The insulin centennial—100 years of milestones in biochemistry

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Alan Attie; Qi-Qun Tang; Karin Bornfeldt
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198], 'biology.': [74], 'centennial': [76], 'is': [77, 361, 408, 446, 453, 520, 587, 593, 634, 988, 1017, 1308, 1425, 1512, 1612, 1888, 2050, 2073, 2086, 2393, 2464, 2583, 3122, 3499, 3678, 3817, 3936, 4012, 4409], 'being': [78], 'celebrated': [79], 'by': [80, 411, 480, 526, 611, 703, 750, 827, 983, 1099, 1196, 1303, 1360, 1443, 1622, 1759, 1808, 1944, 2052, 2494, 2559, 2732, 2805, 2851, 2964, 3124, 3170, 3178, 3226, 3235, 3344, 3367, 3415, 3542, 3671, 3839, 3896, 3978, 4003, 4008, 4081, 4107, 4111, 4166, 4197, 4308, 4413], 'retelling': [82], 'this': [84, 272, 326, 348, 359, 377, 404, 425, 434, 467, 626, 932, 935, 999, 1151, 2471, 2582, 2868], 'extraordinary': [85], 'story': [86, 1152], 'research': [89, 155], 'triumphs': [90], 'mark': [92], 'trajectory': [94], 'present.': [97], 'Several': [98], 'journals': [99, 341], 'have': [100, 275, 385, 659, 662, 1789, 2486, 2568], 'already': [101], 'paid': [102], 'tribute': [103], 'these': [105, 382, 1762, 3897], 'events': [106], '(1Sims': [107], 'E.K.': [108], 'Carr': [109], 'A.L.J.': [110], 'Oram': [111], 'R.A.': [112], 'DiMeglio': [113], 'L.A.': [114], 'Evans-Molina': [115], 'C.': [116, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2417, 2612, 2614, 2660, 2899, 2907, 3097], '100': [117, 151, 201, 216], 'insulin:': [120], 'Celebrating': [121], 'past,': [123], 'present': [124, 2087], 'future': [126], 'diabetes': [128, 233, 407, 418, 730, 911, 1538, 1975, 2121, 2125, 2164, 2213, 2335, 2340, 2369], 'therapy.Nat.': [129], 'Med.': [130, 778, 2024, 3579], '2021;': [131, 159, 183, 206, 236, 3718], '27:': [132], '1154-1164Crossref': [133], 'PubMed': [134, 162, 185, 209, 239, 782, 871, 961, 1182, 1218, 1290, 1373, 1472, 1589, 1699, 1745, 1850, 1958, 2028, 2110, 2152, 2227, 2288, 2362, 2454, 2552, 2644, 2700, 2774, 2934, 2978, 3061, 3141, 3215, 3290, 3308, 3356, 3405, 3444, 3526, 3584, 3639, 3721, 3767, 3812, 4055, 4162, 4190, 4250, 4282, 4323, 4360], 'Scopus': [135, 163, 186, 210, 240, 872, 1183, 1473, 1590, 1700, 1746, 2029, 2153, 2228, 2289, 2363, 2455, 2553, 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737, 766, 774, 805, 821, 929, 943, 953, 981, 1013, 1047, 1082, 1089, 1115, 1127, 1145, 1166, 1195, 1243, 1297, 1333, 1440, 1467, 1511, 1527, 1533, 1772, 1787, 1827, 1883, 2396, 2403, 2414, 2435, 2475, 2510, 2540, 2688, 2846, 2886, 2922, 2968, 2986, 2993, 3013, 3050, 3078, 3224, 3238, 3255, 3276, 3342, 3604, 3749, 3794, 3825, 3837, 3873, 4004, 4038, 4083, 4204, 4221, 4272, 4396], 'Toronto:': [148], 'Beginning': [149, 3146], 'year': [152], 'journey': [153], 'clinical': [157, 2145], 'achievement.Diabetologia.': [158], '64:': [160], '947-953Crossref': [161], '(8)': [164, 2646], '3Lewis': [167], 'G.F.': [168, 2622], 'Brubaker': [169], 'P.L.': [170], 'revisited:': [175], 'Lessons': [176], 'modern': [179], 'era.J.': [180], 'Clin.': [181, 956, 1953, 2929, 3284, 3350], 'Invest.': [182, 957, 1954, 2930], '131e142239Crossref': [184], '(5)': [187], '4White': [190], 'M.F.': [191], 'Kahn': [192], 'C.R.': [193, 215, 4025], 'Insulin': [194, 1281, 3904], 'action': [195, 1041, 3324, 3709, 3747, 3792, 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698, 1177, 1179, 1742, 2107, 2222, 2224, 2283, 2285, 2357, 2359, 2449, 2451, 2547, 2549, 2639, 2641, 2695, 2697, 2769, 2771, 3056, 3058, 3136, 3138, 3523, 3764, 3809, 4052, 4159, 4247, 4318, 4320, 4355, 4357], 'Text': [552, 699, 1178, 1180, 1743, 2108, 2223, 2225, 2284, 2286, 2358, 2360, 2450, 2452, 2548, 2550, 2640, 2642, 2696, 2698, 2770, 2772, 3057, 3059, 3137, 3139, 3524, 3765, 3810, 4053, 4160, 4248, 4319, 4321, 4356, 4358], 'PDF': [553, 700, 1181, 1744, 2109, 2226, 2287, 2361, 2453, 2551, 2643, 2699, 2773, 3060, 3140, 3525, 3766, 3811, 4054, 4161, 4249, 4322, 4359], 'They': [556, 923], 'tested': [557], 'series': [559], 'alcohols,': [561], 'acetone,': [562], 'ether,': [563], 'toluene,': [564], 'xylene,': [565], 'trichloroacetic': [566], 'acid,': [567], 'salts.': [570], 'method': [572, 608, 1119], 'centrifuge': [575], 'precipitate,': [577], 'resuspend': [578], 'water,': [580], 'immediately': [582], 'inject': [583], 'rabbits.': [585], 'about': [590, 2133], 'inconclusive': [595], 'regarding': [598], 'insulin’s': [599], 'properties.': [600], 'It': [601, 633, 646, 4193], 'did': [602], 'promote': [604], 'any': [605, 652], 'one': [606, 3772, 3777], 'ended': [610], 'saying,': [612], '“With': [613], 'regard': [614], 'properties': [617], 'as': [620, 716, 1328, 1418, 1573, 1615, 2299, 2330, 2557, 2730, 2877, 3147, 3149, 3465, 3820, 3860, 3902], 'observed': [624], 'laboratory,': [627], 'much': [629, 3253], 'can': [630, 1008, 1605, 2400, 2821, 3596, 3899, 4431], 'be': [631, 734, 1134, 2822, 3316, 3900], 'said.': [632], 'white,': [636], 'amorphous': [637], 'powder': [638], 'probably': [639], 'insoluble': [640], 'neutral': [642], 'water': [643], 'when': [644, 816, 3631, 