Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3129408983', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'title': 'Desulfurization of Thar Lignite by Oxidative Alkali Leaching Under Pressure', 'display_name': 'Desulfurization of Thar Lignite by Oxidative Alkali Leaching Under Pressure', 'publication_year': 2021, 'publication_date': '2021-02-09', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3129408983', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'mag': '3129408983'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402450', 'display_name': 'Research Square (Research Square)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210096694', 'host_organization_name': 'Research Square (United States)', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210096694'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Research Square (United States)'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'preprint', 'type_crossref': 'posted-content', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065159929', 'display_name': 'Muhammad Azam Usto', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Muhammad Azam Usto', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042301425', 'display_name': 'Arshad Iqbal Jarwar', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Arshad Iqbal Jarwar', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091840966', 'display_name': 'Ghulamullah Maitlo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ghulamullah Maitlo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035247268', 'display_name': 'Shaoib Ahmed Qureshi', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shaoib Ahmed Qureshi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5023241621', 'display_name': 'Asif Ali Memon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-9449'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sikandar Ali Abbasi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059447781', 'display_name': 'Shahab Alam', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shahab Alam', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5046643567', 'display_name': 'Zubair Hashmi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-7865'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Zubair Hashmi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102991747', 'display_name': 'Abdul Karim Shah', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-6853'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Abdul Karim Shah', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003076482', 'display_name': 'Aqeel Ahmed Shah', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-1668'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Aqeel Ahmed Shah', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5013050274', 'display_name': 'Abdul Sattar Jatoi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-3756'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Abdul Sattar Jatoi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5072948711', 'display_name': 'Ghulam Abbas Kandharo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I343975184', 'display_name': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/030xw6n96', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ghulam Abbas Kandharo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dawood University of Engineering and Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dawood University of Engineering and Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041515946', 'display_name': 'Shah Rukh Memon', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210144718', 'display_name': 'Universidad de IngenierĂa y TecnologĂa', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/040gykh71', 'country_code': 'PE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210144718']}], 'countries': ['PE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shah Rukh Memon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Engineering and Technology Research'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Engineering and Technology Research', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210144718']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5065159929'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I343975184'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': None, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 2, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.897892, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 67, 'max': 72}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10088', 'display_name': 'Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes', 'score': 0.9965, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10088', 'display_name': 'Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes', 'score': 0.9965, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14428', 'display_name': 'Coal and Coke Industries Research', 'score': 0.9937, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2103', 'display_name': 'Fuel Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12218', 'display_name': 'Coal and Its By-products', 'score': 0.9935, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1906', 'display_name': 'Geochemistry and Petrology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/thermogravimetric-analysis', 'display_name': 'Thermogravimetric analysis', 'score': 0.48557442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting-oxygen-concentration', 'display_name': 'Limiting oxygen concentration', 'score': 0.42810264}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68000547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903423', 'display_name': 'Flue-gas desulfurization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.948465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C518881349', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682', 'display_name': 'Sulfur', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.84886825}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C518851703', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489', 'display_name': 'Coal', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.820568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90982505', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886', 'display_name': 'Leaching (pedology)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.66213495}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105923489', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235', 'display_name': 