Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3185868240', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2021', 'title': 'Altered islet prohormone processing: a cause or consequence of diabetes?', 'display_name': 'Altered islet prohormone processing: a cause or consequence of diabetes?', 'publication_year': 2022, 'publication_date': '2022-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3185868240', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2021', 'mag': '3185868240', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280055'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2021', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203035050', 'display_name': 'Physiological Reviews', 'issn_l': '0031-9333', 'issn': ['0031-9333', '1522-1210'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320155', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physiological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320155'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physiological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5104012429', 'display_name': 'Adam Ramzy', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I141945490', 'display_name': 'University of British Columbia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03rmrcq20', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Adam Ramzy', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5036263560', 'display_name': 'Timothy J. Kieffer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-3176'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I141945490', 'display_name': 'University of British Columbia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03rmrcq20', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Timothy J. Kieffer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5036263560'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141945490'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.051, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 15, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99978, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '102', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '155', 'last_page': '208'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10839', 'display_name': 'Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction and Regeneration', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10839', 'display_name': 'Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction and Regeneration', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10401', 'display_name': 'Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2712', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11171', 'display_name': 'Genetics and Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/proinsulin', 'display_name': 'Proinsulin', 'score': 0.9633855}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/proglucagon', 'display_name': 'Proglucagon', 'score': 0.95608354}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/prohormone-convertase', 'display_name': 'Prohormone convertase', 'score': 0.92264646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-production', 'display_name': 'Insulin Production', 'score': 0.520009}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90061646', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426173', 'display_name': 'Proinsulin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9633855}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780090379', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419119', 'display_name': 'Prohormone', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9600976}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780768396', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66310097', 'display_name': 'Proglucagon', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.95608354}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2910756308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250439', 'display_name': 'Prohormone convertase', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.92264646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7422539}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7316494}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778563252', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170617', 'display_name': 'Glucagon', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.528215}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.46307763}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C555293320', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206', 