4095], 'pure.': [645], 'gives': [647, 2812], 'no': [648, 2343, 3959], 'protein': [649, 1230, 1259, 1405, 1602, 4344], 'kind,': [653], 'potent': [657], 'analyzed': [661], 'low': [665], 'nitrogen': [666], 'content,': [667], '4': [668], '6%': [670], 'dry': [671], 'weight.”': [672], 'real': [674], 'significance': [675], 'Scholar)': [702, 1220, 1703, 2556, 4164, 4327, 4364], 'Murlin,': [706], 'however,': [707], 'glucagon,': [712, 3376], 'they': [714, 3889], 'described': [715], '“hyperglycemic': [718], 'substance”': [719], 'Patients': [728], 'went': [731, 1377], 'treated': [735], 'purified': [738, 2756, 3317], 'cattle': [740], 'or': [741, 889, 1897, 1905, 1911], 'pigs.': [742], 'However,': [743, 1003], 'development': [746, 2326, 2382, 3221, 3530], 'radioimmunoassay': [749, 944, 3225], 'Rosalyn': [751, 876], 'Yalow': [752, 877, 903, 3227], 'Solomon': [754], 'Berson': [755, 758, 901, 947, 3229], '(7Yalow': [756], 'R.S.': [757, 946], 'S.A.': [759, 948, 1562, 3335], 'Reaction': [760], 'fish': [762], 'insulins': [763], 'antiserums.': [767], 'Potential': [768, 4218], 'value': [769], 'treatment': [772, 2333, 3573], 'resistance.N.': [775], 'Engl.': [776, 2022], 'J.': [777, 1214, 1540, 1665, 1722, 1925, 1929, 1933, 1995, 2023, 2190, 2254, 2604, 2942, 3020, 3333, 3495, 3615], '1964;': [779, 3287, 3305], '270:': [780], '1171-1178Crossref': [781], 'Scholar),': [784, 1476, 1960, 2231, 3769], 'clear': [787], 'patients': [790, 907], 'developed': [791, 1339], 'antibodies': [792], 'against': [793], 'bovine': [794], 'porcine': [796, 1439], 'making': [798], 'less': [800, 1912], 'effective': [801, 3480], 'time.': [803], 'Human': [804], 'become': [809], 'available': [810, 3551], 'until': [811], 'late': [812, 4093], '1970s,': [815], 'genetically': [819], 'engineered': [820], 'Escherichia': [825, 853], 'coli': [826, 854], 'Genentech': [830], '(8Goeddel': [831], 'D.V.': [832], 'Kleid': [833], 'D.G.': [834, 840], 'Bolivar': [835], 'F.': [836, 1204, 1345, 1921, 1937, 2515, 2737], 'Heyneker': [837], 'H.L.': [838, 1927], 'Yansura': [839], 'Crea': [841], 'R.': [842, 1208, 1720, 1923, 2184, 2513, 2598, 2608, 2895, 3026, 3485, 3739, 3784], 'Hirose': [843], 'T.': [844, 1939, 2656, 2748, 3489, 4125, 4266], 'Kraszewski': [845], 'A.': [846, 867, 1369, 1550, 1585, 1695, 1716, 2178, 2517, 2594, 2740, 3038, 3440], 'Itakura': [847], 'K.': [848, 2246, 2744, 2915, 2949, 4300], 'Riggs': [849], 'A.D.': [850], 'Expression': [851, 3420], 'chemically': [856], 'synthesized': [857, 1417, 3679], 'genes': [858, 2116, 2373], 'insulin.Proc.': [861], 'Natl.': [862, 1364, 1580, 1690, 3435], 'Acad.': [863, 1365, 1581, 1691, 3436], 'Sci.': [864, 1366, 1582, 1692, 2353, 3437], 'U.': [865, 1367, 1583, 1693, 3110, 3438], 'S.': [866, 1368, 1566, 1584, 1694, 1991, 2168, 2256, 2618, 2742, 3016, 3439, 3701, 3743, 3788, 4135, 4296], '1979;': [868], '76:': [869], '106-110Crossref': [870], '(532)': [873], 'second': [880, 1676], 'woman': [881], 'receive': [883], 'Nobel': [885, 1224, 1496], 'Prize': [886, 1497], 'Physiology': [888], 'Medicine': [890], 'her': [892, 1503], 'work.': [893], 'Gerty': [897], 'Cori': [898], '(see': [899], 'below).': [900], 'quickly': [904], 'realized': [905], 'type': [909, 1000, 1951, 3575], '2': [910, 3576], 'often': [914], 'insulin-deficient': [916], 'fact': [919], 'hyperinsulinemia.': [922], 'anticipated': [924], 'intense': [926], 'focus': [927], 'resistance': [930], 'comment': [936], 'their': [938, 3849, 3952], 'famous': [939], 'publication': [940], 'describing': [941], '(9Yalow': [945], 'Immunoassay': [949], 'endogenous': [951], 'plasma': [952, 1114, 4016, 4212, 4240, 4377, 4407], 'man.J.': [955, 3349], '1960;': [958], '39:': [959], '1157-1175Crossref': [960], 'Scholar):': [963], '“appreciation': [964], 'lack': [967], 'responsiveness': [969], 'sugar,': [972], 'face': [975], 'apparently': [977], 'adequate': [978], 'amounts': [979], 'secreted': [982], 'maturity-onset': [985, 2124, 2212, 2368], 'diabetic': [986, 4045], 'subjects,': [987], 'obviously': [989], 'importance': [991], 'interpretation': [994, 3300], 'pathogenesis': [997], 'diabetes.': [1002], 'data': [1005, 3898], 'hand': [1007], 'only': [1009], 'indicate': [1010], 'absolute': [1012], 'deficiency': [1014], 'per': [1015], 'se': [1016], 'cause': [1020, 1530, 1537, 1575, 1618, 1971, 2237, 2410], 'hyperglycemia': [1023], 'suggest': [1025], 'possibilities': [1027], 'merit': [1029], 'investigation,': [1030], 'namely': [1031], 'abnormal': [1033, 1046], 'tissues': [1034, 3912], 'high': [1037, 3501], 'threshold': [1038], 'insulin;': [1043], '(2)': [1044], 'acts': [1049, 3905], 'poorly': [1050], 'respect': [1052], 'hormonal': [1054], 'activity': [1055, 2266, 3850], 'vivo': [1057], 'reacts': [1059], 'well': [1060], 'immunologically': [1061, 1077], 'vitro;': [1063], '(3)': [1064], 'abnormally': [1066], 'rapid': [1067], 'inactivation': [1068], 'hormonally': [1070], 'active': [1071, 1078], 'sites': [1072, 1079, 3711], '…': [1073], 'molecules;': [1083], 'presence': [1087], 'antagonists.': [1090], 'last': [1092], 'suggestion': [1093], 'made': [1096], 