Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3206964684', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_17', 'title': 'TSPO PET Imaging as a Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders', 'display_name': 'TSPO PET Imaging as a Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders', 'publication_year': 2021, 'publication_date': '2021-10-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3206964684', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_17', 'mag': '3206964684'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_17', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210197300', 'display_name': 'Neuromethods', 'issn_l': '0893-2336', 'issn': ['0893-2336', '1940-6045'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315801', 'host_organization_name': 'Humana Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315801'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Humana Press'], 'type': 'book series'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book-chapter', 'type_crossref': 'book-chapter', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5013688671', 'display_name': 'Eryn L. Werry', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-1286'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I129604602', 'display_name': 'University of Sydney', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0384j8v12', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I129604602']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Eryn L. Werry', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia', 'Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I129604602']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I129604602']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011875069', 'display_name': 'Fiona Bright', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-2350'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99043593', 'display_name': 'Macquarie University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01sf06y89', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99043593']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Fiona M. Bright', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I99043593']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037765698', 'display_name': 'Michael Kassiou', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-0529'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I129604602', 'display_name': 'University of Sydney', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0384j8v12', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I129604602']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael Kassiou', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I129604602']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.476, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 3, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.93849, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 72, 'max': 76}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '407', 'last_page': '427'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11266', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11266', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10086', 'display_name': "Alzheimer's disease research and treatments", 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2737', 'display_name': 'Physiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12030', 'display_name': 'S100 Proteins and Annexins', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/translocator-protein', 'display_name': 'Translocator protein', 'score': 0.71177846}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-biomarker', 'display_name': 'Imaging biomarker', 'score': 0.55275}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87753298', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9884939}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779830541', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622829', 'display_name': 'Microglia', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.92177176}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776791281', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2385013', 'display_name': 'Translocator protein', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.71177846}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7097024}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781197716', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574', 'display_name': 'Biomarker', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5781528}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C45664433', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029420', 'display_name': 'Imaging biomarker', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.55275}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127561419', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224527', 'display_name': 'Downregulation and