'display_name': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44013694}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779306644', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370', 'display_name': 'Insulin', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4168036}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777180221', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883', 'display_name': 'Type 2 diabetes', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.37214392}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71315377', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364', 'display_name': 'Hormone', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.35189006}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23381162}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776398474', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424611', 'display_name': 'Glucagon-like peptide-1', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.2308302}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003924', 'descriptor_name': 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005934', 'descriptor_name': 'Glucagon', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D052336', 'descriptor_name': 'Proglucagon', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011384', 'descriptor_name': 'Proinsulin', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003924', 'descriptor_name': 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005934', 'descriptor_name': 'Glucagon', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D052216', 'descriptor_name': 'Glucagon-Like Peptide 1', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D052216', 'descriptor_name': 'Glucagon-Like Peptide 1', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D052336', 'descriptor_name': 'Proglucagon', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011384', 'descriptor_name': 'Proinsulin', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011498', 'descriptor_name': 'Protein Precursors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011498', 'descriptor_name': 'Protein Precursors', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2021', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203035050', 'display_name': 'Physiological Reviews', 'issn_l': '0031-9333', 'issn': ['0031-9333', '1522-1210'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320155', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physiological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320155'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physiological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280055', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.63}], 'grants': [{'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320324812', 'funder_display_name': 'Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute', 'award_id': None}, {'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320334506', 'funder_display_name': 'Canadian Institutes of Health Research', 'award_id': None}], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 442, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W103463365', 'https://openalex.org/W140035566', 'https://openalex.org/W1461005234', 'https://openalex.org/W1480096051', 'https://openalex.org/W1487956790', 'https://openalex.org/W1498441627', 'https://openalex.org/W1501424340', 'https://openalex.org/W1512050447', 'https://openalex.org/W1512224705', 'https://openalex.org/W1528196427', 'https://openalex.org/W1529469385', 'https://openalex.org/W1533532107', 'https://openalex.org/W1533939474', 'https://openalex.org/W1537520581', 'https://openalex.org/W1555713326', 'https://openalex.org/W1556117342', 'https://openalex.org/W1561454056', 'https://openalex.org/W1563942524', 'https://openalex.org/W1582210525', 'https://openalex.org/W1594523559', 'https://openalex.org/W1600542172', 'https://openalex.org/W1602447595', 'https://openalex.org/W1659182807', 'https://openalex.org/W1669198251', 'https://openalex.org/W1737099253', 'https://openalex.org/W1841796495', 'https://openalex.org/W1931741544', 'https://openalex.org/W1942296996', 'https://openalex.org/W1960734071', 'https://openalex.org/W1963914106', 'https://openalex.org/W1964080099', 'https://openalex.org/W1964108502', 'https://openalex.org/W1964281491', 'https://openalex.org/W1964872621', 'https://openalex.org/W1965574341', 'https://openalex.org/W1966480643', 'https://openalex.org/W1970473761', 