'times': [1098], 'previous': [1100], 'workers.': [1101], 'joint': [1103], 'attack': [1104], 'problem,': [1107], 'utilizing': [1108], 'both': [1109], 'specific': [1111, 1362], 'immunoassay': [1112], 'assay': [1118, 1341], 'measures': [1121], 'net': [1123], 'biological': [1124, 1516], 'effect': [1125], 'inhibitors': [1130, 3532], 'would': [1131], 'seem': [1132], 'indicated.”': [1135], 'pioneer': [1137], 'post-translational': [1142], 'processing': [1143, 1735, 1768], 'Don': [1147, 1252], 'Steiner.': [1148], 'He': [1149, 3370], 'narrates': [1150], 'lovingly': [1155], 'written': [1156], 'article,': [1158], '2011': [1161], '(10Steiner': [1162], 'D.F.': [1163, 1274, 1351, 1568, 1669], 'Adventures': [1164], 'islets': [1169, 1687, 2099], 'Langerhans.J.': [1171, 2101], '2011;': [1174, 2149, 2280], '286:': [1175, 2281], '17399-17421Abstract': [1176], '(25)': [1184], 'determination': [1188], 'sequence': [1191, 3395], 'structure': [1193, 1436, 1509, 2200], 'Fred': [1197], 'Sanger': [1198, 1203], '1955': [1200], '(11Ryle': [1201], 'A.P.': [1202], 'Smith': [1205, 2902, 2950], 'L.F.': [1206], 'Kitai': [1207], 'disulphide': [1210], 'bonds': [1211], 'insulin.Biochem.': [1213], '1955;': [1215], '60:': [1216], '541-556Crossref': [1217], '(who': [1221], 'received': [1222], 'Prizes': [1225], 'his': [1227, 1255], 'work': [1228, 1392, 3451, 3590, 4070, 4286], 'DNA': [1232], 'sequencing)': [1233], 'begged': [1234], 'question,': [1236], 'chains': [1240, 1301], 'molecule': [1244], 'derived': [1245, 3003], 'common': [1248], 'precursor?': [1249], '1967,': [1251], 'Steiner': [1253, 1320, 1350, 1376, 1567, 1668], 'seminal': [1256, 1777], 'discovery,': [1257], 'through': [1258, 1430, 2576, 3080, 3606], 'pulse-chase': [1262], 'experiments': [1263], 'isolated': [1265, 1843, 2441, 3472, 4228], 'islets,': [1266], 'precursor': [1269, 1420], 'proinsulin': [1272, 1354, 1387, 1657, 1770], '(12Steiner': [1273], 'Cunningham': [1275], 'D.': [1276, 1714, 2003, 2170, 2746, 3337], 'Spigelman': [1277, 2908], 'L.': [1278, 1718, 2606, 3022, 3269], 'Aten': [1279], 'biosynthesis:': [1282], 'Evidence': [1283], 'precursor.Science.': [1286], '1967;': [1287], '157:': [1288], '697-700Crossref': [1289], 'Proinsulin': [1293], 'consists': [1294], 'B': [1300], 'connected': [1302, 2585], 'peptide': [1305, 3433, 3512], '(C-peptide),': [1306], 'cleaved': [1309], 'off': [1310], 'secretory': [1313, 1432, 2689], 'granules': [1314], 'before': [1315, 1490], 'secretion': [1316, 1788, 1828, 2415, 2436, 2511, 2923, 3079, 3343, 3605], 'mature': [1318, 1389, 1438], 'recognized': [1322, 1614], 'utility': [1324], 'C-peptide': [1327, 1356], 'quantifiable': [1330], 'marker': [1331], 'production': [1334, 3670], 'β-cell': [1336, 1858, 2134, 2301, 2310, 2381, 2713], 'function,': [1337], '1970': [1343], '(13Melani': [1344], 'Rubenstein': [1346], 'A.H.': [1347, 2673], 'Oyer': [1348], 'P.E.': [1349, 2955], 'Identification': [1352, 1670], 'serum': [1359, 1414], 'immunoassay.Proc.': [1363], '1970;': [1370], '67:': [1371], '148-155Crossref': [1372], 'discover': [1380], 'enzymes': [1384, 3846], 'process': [1386, 1656], 'profound': [1396], 'impact': [1397], 'biology': [1400, 1796, 2135], 'endocrinology': [1402], 'because': [1403], 'hormones,': [1406], 'clotting': [1407], 'factors,': [1408, 1410], 'growth': [1409], 'receptors,': [1411], 'even': [1413], 'albumin': [1415], 'propeptide': [1423], 'removed': [1426], 'during': [1427, 2885], 'transport': [1429, 4013, 4225, 4236], 'pathway.': [1433], '3D': [1435, 1484, 1508], 'solved': [1442], 'Dorothy': [1444], 'Hodgkin': [1445, 1456], '(14Blundell': [1446], 'T.L.': [1447], 'Cutfield': [1448, 1450], 'J.F.': [1449, 1981], 'S.M.': [1451, 2664], 'Dodson': [1452, 1454], 'E.J.': [1453], 'G.G.': [1455], 'D.C.': [1457, 4292], 'Mercola': [1458], 'D.A.': [1459, 3625], 'Vijayan': [1460], 'Atomic': [1462], 'positions': [1463], 'rhombohedral': [1465], '2-zinc': [1466], 'crystals.Nature.': [1468], '1971;': [1469], '231:': [1470], '506-511Crossref': [1471], '(263)': [1474], 'applied': [1479], 'X-ray': [1480], 'crystallography': [1481], 'reveal': [1483], 'structures': [1485], 'molecules': [1489], 'that.': [1491], 'She': [1492], 'awarded': [1494], '1964': [1501, 3246], 'discoveries.': [1504, 1779], 'Not': [1505], 'surprisingly,': [1506], 'activities.': [1517], 'Graeme': [1518, 3368, 4112], 'Bell': [1519, 2138, 4113, 4132], 'reported': [1520, 3992, 4423], '2007': [1522], 'mutations': [1524, 1572, 1624, 1760, 1908, 1962, 2008, 2159, 2406], 'gene': [1528, 1571, 1728, 2011, 2501, 3374], 'abnormalities': [1531], 'maturation': [1534], 'folding': [1536], '(15Stoy': [1539], 'Edghill': [1541, 1996], 'E.L.': [1542, 1997], 'Flanagan': [1543, 4257], 'S.E.': [1544], 'Ye': [1545], 'H.': [1546, 1919, 2419, 3040, 3267, 3491, 4123], 'Paz': [1547], 'V.P.': [1548], 'Pluzhnikov': [1549], 'Below': [1551], 'J.E.': [1552, 2093, 2947, 3627, 3697, 4258, 4302], 'Hayes': [1553], 'M.G.': [1554], 'Cox': [1555], 'N.J.': [1556], 'Lipkind': [1557], 'G.M.': [1558], 'Lipton': [1559], 'R.B.': [1560], 'Greeley': [1561], 'Patch': [1563], 