upregulation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45778883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776925932', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122', 'display_name': 'Neurodegeneration', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41660517}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36011758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33416134}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2716591}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779134260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Disease', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.21362329}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2134403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1966936}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776914184', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991', 'display_name': 'Inflammation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13033068}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143409427', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238', 'display_name': 'Magnetic resonance imaging', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.103301704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.06736231}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126838900', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604', 'display_name': 'Radiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_17', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210197300', 'display_name': 'Neuromethods', 'issn_l': '0893-2336', 'issn': ['0893-2336', '1940-6045'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315801', 'host_organization_name': 'Humana Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315801'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Humana Press'], 'type': 'book series'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.73, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 158, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1149926701', 'https://openalex.org/W1493890929', 'https://openalex.org/W1543220690', 'https://openalex.org/W1563590122', 'https://openalex.org/W1791734915', 'https://openalex.org/W1923861952', 'https://openalex.org/W1964888681', 'https://openalex.org/W1965942744', 'https://openalex.org/W1969387798', 'https://openalex.org/W1971200109', 'https://openalex.org/W1972693293', 'https://openalex.org/W1982808247', 'https://openalex.org/W1990912256', 'https://openalex.org/W1995734607', 'https://openalex.org/W1999057443', 'https://openalex.org/W2001466921', 'https://openalex.org/W2002197545', 'https://openalex.org/W2012191973', 'https://openalex.org/W2015009255', 'https://openalex.org/W2019900217', 'https://openalex.org/W2021356347', 'https://openalex.org/W2022296972', 'https://openalex.org/W2022602306', 'https://openalex.org/W2025681964', 'https://openalex.org/W2031648971', 'https://openalex.org/W2044488773', 'https://openalex.org/W2045347306', 'https://openalex.org/W2047462352', 'https://openalex.org/W2051387942', 'https://openalex.org/W2064193443', 'https://openalex.org/W2065697579', 'https://openalex.org/W2067267561', 'https://openalex.org/W2068277278', 'https://openalex.org/W2070082204', 'https://openalex.org/W2073458184', 'https://openalex.org/W2074905557', 'https://openalex.org/W2082313952', 'https://openalex.org/W2082822881', 'https://openalex.org/W2087243986', 'https://openalex.org/W2088538089', 'https://openalex.org/W2091330133', 'https://openalex.org/W2092395881', 'https://openalex.org/W2094242581', 'https://openalex.org/W2094660330', 'https://openalex.org/W2099151445', 'https://openalex.org/W2099480013', 'https://openalex.org/W2100490637', 'https://openalex.org/W2101243397', 'https://openalex.org/W2102627976', 'https://openalex.org/W2103559260', 'https://openalex.org/W2104414795', 'https://openalex.org/W2107098582', 'https://openalex.org/W2107733717', 'https://openalex.org/W2119337283', 'https://openalex.org/W2120150976', 'https://openalex.org/W2129134080', 'https://openalex.org/W2139815913', 'https://openalex.org/W2145625835', 'https://openalex.org/W2145728390', 'https://openalex.org/W2149954869', 'https://openalex.org/W2150594596', 'https://openalex.org/W2152748843', 'https://openalex.org/W2154119533', 'https://openalex.org/W2154276106', 'https://openalex.org/W2154887510', 'https://openalex.org/W2158003396', 'https://openalex.org/W2161185317', 'https://openalex.org/W2162148080', 'https://openalex.org/W2164594351', 'https://openalex.org/W2165487605', 'https://openalex.org/W2167600849', 'https://openalex.org/W2170978964', 'https://openalex.org/W2192584681', 'https://openalex.org/W2261364877', 'https://openalex.org/W2276615166', 'https://openalex.org/W2294606443', 'https://openalex.org/W2297261057', 'https://openalex.org/W2298656843', 'https://openalex.org/W2302151110', 'https://openalex.org/W2314634699', 'https://openalex.org/W2326363362', 'https://openalex.org/W2340195634', 'https://openalex.org/W2342194818', 'https://openalex.org/W2343124231', 'https://openalex.org/W2343157050', 'https://openalex.org/W2347052368', 