'https://openalex.org/W1970543078', 'https://openalex.org/W1970761589', 'https://openalex.org/W1971583453', 'https://openalex.org/W1972202396', 'https://openalex.org/W1972700394', 'https://openalex.org/W1973041446', 'https://openalex.org/W1974328237', 'https://openalex.org/W1974348630', 'https://openalex.org/W1974360861', 'https://openalex.org/W1974408786', 'https://openalex.org/W1975236725', 'https://openalex.org/W1975405079', 'https://openalex.org/W1976002091', 'https://openalex.org/W1976086374', 'https://openalex.org/W1977408796', 'https://openalex.org/W1977526480', 'https://openalex.org/W1977843578', 'https://openalex.org/W1978805743', 'https://openalex.org/W1978953702', 'https://openalex.org/W1979490974', 'https://openalex.org/W1980561124', 'https://openalex.org/W1980780381', 'https://openalex.org/W1980879744', 'https://openalex.org/W1981254384', 'https://openalex.org/W1982474732', 'https://openalex.org/W1982573893', 'https://openalex.org/W1985386582', 'https://openalex.org/W1985469117', 'https://openalex.org/W1985917733', 'https://openalex.org/W1986614590', 'https://openalex.org/W1987122512', 'https://openalex.org/W1987356281', 'https://openalex.org/W1988634978', 'https://openalex.org/W1989022426', 'https://openalex.org/W1989873968', 'https://openalex.org/W1990514655', 'https://openalex.org/W1990570834', 'https://openalex.org/W1990815716', 'https://openalex.org/W1992719090', 'https://openalex.org/W1993266267', 'https://openalex.org/W1993412804', 'https://openalex.org/W1996201041', 'https://openalex.org/W1996203763', 'https://openalex.org/W1997883454', 'https://openalex.org/W1998116105', 'https://openalex.org/W1998515329', 'https://openalex.org/W2000020160', 'https://openalex.org/W2000184187', 'https://openalex.org/W2001058095', 'https://openalex.org/W2001154962', 'https://openalex.org/W2002340364', 'https://openalex.org/W2002556441', 'https://openalex.org/W2002651835', 'https://openalex.org/W2002673774', 'https://openalex.org/W2003822998', 'https://openalex.org/W2004354005', 'https://openalex.org/W2005020738', 'https://openalex.org/W2005077839', 'https://openalex.org/W2005132190', 'https://openalex.org/W2005453255', 'https://openalex.org/W2009000121', 'https://openalex.org/W2009128626', 'https://openalex.org/W2010413619', 'https://openalex.org/W2013802173', 'https://openalex.org/W2014077667', 'https://openalex.org/W2015068531', 'https://openalex.org/W2016648335', 'https://openalex.org/W2018594232', 'https://openalex.org/W2019954676', 'https://openalex.org/W2020676746', 'https://openalex.org/W2020753725', 'https://openalex.org/W2021441410', 'https://openalex.org/W2021584674', 'https://openalex.org/W2021979767', 'https://openalex.org/W2022101780', 'https://openalex.org/W2023644010', 'https://openalex.org/W2023777364', 'https://openalex.org/W2024378513', 'https://openalex.org/W2024389003', 'https://openalex.org/W2024503174', 'https://openalex.org/W2025659430', 'https://openalex.org/W2025682280', 'https://openalex.org/W2025702395', 'https://openalex.org/W2025891649', 'https://openalex.org/W2026388701', 'https://openalex.org/W2026462475', 'https://openalex.org/W2026752246', 'https://openalex.org/W2026862913', 'https://openalex.org/W2027241056', 'https://openalex.org/W2028008079', 'https://openalex.org/W2028473737', 'https://openalex.org/W2028771942', 'https://openalex.org/W2028822260', 'https://openalex.org/W2031196190', 'https://openalex.org/W2031434137', 'https://openalex.org/W2031799575', 'https://openalex.org/W2032255728', 'https://openalex.org/W2032551409', 'https://openalex.org/W2034286713', 'https://openalex.org/W2034322981', 'https://openalex.org/W2034922910', 'https://openalex.org/W2035168927', 'https://openalex.org/W2036171730', 'https://openalex.org/W2036329920', 'https://openalex.org/W2037328290', 'https://openalex.org/W2038335142', 'https://openalex.org/W2039264133', 'https://openalex.org/W2040509326', 'https://openalex.org/W2042295555', 'https://openalex.org/W2042944639', 'https://openalex.org/W2043345083', 'https://openalex.org/W2043987758', 'https://openalex.org/W2046239863', 'https://openalex.org/W2046402357', 'https://openalex.org/W2046609891', 'https://openalex.org/W2047169725', 'https://openalex.org/W2048160943', 'https://openalex.org/W2048247932', 'https://openalex.org/W2048267616', 'https://openalex.org/W2048335012', 'https://openalex.org/W2048456744', 'https://openalex.org/W2048935256', 'https://openalex.org/W2049163138', 'https://openalex.org/W2049740824', 'https://openalex.org/W2049904119', 'https://openalex.org/W2049955929', 'https://openalex.org/W2050046962', 'https://openalex.org/W2050183839', 