'A.M.': [1564, 2176], 'Ellard': [1565, 2255], 'et': [1569, 2006, 2196, 2623, 2680, 2918, 3115], 'al.Insulin': [1570], 'permanent': [1577, 1973, 2019], 'neonatal': [1578, 1972, 1974, 2020], 'diabetes.Proc.': [1579], '2007;': [1586, 3581], '104:': [1587], '15040-15044Crossref': [1588], '(403)': [1591], 'Protein': [1594], 'misfolding': [1595], 'activates': [1596, 2869], 'transcriptional': [1598], 'program,': [1599], 'unfolded': [1601], 'response,': [1603], 'ultimately': [1606], 'lead': [1607, 1915, 2162], 'death': [1610], 'major': [1617, 4141], 'diseases': [1620, 1630], 'caused': [1621, 1758, 1943], 'missense': [1623], 'proteins,': [1626, 1894], 'ranging': [1627], 'neurological': [1629], 'metabolic': [1632, 2633, 3949], 'diseases.': [1633], 'Jeremy': [1634], 'Thorner’s': [1635], 'yeast': [1639, 1644, 1737], 'protease': [1640, 3536], 'processes': [1642], 'mating': [1645], 'factor,': [1646], 'Kex2p,': [1647], 'led': [1648, 2323, 4110], 'convertases': [1654, 1712], 'proglucagon': [1659], '(16Smeekens': [1660], 'S.P.': [1661], 'Avruch': [1662], 'A.S.': [1663, 1987, 3101], 'LaMendola': [1664], 'Chan': [1666], 'S.J.': [1667, 1834], 'cDNA': [1673, 3362], 'encoding': [1674, 2012], 'putative': [1677, 1726], 'prohormone': [1678], 'convertase': [1679], 'related': [1680, 3400], 'PC2': [1682], 'AtT20': [1684], 'cells': [1685, 3633, 3841, 4088], 'Langerhans.Proc.': [1689], '1991;': [1696], '88:': [1697], '340-344Crossref': [1698], '(388)': [1701], 'then': [1705, 2817, 3187], 'entire': [1708], 'family': [1709], 'proprotein': [1711], '(17Julius': [1713], 'Brake': [1715], 'Blair': [1717], 'Kunisawa': [1719], 'Thorner': [1721], 'Isolation': [1723], 'structural': [1727], 'lysine-arginine-cleaving': [1731], 'endopeptidase': [1732], 'required': [1733, 4394], 'prepro-alpha-factor.Cell.': [1738], '1984;': [1739, 1847], '37:': [1740, 3354], '1075-1089Abstract': [1741], '(480)': [1747], 'endocrine': [1751], 'disorders': [1752], 'some': [1754, 4388], 'obesity': [1755], 'syndromes': [1756], 'enzymes.': [1763], 'Thus,': [1764], 'spurred': [1773], 'number': [1775], 'subsequent': [1778, 2803], 'pathways': [1781], 'link': [1783, 1823], 'sensing': [1785, 2039], 'heart': [1793, 3656, 4011, 4042], 'islet': [1795, 2757], 'decades.': [1798], 'milestone': [1800], '1984': [1806], 'Frances': [1809], 'Stephen': [1811], 'Ashcroft': [1812, 1833, 1936], 'Oxford': [1817], 'ATP-sensitive': [1819, 2014], 'potassium': [1820, 1840], '(KATP)': [1821], 'channels': [1822, 1841], 'ATP': [1824, 1967, 2591], 'generation': [1825], '(18Ashcroft': [1829], 'F.M.': [1830, 2091, 2337, 2429], 'Harrison': [1831], 'D.E.': [1832, 4173], 'Glucose': [1835], 'induces': [1836], 'closure': [1837, 1866, 2588], 'single': [1839], 'rat': [1844, 2442, 4229, 4275], 'beta-cells.Nature.': [1846], '312:': [1848], '446-448Crossref': [1849], 'Metabolism': [1853, 2094], 'leads': [1859, 2504], 'rise': [1862, 2813, 2827], 'ATP,': [1864], 'KATP': [1869, 1886, 1970], 'channel,': [1870], 'activation': [1873], 'voltage-gated': [1875], 'Ca2+': [1876, 1880], 'channels,': [1877], 'leading': [1878], 'influx': [1881], 'secretion.': [1884, 2404, 2476, 2847, 2987, 2994, 3239], 'channel': [1887, 2592], 'octamer': [1890], 'consisting': [1891], 'Kir6.1': [1895], '(KCNJ11)': [1896], 'Kir6.2': [1898, 2017], 'sulfonylurea': [1901, 1949], 'receptor,': [1902, 3073], 'SUR1': [1903, 1910], '(ABCC8)': [1904], 'SUR2.': [1906], 'Loss-of-function': [1907], 'commonly,': [1913], 'KCNJ11,': [1914], 'hyperinsulinism': [1917, 1942, 2238], '(19Huopio': [1918], 'Reimann': [1920], 'Ashfield': [1922], 'Komulainen': [1924], 'Lenko': [1926], 'Rahier': [1928], 'Vauhkonen': [1930], 'I.': [1931, 2675, 4335], 'Kere': [1932], 'Laakso': [1934], 'Otonkoski': [1938], 'Dominantly': [1940], 'inherited': [1941, 2120], 'mutation': [1946, 2208, 2272], 'receptor': [1950, 3120, 3410, 3427, 3514, 3609, 3715], '1.J.': [1952], '2000;': [1955], '106:': [1956], '897-906Crossref': [1957], 'whereas': [1961, 2232], 'KCNJ11': [1964], 'decrease': [1966], 'inhibition': [1968], '(20Gloyn': [1976], 'A.L.': [1977, 2166, 2258], 'Pearson': [1978], 'E.R.': [1979], 'Antcliff': [1980], 'Proks': [1982], 'P.': [1983, 2250], 'Bruining': [1984], 'G.J.': [1985], 'Slingerland': [1986], 'Howard': [1988], 'N.': [1989, 2903, 2905, 2951, 3294], 'Srinivasan': [1990], 'Silva': [1992], 'J.M.': [1993, 3036], 'Molnes': [1994], 'Frayling': [1998], 'T.M.': [1999], 'Temple': [2000], 'I.K.': [2001], 'Mackay': [2002, 2916], 'Shield': [2004], 'J.P.': [2005, 2917], 'al.Activating': [2007], 'potassium-channel': [2015], 'subunit': [2016], 'diabetes.N.': [2021], '2004;': [2025], '350:': [2026], '1838-1849Crossref': [2027], '(932)': [2030], 'Glucokinase': [2033], 'plays': [2034], 'liver': [2042, 2062], 'β-cells.': [2044], 'liver,': [2047], 'glucokinase': [2048, 2085, 2161, 2204, 2265, 2298, 2328], 'expression': [2049], 'regulated': [2051], 'abundance': [2056, 2488], 'determines': [2057, 2305], 'capacity': [2059, 2307], 'metabolize': [2064], 'glucose,': [2065, 3967], 'which,': [2066], 'unlike': [2067], 'muscle': [2069, 4043, 