'https://openalex.org/W2410316204', 'https://openalex.org/W2410922951', 'https://openalex.org/W2412763819', 'https://openalex.org/W2428080562', 'https://openalex.org/W2507536232', 'https://openalex.org/W2531792466', 'https://openalex.org/W2549552700', 'https://openalex.org/W2553366103', 'https://openalex.org/W2554390311', 'https://openalex.org/W2554461375', 'https://openalex.org/W2560641813', 'https://openalex.org/W2568020671', 'https://openalex.org/W2577286614', 'https://openalex.org/W2583168382', 'https://openalex.org/W2585432400', 'https://openalex.org/W2596029165', 'https://openalex.org/W2597697444', 'https://openalex.org/W2604863749', 'https://openalex.org/W2608543149', 'https://openalex.org/W2611177721', 'https://openalex.org/W2614111526', 'https://openalex.org/W2616912806', 'https://openalex.org/W2619298813', 'https://openalex.org/W2622807556', 'https://openalex.org/W2700330585', 'https://openalex.org/W2723023976', 'https://openalex.org/W2724559439', 'https://openalex.org/W2735103158', 'https://openalex.org/W2738410425', 'https://openalex.org/W2738927545', 'https://openalex.org/W2753473756', 'https://openalex.org/W2754890392', 'https://openalex.org/W2761467979', 'https://openalex.org/W2768364432', 'https://openalex.org/W2768825363', 'https://openalex.org/W2771758750', 'https://openalex.org/W2774632856', 'https://openalex.org/W2783582599', 'https://openalex.org/W2786608785', 'https://openalex.org/W2788797941', 'https://openalex.org/W2793374197', 'https://openalex.org/W2796285516', 'https://openalex.org/W2805185070', 'https://openalex.org/W2807199544', 'https://openalex.org/W2838315183', 'https://openalex.org/W2889172944', 'https://openalex.org/W2890625851', 'https://openalex.org/W2893467874', 'https://openalex.org/W2893554173', 'https://openalex.org/W2900596992', 'https://openalex.org/W2901448111', 'https://openalex.org/W2907433922', 'https://openalex.org/W2907888739', 'https://openalex.org/W2909534081', 'https://openalex.org/W2917210717', 'https://openalex.org/W2919580190', 'https://openalex.org/W2920063702', 'https://openalex.org/W2922732728', 'https://openalex.org/W2924156012', 'https://openalex.org/W2955012294', 'https://openalex.org/W2963582013', 'https://openalex.org/W2969006138', 'https://openalex.org/W2970276435', 'https://openalex.org/W2972212509', 'https://openalex.org/W2972368830', 'https://openalex.org/W2972702965', 'https://openalex.org/W2981248429', 'https://openalex.org/W2990713260', 'https://openalex.org/W2990866005', 'https://openalex.org/W3008260711', 'https://openalex.org/W3014752737', 'https://openalex.org/W3033964520'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4386175290', 'https://openalex.org/W4223916847', 'https://openalex.org/W3039259383', 'https://openalex.org/W2994679923', 'https://openalex.org/W2608668102', 'https://openalex.org/W2137752040', 'https://openalex.org/W2069181994', 'https://openalex.org/W2060220993', 'https://openalex.org/W2012191973', 'https://openalex.org/W1988659923'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Neuroinflammation': [0], 'is': [1, 14], 'a': [2, 49, 74], 'hallmark': [3], 'feature': [4], 'across': [5], 'the': [6, 15, 71, 88, 97, 112, 118, 140], 'spectrum': [7], 'of': [8, 17, 29, 56, 73, 91, 114], 'neurodegenerative': [9, 35, 65], 'disorders.': [10], 'Central': [11], 'to': [12, 61, 84, 100, 106, 116, 139], 'neuroinflammation': [13, 32, 63], 'activation': [16], 'microglia': [18], 'and': [19, 23, 33, 41, 131], 'astrocytes.': [20], 'Activated': [21], 'microglia,': [22], 'perhaps': [24], 'astrocytes,': [25], 'display': [26], 'an': [27], 'upregulation': [28], 'TSPO': [30, 46, 75, 78, 119, 128, 141], 'in': [31, 34, 64, 129], 'disease': [36], 'models,': [37], 'based': [38], 'on': [39], 'culture': [40], 'animal': [42], 'studies.': [43], 'This': [44, 94], 'indicates': [45], 'may': [47], 'be': [48], 'biomarker': [50], 'for': [51], 'neuroinflammation,': [52, 130], 'however,': [53], 'clinical': [54, 89], 'use': [55], 'TSPO-targeting': [57], 'positron': [58], 'emission': [59], 'tomography': [60], 'monitor': [62], 'disorders': [66], 'has': [67], 'been': [68], 'hindered': [69], 'by': [70, 122], 'presence': [72], 'polymorphism': [76], '(A147T).': [77], 'ligands': [79, 102], 'bind': [80, 104], 'with': [81], 'lower': [82], 'affinity': [83], 'A147T': [85, 107], 'TSPO,': [86], 'restricting': [87], 'utility': [90], 'this': [92], 'approach.': [93], 'chapter': [95], 'reviews': [96], 'ongoing': [98], 'efforts': [99], 'produce': [101], 'that': [103], 'highly': [105], 'TSPO.': [108], 'It': [109], 'also': [110], 'explores': [111], 'question': [113], 'how': [115], 'interpret': [117], 'PET': [120, 142], 'signal,': [121], 'examining': [123], 'which': [124], 'microglial': [125], 'phenotypes': [126], 'upregulate': [127], 'what': [132], 'other': [133], 'brain': [134], 'cell': [135], 'types': [136], 'might': [137], 'contribute': [138], 'signal.': [143]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3206964684', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-17T09:33:30.496584', 'created_date': '2021-10-25'}