'https://openalex.org/W2050384698', 'https://openalex.org/W2051111855', 'https://openalex.org/W2051712651', 'https://openalex.org/W2052035252', 'https://openalex.org/W2052951890', 'https://openalex.org/W2054128877', 'https://openalex.org/W2054428747', 'https://openalex.org/W2055093639', 'https://openalex.org/W2056868493', 'https://openalex.org/W2057207380', 'https://openalex.org/W2058400934', 'https://openalex.org/W2058479383', 'https://openalex.org/W2058601364', 'https://openalex.org/W2058717577', 'https://openalex.org/W2060351580', 'https://openalex.org/W2061119810', 'https://openalex.org/W2061240699', 'https://openalex.org/W2061351888', 'https://openalex.org/W2061574308', 'https://openalex.org/W2061956600', 'https://openalex.org/W2062062360', 'https://openalex.org/W2062909167', 'https://openalex.org/W2064054787', 'https://openalex.org/W2064354624', 'https://openalex.org/W2064784255', 'https://openalex.org/W2065395239', 'https://openalex.org/W2065919015', 'https://openalex.org/W2067097116', 'https://openalex.org/W2069264186', 'https://openalex.org/W2069505068', 'https://openalex.org/W2069599670', 'https://openalex.org/W2070159057', 'https://openalex.org/W2070899878', 'https://openalex.org/W2071679833', 'https://openalex.org/W2071952874', 'https://openalex.org/W2072143224', 'https://openalex.org/W2073445167', 'https://openalex.org/W2074332864', 'https://openalex.org/W2074501705', 'https://openalex.org/W2074869995', 'https://openalex.org/W2075834312', 'https://openalex.org/W2077403616', 'https://openalex.org/W2077652373', 'https://openalex.org/W2079659159', 'https://openalex.org/W2080609104', 'https://openalex.org/W2080887292', 'https://openalex.org/W2081092314', 'https://openalex.org/W2081593728', 'https://openalex.org/W2081666098', 'https://openalex.org/W2084948079', 'https://openalex.org/W2086035733', 'https://openalex.org/W2087080454', 'https://openalex.org/W2087357268', 'https://openalex.org/W2088757403', 'https://openalex.org/W2088805278', 'https://openalex.org/W2089030761', 'https://openalex.org/W2091676281', 'https://openalex.org/W2093226724', 'https://openalex.org/W2093477186', 'https://openalex.org/W2095118984', 'https://openalex.org/W2095256598', 'https://openalex.org/W2095481422', 'https://openalex.org/W2096425638', 'https://openalex.org/W2096728414', 'https://openalex.org/W2097028001', 'https://openalex.org/W2099115577', 'https://openalex.org/W2100097257', 'https://openalex.org/W2100492311', 'https://openalex.org/W2101199896', 'https://openalex.org/W2103106596', 'https://openalex.org/W2103120998', 'https://openalex.org/W2103246934', 'https://openalex.org/W2104102520', 'https://openalex.org/W2105699709', 'https://openalex.org/W2105730871', 'https://openalex.org/W2106036385', 'https://openalex.org/W2106754968', 'https://openalex.org/W2106824929', 'https://openalex.org/W2107007476', 'https://openalex.org/W2108147094', 'https://openalex.org/W2110291152', 'https://openalex.org/W2111067301', 'https://openalex.org/W2111339507', 'https://openalex.org/W2111675794', 'https://openalex.org/W2114762146', 'https://openalex.org/W2115855599', 'https://openalex.org/W2116303795', 'https://openalex.org/W2116753046', 'https://openalex.org/W2117165384', 'https://openalex.org/W2119697230', 'https://openalex.org/W2120839518', 'https://openalex.org/W2121450976', 'https://openalex.org/W2122864632', 'https://openalex.org/W2124258331', 'https://openalex.org/W2124655787', 'https://openalex.org/W2124706352', 'https://openalex.org/W2125233841', 'https://openalex.org/W2125747464', 'https://openalex.org/W2127112852', 'https://openalex.org/W2127158541', 'https://openalex.org/W2127167047', 'https://openalex.org/W2131749009', 'https://openalex.org/W2131921721', 'https://openalex.org/W2134202966', 'https://openalex.org/W2134984573', 'https://openalex.org/W2135531598', 'https://openalex.org/W2136034547', 'https://openalex.org/W2136198545', 'https://openalex.org/W2137334382', 'https://openalex.org/W2138041386', 'https://openalex.org/W2138957151', 'https://openalex.org/W2139121435', 'https://openalex.org/W2139394184', 'https://openalex.org/W2139458690', 'https://openalex.org/W2140564873', 'https://openalex.org/W2140790588', 'https://openalex.org/W2141150756', 'https://openalex.org/W2141263550', 'https://openalex.org/W2142774731', 'https://openalex.org/W2143485814', 'https://openalex.org/W2144648093', 'https://openalex.org/W2144776561', 'https://openalex.org/W2145095479', 'https://openalex.org/W2146074741', 'https://openalex.org/W2146660254', 'https://openalex.org/W2147503312', 'https://openalex.org/W2148119886', 