4149], 'adipose': [2071, 4230], 'tissue,': [2072], 'rate-limiting': [2074, 3998], 'uptake.': [2077], 'Matschinsky': [2078, 2428], 'Ellerman': [2080, 2092], 'discovered': [2081, 4061], '1968': [2083], 'β-cells': [2089, 2485], '(21Matschinsky': [2090], '1968;': [2104], '243:': [2105], '2730-2736Abstract': [2106], 'causing': [2117, 2273], 'monogenic': [2118], 'dominantly': [2119], 'syndromes,': [2122], 'termed': [2123], 'young,': [2128], 'provided': [2129, 3477], 'valuable': [2130], 'mechanistic': [2131], 'information': [2132], '(22Fajans': [2136], 'S.S.': [2137], 'G.I.': [2139, 2525, 3386, 4133], 'MODY:': [2140], 'History,': [2141], 'pathophysiology,': [2143], 'decision': [2146], 'making.Diabetes': [2147], 'Care.': [2148], '34:': [2150, 2355], '1878-1884Crossref': [2151], '(185)': [2154], 'Specifically,': [2157], 'loss-of-function': [2158], '(23Gloyn': [2165], 'Odili': [2167], 'Zelent': [2169], 'Buettger': [2171], 'Castleden': [2173], 'H.A.': [2174], 'Steele': [2175], 'Stride': [2177], 'Shiota': [2179], 'Magnuson': [2181], 'M.A.': [2182, 3034], 'Lorini': [2183], "d'Annunzio": [2185], 'G.': [2186, 2913, 2953], 'Stanley': [2187, 2430], 'C.A.': [2188, 2431], 'Kwagh': [2189], 'van': [2191, 2241], 'Schaftingen': [2192], 'E.': [2193, 2658, 3030, 4021], 'Veiga-da-Cunha': [2194], 'al.Insights': [2197], 'regulation': [2202, 3199], 'novel': [2207, 2262], '(V62M),': [2209], 'causes': [2211], 'young.J.': [2216], '2005;': [2219, 3212], '280:': [2220], '14105-14113Abstract': [2221], '(80)': [2229], 'rarer': [2234], 'gain-of-function': [2235], 'mutants': [2236], '(24Beer': [2239], 'N.L.': [2240], 'de': [2242, 2671], 'Bunt': [2243], 'Colclough': [2245], 'Lukacs': [2247], 'Arundel': [2249], 'Chik': [2251], 'C.L.': [2252], 'Grimsby': [2253], 'Gloyn': [2257], 'Discovery': [2259, 3561], 'site': [2263], 'regulating': [2264], 'following': [2267], 'characterization': [2268, 4138, 4181], 'hyperinsulinemic': [2274], 'hypoglycemia': [2275], 'humans.J.': [2277], '19118-19126Abstract': [2282], '(20)': [2290], 'supports': [2294], 'sensor': [2303], 'take': [2312], 'up': [2313], 'oxidize': [2316], 'glycolytic': [2320], 'pathway': [2321], 'activators': [2329], 'potential': [2332], '(25Matschinsky': [2336], 'GKAs': [2338], 'therapy:': [2341], 'Why': [2342], 'clinically': [2344], 'useful': [2345], 'drug': [2346], 'after': [2347, 3870], 'decades': [2349], 'trying?.Trends': [2351], 'Pharmacol.': [2352], '2013;': [2354], '90-99Abstract': [2356], '(72)': [2364], 'Other': [2367], 'young': [2372], 'include': [2374], 'transcription': [2375], 'factors': [2376, 3158], 'play': [2378, 2841], 'function': [2386, 3597], 'adult': [2389], 'β-cell.': [2390, 4400], 'best-studied': [2395], 'secretagogue,': [2397], 'amino': [2398, 2412], 'acids': [2399, 2984, 3067], 'stimulate': [2402, 3012, 3603], 'Gain-of-function': [2405], 'glutamate': [2408, 2462], 'dehydrogenase': [2409, 2463], 'excessive': [2411], 'acid–induced': [2413], '(26Li': [2416], 'Najafi': [2418], 'Daikhin': [2420], 'Y.': [2421, 3018, 3274, 4129, 4254, 4256], 'Nissim': [2422], 'I.B.': [2423], 'Collins': [2424], 'H.W.': [2425], 'Yudkoff': [2426], 'Regulation': [2432, 4026, 4303], 'leucine-stimulated': [2434], 'glutamine': [2438], 'metabolism': [2439, 2711], 'islets.J.': [2443], '2003;': [2446, 3133], '278:': [2447, 3134], '2853-2858Abstract': [2448], '(125)': [2456], 'product': [2460], 'mitochondrial': [2465, 2490, 2531, 2537, 2628], 'α-ketoglutarate,': [2466, 2825], 'raising': [2467], 'question': [2469], 'metabolite': [2472], 'could': [2473], 'signal': [2474, 2684], 'An': [2477], 'clue': [2479], 'came': [2480], 'phosphoenolpyruvate': [2491, 2532, 2573, 2629], 'carboxykinase,': [2492], 'encoded': [2493, 3375], 'PCK2': [2496], 'gene.': [2497], 'Deletion': [2498], 'mice': [2503], 'severe': [2507], 'defect': [2508], '(27Stark': [2512], 'Pasquel': [2514], 'Turcu': [2516], 'Pongratz': [2518], 'R.L.': [2519, 2596, 2652], 'Roden': [2520], 'Cline': [2522], 'G.W.': [2523], 'Shulman': [2524], 'Kibbey': [2526], 'R.G.': [2527], 'Phosphoenolpyruvate': [2528], 'cycling': [2529, 2575], 'via': [2530], 'carboxykinase': [2533], 'links': [2534], 'anaplerosis': [2535, 2760], 'GTP': [2538], 'secretion.J.': [2541], '2009;': [2544], '284:': [2545], '26578-26590Abstract': [2546], '(93)': [2554], 'shown': [2558, 3593, 4196], 'Richard': [2560], 'Kibbey’s': [2561], 'Yale': [2564], 'University.': [2565], 'Subsequent': [2566, 4285], 'proposed': [2569, 2850, 2997, 3244], 'formation': [2571], 'promotes': [2574, 4205], 'pyruvate': [2578, 2710], 'kinase': [2579, 2682], 'reaction': [2580], 'intimately': [2584], '(28Abulizi': [2593], 'Cardone': [2595, 2651], 'Stark': [2597], 'Lewandowski': [2599], 'S.L.': [2600, 2650], 'Zhao': [2601, 2667], 'X.': [2602, 2668, 2891, 2944], 'Hillion': [2603], 'Ma': [2605], 'Sehgal': [2607], 'Alves': [2609, 2665], 'T.C.': [2610, 2666], 'Thomas': [2611, 2676], 'Kung': [2613], 'Wang': [2615, 2894], 'Siebel': [2617], 'Andrews': [2619, 3088], 'Z.B.': [2620], 'Mason': [2621], 'al.Multi-tissue': [2624], 'acceleration': [2625], 'cycle': [2630], 