 50, 54, 76, 86, 110, 122, 143, 158, 168, 187, 223, 238, 260], 'the': [6, 40, 46, 48, 51, 73, 77, 80, 83, 87, 108, 117, 120, 132, 140, 159, 165, 169, 174, 198, 202, 206, 220, 224, 235, 239, 261], 'major': [7], 'concerns': [8], 'in': [9, 173, 205], 'Direct': [10], 'Injection': [11], 'Spark': [12], 'Ignition': [13], 'engines.': [14], 'Soot': [15, 171], 'prediction': [16], 'models': [17], 'can': [18, 92, 213], 'be': [19, 32, 93], 'computationally': [20, 59], 'expensive,': [21], 'especially': [22], 'when': [23], 'particle': [24], 'mass,': [25], 'number,': [26], 'and': [27, 42, 101, 113, 201, 247, 267], 'size': [28], 'distribution': [29, 167, 204], 'to': [31, 65, 71, 97, 129, 153], 'forecast.': [33], 'While': [34], 'formation': [36, 112], 'heavily': [37], 'depends': [38], 'on': [39], 'chemical': [41, 134], 'physical': [43], 'characteristics': [44], 'fuel,': [47], 'simulation': [49], 'exact': [52], 'composition': [53], 'a': [55, 94, 126, 144, 244, 248, 256], 'real': [56, 145, 160], 'gasoline': [57], 'is': [58, 63, 125, 177], 'unfeasible.': [60], 'Thus,': [61], 'it': [62], 'essential': [64], 'find': [66], 'simplified': [67, 95], 'yet': [68], 'representative': [69], 'pathways': [70], 'reduce': [72], 'computational': [74, 221], 'cost': [75], 'simulations.': [78], 'On': [79, 116], 'hand,': [82, 119], 'a-priori': [84], 'investigation': [85], 'factors': [88], 'influencing': [89], 'particulate': [90], 'onset': [91], 'approach': [96, 128, 246], 'compare': [98], 'different': [99], 'solutions': [100], 'strategies': [102], 'with': [103, 131], 'much': [104], 'cheaper': [105], 'costs': [106], 'than': [107], 'modelling': [109, 259], 'oxidation': [114], 'mechanisms.': [115], 'other': [118], 'use': [121], 'surrogate': [123, 262], 'fuels': [124], 'practical': [127], 'cope': [130], 'fuel': [133, 203, 241], 'nature.': [135], 'Although': [136], 'they': [137], 'poorly': [138], 'mimic': [139], 'evaporation': [141], 'properties': [142, 157, 263], 'gasoline,': [146], 'Toluene': [147], 'Reference': [148], 'Fuels': [149], 'broadly': [151], 'adopted': [152], 'match': [154], 'combustion': [155, 207], 'relevant': [156], 'fuels.': [161], 'In': [162, 230], 'this': [163, 252], 'study,': [164], 'spatial': [166], 'Threshold': [170], 'Index': [172], 'fluid': [175], 'domain': [176], 'investigated': [178], 'for': [179, 234, 264], 'three': [180], 'surrogates': [181], 'characterized': [182], 'by': [183, 255], 'an': [184], 'increasing': [185], 'content': [186], 'toluene': [188], '(0': [189], 'mol%,': [190, 192], '30': [191], '60': [193], 'mol%).': [194], 'The': [195], 'correlation': [196], 'between': [197], 'sooting': [199], 'tendency': [200], 'chamber': [208], 'before': [209], 'spark': [210], 'ignition': [211], 'time': [212], 'provide': [214], 'useful': [215], 'preliminary': [216], 'indications,': [217], 'without': [218], 'spending': [219], 'effort': [222], 'whole': [225], 'model': [227], 'multicycle': [228], 'resolution.': [229], 'particular,': [231], 'two': [232], 'approaches': [233], 'lagrangian': [236], 'description': [237], 'injected': [240], 'investigated:': [243], 'multicomponent': [245], 'single': [249], 'component': [250], 'one,': [251], 'last': [253], 'driven': [254], 'high-fidelity': [257], 'lumped': [258], 'both': [265], 'liquid': [266], 'vapor': [268], 'phase.': [269]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3209319219', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T18:40:50.194923', 'created_date': '2021-11-08'}