'https://openalex.org/W2148632005', 'https://openalex.org/W2149022423', 'https://openalex.org/W2149248906', 'https://openalex.org/W2149545030', 'https://openalex.org/W2150631622', 'https://openalex.org/W2150656078', 'https://openalex.org/W2151600164', 'https://openalex.org/W2153184502', 'https://openalex.org/W2153329539', 'https://openalex.org/W2154243627', 'https://openalex.org/W2156135176', 'https://openalex.org/W2157440365', 'https://openalex.org/W2160289308', 'https://openalex.org/W2160738923', 'https://openalex.org/W2161084765', 'https://openalex.org/W2161481831', 'https://openalex.org/W2161688901', 'https://openalex.org/W2163042989', 'https://openalex.org/W2163488353', 'https://openalex.org/W2164369519', 'https://openalex.org/W2164971474', 'https://openalex.org/W2166424998', 'https://openalex.org/W2167089066', 'https://openalex.org/W2167320654', 'https://openalex.org/W2167479225', 'https://openalex.org/W2169477593', 'https://openalex.org/W2170255219', 'https://openalex.org/W2171796615', 'https://openalex.org/W2173215630', 'https://openalex.org/W2180397054', 'https://openalex.org/W2199891677', 'https://openalex.org/W2225917948', 'https://openalex.org/W2233805588', 'https://openalex.org/W2250379570', 'https://openalex.org/W2266478788', 'https://openalex.org/W2313106246', 'https://openalex.org/W2313113438', 'https://openalex.org/W2319307509', 'https://openalex.org/W2330245285', 'https://openalex.org/W2334031918', 'https://openalex.org/W2340948203', 'https://openalex.org/W2341325028', 'https://openalex.org/W2407572234', 'https://openalex.org/W2413219661', 'https://openalex.org/W2418421547', 'https://openalex.org/W2461793432', 'https://openalex.org/W2467561455', 'https://openalex.org/W2482901886', 'https://openalex.org/W2523369352', 'https://openalex.org/W2523419694', 'https://openalex.org/W2523620612', 'https://openalex.org/W2525779167', 'https://openalex.org/W2526262591', 'https://openalex.org/W2541443144', 'https://openalex.org/W2551194178', 'https://openalex.org/W2559404202', 'https://openalex.org/W2559747420', 'https://openalex.org/W2560165191', 'https://openalex.org/W2560187753', 'https://openalex.org/W2560447382', 'https://openalex.org/W2560791331', 'https://openalex.org/W2564020361', 'https://openalex.org/W2581716463', 'https://openalex.org/W2589758965', 'https://openalex.org/W2595853302', 'https://openalex.org/W2598676152', 'https://openalex.org/W2602095364', 'https://openalex.org/W2608692225', 'https://openalex.org/W2609422501', 'https://openalex.org/W2618803347', 'https://openalex.org/W2724768241', 'https://openalex.org/W2726663802', 'https://openalex.org/W2735625114', 'https://openalex.org/W2748432115', 'https://openalex.org/W2749838799', 'https://openalex.org/W2750951062', 'https://openalex.org/W2752336761', 'https://openalex.org/W2752801942', 'https://openalex.org/W2767376376', 'https://openalex.org/W2769162387', 'https://openalex.org/W2769332703', 'https://openalex.org/W2772059359', 'https://openalex.org/W2773841864', 'https://openalex.org/W2776280', 'https://openalex.org/W2789594485', 'https://openalex.org/W2789611616', 'https://openalex.org/W2790970165', 'https://openalex.org/W2792081113', 'https://openalex.org/W2793821186', 'https://openalex.org/W2884354973', 'https://openalex.org/W2889562110', 'https://openalex.org/W2889838690', 'https://openalex.org/W2890859314', 'https://openalex.org/W2894687190', 'https://openalex.org/W2897636188', 'https://openalex.org/W2898266729', 'https://openalex.org/W2899183711', 'https://openalex.org/W2899339394', 'https://openalex.org/W2899546454', 'https://openalex.org/W2900001463', 'https://openalex.org/W2900147848', 'https://openalex.org/W2904021203', 'https://openalex.org/W2905187827', 'https://openalex.org/W2914141586', 'https://openalex.org/W2914824280', 'https://openalex.org/W2917475665', 'https://openalex.org/W2937044074', 'https://openalex.org/W2937368458', 'https://openalex.org/W2939358825', 'https://openalex.org/W2948394616', 'https://openalex.org/W2951506174', 'https://openalex.org/W2953647285', 'https://openalex.org/W2958830246', 'https://openalex.org/W2967133224', 'https://openalex.org/W2967709021', 'https://openalex.org/W2972217240', 'https://openalex.org/W2980155780', 'https://openalex.org/W2991077754', 'https://openalex.org/W3003958661', 'https://openalex.org/W3007985497', 'https://openalex.org/W3009323182', 'https://openalex.org/W3010766518', 'https://openalex.org/W3011935356', 'https://openalex.org/W3013062548', 'https://openalex.org/W3014250462', 'https://openalex.org/W3015752820', 'https://openalex.org/W3016022317', 