'improves': [2631], 'whole-body': [2632], 'health.Cell': [2634], '2020;': [2636, 2692], '32:': [2637, 2693], '751-766.e11Abstract': [2638], '29Lewandowski': [2649], 'Foster': [2653], 'H.R.': [2654, 2662, 3108], 'Ho': [2655], 'Potapenko': [2657], 'Poudel': [2659], 'VanDeusen': [2661], 'Sdao': [2663], 'Capozzi': [2669], 'M.E.': [2670, 3611], 'Souza': [2672], 'Jahan': [2674], 'C.J.': [2677, 3272], 'Nunemaker': [2678], 'C.S.': [2679], 'al.Pyruvate': [2681], 'controls': [2683, 3048], 'strength': [2685], 'pathway.Cell': [2690], '736-750.e5Abstract': [2694], '(17)': [2702], 'Unlike': [2705], 'types,': [2709, 2793], 'mitochondria': [2714, 2801], 'partitions': [2715], 'fairly': [2716], 'equally': [2717], 'between': [2718], 'anaplerotic': [2720], 'route': [2721, 2727, 3083], '(pyruvate': [2722, 2728], 'carboxylase)': [2723], 'oxidative': [2726], 'dehydrogenase),': [2729], 'demonstrated': [2731, 3329], 'Schuit': [2733], 'colleagues': [2735], '(30Schuit': [2736], 'De': [2738], 'Vos': [2739], 'Farfari': [2741], 'Moens': [2743], 'Pipeleers': [2745], 'Brun': [2747], 'Prentki': [2749, 2995, 3043], 'Metabolic': [2751], 'fate': [2752, 3867, 3940], 'cells.': [2758, 3830], 'Glucose-regulated': [2759], 'beta': [2762, 3425], 'cells.J.': [2763, 2928], '1997;': [2766], '272:': [2767], '18572-18579Abstract': [2768], '(336)': [2776], 'Much': [2779], 'product,': [2782], 'citrate': [2783, 2811], 'and/or': [2784], 'isocitrate,': [2785], 'exit': [2786], 'mitochondria.': [2788], 'As': [2789], 'malonyl-CoA': [2794], 'gates': [2795], 'fatty': [2796, 2989, 3129], 'acid': [2797, 2990], 'entry': [2798, 3983], 'β-oxidation': [2804], 'inhibiting': [2806], 'carnitine': [2807], 'palmitoyl': [2808], 'transferase-1.': [2809], 'Cytosolic': [2810, 2819], 'acetyl-CoA': [2815], 'malonyl-CoA.': [2818], 'isocitrate': [2820, 2857], 'oxidized': [2823], 'giving': [2826], 'reducing': [2829], 'equivalents': [2830], 'form': [2833], 'NADPH.': [2835], 'NADPH': [2836], 'suggested': [2839], 'amplifying': [2845], 'One': [2848], 'pathway,': [2849], 'Newgard': [2852], 'MacDonald,': [2854], 'suggests': [2855], 'dehydrogenase-2': [2858], 'cytosol': [2861], 'produces': [2862, 3157], 'NADPH,': [2863], 'reduces': [2865], 'glutathione,': [2866], 'de-SUMOylating': [2871], 'enzyme': [2872], 'sentrin/SUMO-specific': [2873], 'protease-1,': [2874], 'substrate': [2879], 'tomosyn-1,': [2880], 'regulates': [2882, 3687], 'syntaxin': [2883], '1A': [2884], 'exocytosis': [2887, 2969, 3014, 4397], '(31Ferdaoussi': [2888], 'Dai': [2890, 2943], 'Jensen': [2892], 'M.V.': [2893], 'Peterson': [2896], 'B.S.': [2897], 'Huang': [2898], 'Ilkayeva': [2900], 'O.': [2901], 'Miller': [2904], 'Hajmrle': [2906], 'A.F.': [2909], 'Wright': [2910], 'R.C.': [2911], 'Plummer': [2912, 2952], 'Suzuki': [2914, 2948], 'al.Isocitrate-to-SENP1': [2919], 'signaling': [2920], 'amplifies': [2921], 'rescues': [2925], 'dysfunctional': [2926], 'β': [2927, 3632], '2015;': [2931], '125:': [2932], '3847-3860Crossref': [2933], '(96)': [2936], '32Ferdaoussi': [2939], 'Fu': [2941], 'Manning': [2945], 'Fox': [2946], 'MacDonald': [2954], 'SUMOylation': [2956], 'calcium': [2958], 'control': [2959], 'syntaxin-1A': [2960], 'secretagogin': [2962], 'sequestration': [2963], 'tomosyn': [2965], 'regulate': [2967], 'ß': [2972], 'cells.Sci.': [2973], 'Rep.': [2974], '2017;': [2975], '7:': [2976, 3582], '248Crossref': [2977], 'Fatty': [2983, 3066], 'amplify': [2985, 3077], 'Blocking': [2988], 'oxidation': [2991], 'enhances': [2992], 'model': [2999], 'whereby': [3000], 'monoglycerides,': [3001], 'primarily': [3002], 'hydrolysis': [3005], 'triglycerides,': [3007], 'bind': [3008, 3069], 'Muc18': [3010], '(33Zhao': [3015], 'Mugabo': [3017], 'Iglesias': [3019], 'Xie': [3021], 'Delghingaro-Augusto': [3023], 'V.': [3024], 'Lussier': [3025], 'Peyot': [3027], 'M.L.': [3028], 'Joly': [3029], 'Taïb': [3031], 'Davis': [3033], 'Brown': [3035, 3338], 'Abousalham': [3037], 'Gaisano': [3039], 'Madiraju': [3041], 'S.R.': [3042], 'α/β-Hydrolase': [3045], 'domain-6-accessible': [3046], 'monoacylglycerol': [3047], 'glucose-stimulated': [3049], 'secretion.Cell': [3051], '2014;': [3053, 4352], '19:': [3054], '993-1007Abstract': [3055], '(85)': [3063], 'G-protein–coupled': [3072], 'FFA1/Gpr40,': [3074], 'may': [3076], 'independent': [3082], '(34Briscoe': [3084], 'Tadayyon': [3086], 'J.L.': [3089], 'Benson': [3090], 'W.G.': [3091], 'Chambers': [3092], 'J.K.': [3093], 'Eilert': [3094], 'M.M.': [3095], 'Ellis': [3096], 'Elshourbagy': [3098], 'N.A.': [3099, 3558], 'Goetz': [3100], 'Minnick': [3102], 'D.T.': [3103], 'Murdock': [3104], 'P.R.': [3105], 'Sauls': [3106], 'Jr.,': [3107, 3271], 'Shabon': [3109], 'Spinage': [3111], 'L.D.': [3112], 'Strum': [3113], 'J.C.': [3114, 3339], 'al.The': [3116], 'orphan': [3117], 'G': [3118], 'protein-coupled': [3119], 'GPR40': [3121], 'activated': [3123], 'medium': [3125], 'long': [3127], 'chain': [3128], 'acids.J.': [3130], '11303-11311Abstract': [3135], '(840)': [3143], '1902,': [3150], 'postulated': [3153], 'intestine': [3156], 'lower': [3160], 'glucose.': [3162], 