'https://openalex.org/W3016059226', 'https://openalex.org/W3029981859', 'https://openalex.org/W3030239762', 'https://openalex.org/W3034038168', 'https://openalex.org/W3093006804', 'https://openalex.org/W3099245374', 'https://openalex.org/W3133678581', 'https://openalex.org/W3159099664', 'https://openalex.org/W4230402341', 'https://openalex.org/W4231064072', 'https://openalex.org/W4232782643', 'https://openalex.org/W4233931937', 'https://openalex.org/W4234513605', 'https://openalex.org/W4235326564', 'https://openalex.org/W4236089213', 'https://openalex.org/W4240896746', 'https://openalex.org/W4245348474', 'https://openalex.org/W4245406989', 'https://openalex.org/W4248007593', 'https://openalex.org/W4253699883', 'https://openalex.org/W4255165204', 'https://openalex.org/W827646764', 'https://openalex.org/W92843672'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4254039187', 'https://openalex.org/W4247264844', 'https://openalex.org/W4244979423', 'https://openalex.org/W4231614084', 'https://openalex.org/W3185868240', 'https://openalex.org/W3016022317', 'https://openalex.org/W2894885970', 'https://openalex.org/W2055093639', 'https://openalex.org/W2047708866', 'https://openalex.org/W2032166152'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Peptide': [0], 'hormones': [1], 'are': [2, 31, 43], 'first': [3], 'produced': [4], 'as': [5], 'larger': [6], 'precursor': [7], 'prohormones': [8, 105], 'that': [9, 113, 187, 202, 224], 'require': [10], 'endoproteolytic': [11], 'cleavage': [12, 34], 'to': [13, 45, 48, 89, 141, 196], 'liberate': [14], 'the': [15, 68, 212, 231], 'mature': [16], 'hormones.': [17], 'A': [18], 'structurally': [19], 'conserved': [20], 'but': [21], 'functionally': [22], 'distinct': [23], 'family': [24], 'of': [25, 35, 38, 58, 101, 103, 132, 155, 164, 216, 233, 246], 'nine': [26], 'prohormone': [27, 54, 63, 218, 236], 'convertase': [28], 'enzymes': [29], '(PCs)': [30], 'responsible': [32, 52], 'for': [33, 53, 139, 153], 'protein': [36], 'precursors,': [37], 'which': [39], 'PC1/3': [40, 84], 'and': [41, 51, 94, 119, 126, 145, 171, 173, 222], 'PC2': [42, 75], 'known': [44], 'be': [46, 176], 'exclusive': [47], 'neuroendocrine': [49], 'cells': [50, 88], 'cleavage.': [55], 'Differential': [56], 'expression': [57], 'PCs': [59], 'within': [60], 'tissues': [61], 'defines': [62], 'processing;': [64], 'whereas': [65], 'glucagon': [66], 'is': [67, 80, 110, 122, 129, 151, 209, 238], 'major': [69], 'product': [70], 'liberated': [71], 'from': [72], 'proglucagon': [73, 79, 120, 191], 'via': [74], 'in': [76, 85, 106, 159, 179, 220], 'pancreatic': [77], 'α-cells,': [78], 'preferentially': [81], 'processed': [82], 'by': [83], 'intestinal': [86], 'L': [87], 'produce': [90], 'glucagon-like': [91], 'peptides': [92], '1': [93, 157, 181], '2': [95, 143], '(GLP-1,': [96], 'GLP-2).': [97], 'Beyond': [98], 'our': [99], 'understanding': [100], 'processing': [102, 121, 192, 219, 237], 'islet': [104], 'healthy': [107], 'islets,': [108], 'there': [109], 'convincing': [111], 'evidence': [112, 208], 'proinsulin,': [114], 'pro-islet': [115], 'amyloid': [116], 'polypeptide': [117], '(proIAPP),': [118], 'altered': [123, 190, 235], 'during': [124, 193], 'prediabetes': [125], 'diabetes.': [127, 182], 'There': [128], 'predictive': [130, 152], 'value': [131], 'elevated': [133, 146, 168], 'circulating': [134, 169], 'proinsulin': [135, 147, 170, 174], 'or': [136, 148, 242], 'proinsulin-to-C-peptide': [137, 149], 'ratio': [138, 150], 'progression': [140], 'type': [142, 156, 180], 'diabetes,': [144, 165, 194], 'development': [154], 'diabetes': [158, 221, 247], 'at-risk': [160], 'groups.': [161], 'After': [162], 'onset': [163], 'patients': [166], 'have': [167, 189], 'proIAPP,': [172], 'may': [175], 'an': [177], 'autoantigen': [178], 'Furthermore,': [183], 'preclinical': [184], 'studies': [185], 'reveal': [186], 'α-cells': [188], 'leading': [195], 'increased': [197], 'GLP-1': [198], 'production.': [199], 'We': [200], 'conclude': [201], 'despite': [203], 'strong': [204], 'associative': [205], 'data,': [206], 'current': [207], 'inconclusive': [210], 'on': [211, 229], 'potential': [213], 'causal': [214, 240], 'role': [215], 'impaired': [217], 'suggest': [223], 'future': [225], 'work': [226], 'should': [227], 'focus': [228], 'resolving': [230], 'question': [232], 'whether': [234], 'a': [239, 244], 'driver': [241], 'merely': [243], 'consequence': [245], 'pathology.': [248]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3185868240', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-21T23:57:58.597394', 'created_date': '2021-08-02'}