'refined': [3165], 'term': [3168], '“incretin”': [3169], 'La': [3171], 'Barre': [3172], '1932': [3174], 'followed': [3177], 'numerous': [3179, 3646], 'intestinal': [3182, 3195, 3672], 'extracts,': [3183], 'supported': [3185], 'failed': [3188], 'support': [3190], '(reviewed': [3200, 3690], '(35Creutzfeldt': [3202], 'W.': [3203], '[pre-]': [3205], 'history': [3206], 'incretin': [3209, 3241, 3313, 3378], 'concept.Regul.': [3210], 'Pept.': [3211], '128:': [3213], '87-91Crossref': [3214], '(78)': [3217], 'Scholar)).': [3219, 3725], 'facilitated': [3230], 'search': [3232], 'incretins': [3234], 'directly': [3236], 'measuring': [3237], 'concept': [3242], 'based': [3247], 'observation': [3250], 'greater': [3254], 'response': [3256, 3277], 'oral': [3259, 3279, 3302], 'than': [3261], 'intravenous': [3263, 3281], 'challenge': [3265], '(36Elrick': [3266], 'Stimmler': [3268], 'Hlad': [3270], 'Arai': [3273], 'Plasma': [3275], 'administration.J.': [3283], 'Endocrinol.': [3285, 3351], '24:': [3288], '1076-1082Crossref': [3289], '37McIntyre': [3293], 'Holdsworth': [3295], 'C.D.': [3296], 'Turner': [3297], 'D.S.': [3298], 'New': [3299], 'tolerance.Lancet.': [3304], '2:': [3306], '20-21Abstract': [3307], 'hormone': [3314, 3431], 'glucose-dependent': [3319], 'insulinotropic': [3320], 'polypeptide,': [3321], 'humans': [3326], '1973': [3331], '(38Dupre': [3332], 'Ross': [3334], 'Watson': [3336], 'Stimulation': [3340], 'gastric': [3345], 'inhibitory': [3346], 'polypeptide': [3347], '1973;': [3353], '826-828Crossref': [3355], 'mammalian': [3360], 'preproglucagon': [3361, 3392], 'cloned': [3364, 3412, 4106], '1983': [3366], 'Bell.': [3369], 'showed': [3371, 4365], 'glucagon-like': [3379, 3383, 3432, 3511], 'peptide-1': [3380], '(GLP1)': [3381], 'peptide-2': [3384], '(39Bell': [3385], 'Santerre': [3387], 'R.F.': [3388], 'Mullenbach': [3389], 'G.T.': [3390], 'Hamster': [3391], 'contains': [3393], 'glucagon': [3397, 3595], 'peptides.Nature.': [3401], '1983;': [3402], '302:': [3403], '716-718Crossref': [3404], 'GLP1': [3409, 3463, 3482, 3555, 3608, 3644, 3677], '1992': [3414], 'Bernard': [3416], 'Thorens': [3417], '(40Thorens': [3418], 'cloning': [3421, 4179], 'gluco-incretin': [3430], '1.Proc.': [3434], '1992;': [3441, 4279], '89:': [3442], '8641-8645Crossref': [3443], '(803)': [3446], 'ground-breaking': [3450], 'Habener,': [3453], 'Holst,': [3454], 'Drucker,': [3455], 'others': [3458, 4329], 'laid': [3459], 'foundation': [3461], 'agonists': [3464, 3556], 'antidiabetic': [3466], 'drugs.': [3467], 'exendin-4,': [3471], 'Heloderma': [3474], 'suspectum': [3475], 'venom,': [3476], 'highly': [3479, 4418], 'stable': [3481], 'agonist': [3483, 3503], '(41Goke': [3484], 'Fehmann': [3486], 'H.C.': [3487], 'Linn': [3488], 'Schmidt': [3490], 'Krause': [3492], 'Eng': [3494], 'Goke': [3496], 'Exendin-4': [3498], 'potency': [3502], 'truncated': [3505], 'exendin-(9-39)-amide': [3506], 'antagonist': [3508], '1-(7-36)-amide': [3513], 'insulin-secreting': [3516], 'beta-cells.J.': [3517], '1993;': [3520], '268:': [3521], '19650-19655Abstract': [3522], 'circulating': [3535], 'degrades': [3538], 'GLP1,': [3539], 'dipeptidyl': [3540, 3567], 'peptidase-4': [3541], 'Nancy': [3543], 'Thornberry': [3544], 'Ann': [3546], 'Weber,': [3547], 'delivered': [3548], 'orally': [3550], 'alternative': [3552], 'injected': [3554], '(42Thornberry': [3557], 'Weber': [3559], 'A.E.': [3560], 'JANUVIA': [3563], '(Sitagliptin),': [3564], 'selective': [3566], 'peptidase': [3568], 'IV': [3569], 'inhibitor': [3570], 'diabetes.Curr.': [3577], 'Top.': [3578], '557-568Crossref': [3583], '(173)': [3586], 'Recent': [3589], 'paracrine': [3600], 'fashion': [3601], '(43Capozzi': [3610], 'Wait': [3612], 'J.B.': [3613, 4127], 'Koech': [3614], 'Gordon': [3616], 'A.N.': [3617], 'Coch': [3618], 'R.W.': [3619], 'Svendsen': [3620], 'Finan': [3622], 'D’Alessio': [3624], 'Campbell': [3626, 3696], 'Glucagon': [3628], 'lowers': [3629], 'glycemia': [3630], 'active.JCI': [3635], 'Insight.': [3636], '2019;': [3637], '5e129954Crossref': [3638], '(37)': [3641], 'actions': [3647, 4273], 'unrelated': [3648], 'glycemic': [3650], 'control,': [3651], 'including': [3652], 'effects': [3653, 4036], 'rate,': [3657], 'inflammation,': [3658], 'pressure,': [3660], 'hepatic': [3661], 'steatosis,': [3662], 'food': [3664, 3688], 'intake.': [3665], 'addition': [3667], 'L-cells': [3673], 'α-cells,': [3676], 'central': [3682], 'nervous': [3683], 'system': [3684], 'where': [3685], 'intake': [3689], '(44McLean': [3692], 'B.A.': [3693], 'Wong': [3694], 'C.K.': [3695], 'Hodson': [3698], 'D.J.': [3699, 3703], 'Trapp': [3700], 'Drucker': [3702], 'Revisiting': [3704], 'complexity': [3706], 'GLP-1': [3708], 'synthesis': [3713], 'activation.Endocr.': [3716], 'Rev.': [3717], '42:': [3719], '101-132Crossref': [3720], '(12)': [3723], 'Levine': [3726, 3855], 'Goldstein': [3728, 3740, 3785, 3857], 'landmark': [3731], '1949': [3737], '(45Levine': [3738, 3783], 'Klein': [3742, 3787], 'Huddlestun': [3744, 3789], 'distribution': [3752, 3797], 'galactose': [3754, 3799, 3859, 3885], 'eviscerated': [3756, 3801], 'nephrectomized': [3757, 3802], 'dogs.J.': [3758, 3803], '1949;': [3761, 3806], '179:': [3762, 3807], '985Abstract': [3763, 3808], 'just': [3771], 'page': [3773], 'text': [3775], 'figure': [3778], '[see': [3779], 'Fig.': [3780], '1': [3781], 'Scholar)].': [3814], 'report': [3816], 'generally': [3818], 'regarded': [3819], 'evidence': [3823], 'stimulates': [3826, 4084], 'hexose': [3827], 'uptake': [3828, 4029, 4076, 4086], 'Before': [3831], '1949,': [3832], 'believed': [3835], 'acted': [3838], 'entering': [3840], 'interacting': [3843], 'cellular': [3845, 4392], 'change': [3848], 'downstream': [3852], 'metabolism.': [3854], 'nonmetabolized': [3862], 'sugar': [3863], 'follow': [3865], '30': [3868], 'min': [3869], 'injection': [3871], 'dog.': [3876], 'After': [3877], 'observing': [3878], 'increase': [3880], 'disappearance': [3883], 'circulation,': [3888], 'presciently': [3890], 'concluded,': [3891], '“The': [3892], 'hypothesis': [3894], 'prompted': [3895], 'stated': [3901], 'follows:': [3903], 'upon': [3906, 3945], 'membranes': [3909], 'certain': [3911], '(skeletal': [3913], 'muscle,': [3914], 'etc.)': [3915], 'such': [3917], 'manner': [3919], 'transfer': [3922], 'hexoses': [3924, 3943], '(and': [3925], 'perhaps': [3926], 'therapeutic': [3927], 'substances)': [3928], 'extracellular': [3931], 'fluid': [3932], 'facilitated.': [3937], 'intracellular': [3939, 4235, 4373], 'depends': [3944], 'availability': [3947], 'systems': [3950, 4237], 'transformation.': [3953], 'case': [3956, 3965], 'galactose,': [3958], 'further': [3960], 'changes': [3961], 'occur.': [3962], 'dissimilation,': [3968], 'glycogen': [3969], 'storage,': [3970], 'transformation': [3972], 'fat': [3974], 'secondarily': [3976], 'stimulated': [3977, 4064, 4412], 'rapidity': [3980], 'cell.”': [3986], '1961,': [3988], '“Rollo”': [3990], 'Park': [3991, 4024], 'step': [3999], 'stimulation': [4002], 'utilization': [4007], 'perfused': [4010], 'membrane': [4017, 4213, 4378, 4408], '(46Morgan': [4018], 'H.E.': [4019], 'Cadenas': [4020], 'Regen': [4022], 'D.M.': [4023], 'muscle.': [4031, 4078], 'II.': [4032], 'Rate-limiting': [4033], 'steps': [4034], 'anoxia': [4040, 4063], 'rats.J.': [4046], '1961;': [4049], '236:': [4050], '262-268Abstract': [4051], 'Remarkably,': [4058], 'he': [4059], 'transport,': [4066], 'anticipating': [4067], 'later': [4069, 4195], 'exercise': [4072, 4430], 'AMPK-stimulated': [4074], 'revealed': [4090], '1980’s': [4094], 'main': [4097], 'insulin-sensitive': [4098], 'transporter,': [4100], 'GLUT4': [4101, 4209, 4306, 4370, 4404, 4434], '(gene': [4102], 'name': [4103], 'SLC2A4),': [4104], 'group': [4109, 4290], 'Susumu': [4115], 'Seino': [4116, 4134], 'Chicago': [4121], '(47Fukumoto': [4122], 'Kayano': [4124], 'Buse': [4126], 'Edwards': [4128], 'Pilch': [4130], 'P.F.': [4131], 'Cloning': [4136], 'insulin-responsive': [4142, 4152], 'transporter': [4144], 'expressed': [4145], 'skeletal': [4148], 'tissues.J.': [4153], '1989;': [4156, 4187], '264:': [4157], '7776-7779Abstract': [4158], 'David': [4167], 'Mike': [4170], 'Mueckler': [4171, 4176], '(48James': [4172], 'Strube': [4174], 'Molecular': [4178], 'insulin-regulatable': [4184], 'transporter.Nature.': [4186], '338:': [4188], '83-87Crossref': [4189], 'Sam': [4198], 'Cushman': [4199, 4263], 'Tetsuro': [4201], 'Kono': [4202, 4265], 'translocation': [4207, 4233, 4307, 4368, 4402], '(49Cushman': [4214], 'S.W.': [4215, 4264], 'Wardzala': [4216], 'L.J.': [4217], 'cell.': [4231], 'Apparent': [4232], 'membrane.J.': [4241], '1980;': [4244], '255:': [4245], '4758-4762Abstract': [4246], '50Goto': [4253], 'Sumida': [4255], 'Robinson': [4259], 'F.W.': [4260], 'Simpson': [4261], 'I.A.': [4262], 'Effects': [4267], 'fluorescein': [4269], 'isothiocyanate': [4270], 'adipocytes.Arch.': [4276], 'Biochem.': [4277], 'Biophys.': [4278], '293:': [4280], '224-230Crossref': [4281], 'Jeffrey': [4288], 'Pessin’s': [4289], '(51Thurmond': [4291], 'Ceresa': [4293], 'B.P.': [4294], 'Okada': [4295], 'Elmendorf': [4297], 'J.S.': [4298], 'Coker': [4299], 'Pessin': [4301], 'insulin-stimulated': [4305, 4367], 'Munc18c': [4309], '3T3L1': [4311], 'adipocytes.J.': [4312], '1998;': [4315], '273:': [4316], '33876-33883Abstract': [4317], '(203)': [4325], '(52Brewer': [4330], 'P.D.': [4331], 'Habtemichael': [4332], 'E.N.': [4333], 'Romenskaia': [4334], 'Mastick': [4336], 'C.C.': [4337], 'Coster': [4338], 'A.C.': [4339], 'Insulin-regulated': [4340], 'Glut4': [4341], 'translocation:': [4342], 'Membrane': [4343], 'trafficking': [4345], 'six': [4347], 'distinctive': [4348], 'steps.J.': [4349], '289:': [4353], '17280-17298Abstract': [4354], '(42)': [4362], 'vesicles': [4371], 'stores': [4374], 'engages': [4379], 'exocytotic': [4381], 'machinery': [4382, 4393], 'cell,': [4385], 'is,': [4387], 'same': [4391], 'exclusively': [4411], 'however.': [4415], 'study,': [4420], 'Amira': [4421], 'Klip': [4422], '1990': [4425], 'induce': [4433], 'transloc': [4435]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 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