'Combustion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65585864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.56273955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C198091228', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19557', 'display_name': 'Alkali metal', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5043298}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C540031477', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629', 'display_name': 'Oxygen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49214643}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188471824', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137808', 'display_name': 'Coal combustion products', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48969772}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60100273', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902806', 'display_name': 'Thermogravimetric analysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48557442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89169090', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593204', 'display_name': 'Limiting oxygen concentration', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42810264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C548081761', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388', 'display_name': 'Waste management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4052515}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C179104552', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165', 'display_name': 'Inorganic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37090474}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107872376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355', 'display_name': 'Environmental chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34698915}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16661689}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16188967}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159390177', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265', 'display_name': 'Soil science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.03961104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159750122', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023', 'display_name': 'Soil water', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402450', 'display_name': 'Research Square (Research Square)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210096694', 'host_organization_name': 'Research Square (United States)', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210096694'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Research Square (United States)'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190766/v1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402450', 'display_name': 'Research Square (Research Square)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210096694', 'host_organization_name': 'Research Square (United States)', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210096694'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Research Square (United States)'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 40, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1523713638', 'https://openalex.org/W1964379976', 'https://openalex.org/W1967966232', 'https://openalex.org/W1968852536', 'https://openalex.org/W1985928666', 'https://openalex.org/W1988089689', 'https://openalex.org/W1996030537', 'https://openalex.org/W2003585352', 'https://openalex.org/W2010969363', 'https://openalex.org/W2012886567', 'https://openalex.org/W2018090998', 'https://openalex.org/W2028700961', 'https://openalex.org/W2032986375', 'https://openalex.org/W2035482803', 'https://openalex.org/W2038074851', 'https://openalex.org/W2040382223', 'https://openalex.org/W2040873702', 'https://openalex.org/W2064438281', 'https://openalex.org/W2065097058', 'https://openalex.org/W2067374563', 'https://openalex.org/W2068338978', 'https://openalex.org/W2068681368', 'https://openalex.org/W2075173456', 'https://openalex.org/W2081703145', 'https://openalex.org/W2139560559', 'https://openalex.org/W2163073595', 'https://openalex.org/W2499703686', 'https://openalex.org/W2503566543', 'https://openalex.org/W2586990410', 'https://openalex.org/W2590887269', 'https://openalex.org/W2730952002', 'https://openalex.org/W2752577328', 'https://openalex.org/W2768612401', 'https://openalex.org/W2772320613', 'https://openalex.org/W2790661130', 'https://openalex.org/W2886730555', 'https://openalex.org/W2895756753', 'https://openalex.org/W2896673574', 'https://openalex.org/W2920248259', 'https://openalex.org/W2972857564'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3030188872', 'https://openalex.org/W2390587946', 'https://openalex.org/W2383940933', 'https://openalex.org/W2371970563', 'https://openalex.org/W2360217965', 'https://openalex.org/W2358778632', 'https://openalex.org/W2355609174', 'https://openalex.org/W2348546334', 'https://openalex.org/W2058973409', 'https://openalex.org/W1965257057'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'Pakistan': [1], 'is': [2], 'the': [3, 10, 14, 41, 98, 101, 109, 114, 166], 'world': [4, 11], 'largest': [5], 'lignite': [6], 'bearing': [7], 'country': [8], 'in': [9, 20, 33, 119, 135, 186], 'due': [12], 'to': [13, 24, 28, 39, 164], 'Thar': [15, 44], 'coal': [16, 22, 180, 188], 'reserves.': [17], 'Sulfur': [18], 'contained': [19], 'this': [21], 'need': [23], 'be': [25], 'removed': [26, 48], 'prior': [27], 'combustion.': [29], 'Oxidative': [30], 'alkali': [31, 123], 'leaching': [32], 'dissolved': [34], 'oxygen': [35, 93, 105], 'technique': [36], 'was': [37, 74, 84, 145, 153, 173, 189], 'used': [38], 'remove': [40], 'sulfur': [42, 61, 65, 72], 'from': [43], 'coal.': [45, 171], 'This': [46], 'method': [47], 'enough': [49], 'all': [50], 'three': [51], 'types': [52], 'of': [53, 70, 77, 92, 111, 137, 141, 169, 178], 'sulfur;': [54], 'about': [55], '90%': [56], 'pyretic': [57], 'sulfur,': [58], '78%': [59], 'organic': [60], 'and': [62, 66, 89, 104, 122, 129, 139, 160, 183], '50%': [63], 'sulfate': [64], 'more': [67], 'than': [68], '82S%': [69], 'total': [71], 'removal': [73], 'achieved.': [75], 'Effect': [76], 'various': [78], 'reaction': [79, 87, 102, 120], 'parameters': [80], 'were': [81, 181], 'observed,': [82], 'it': [83], 'investigated': [85], 'that': [86, 175], 'time': [88, 103], 'partial': [90, 106], 'pressure': [91, 107], 'has': [94], 'positive': [95], 'effect': [96], 'on': [97], 'desulfurization,': [99, 112], 'higher': [100, 108], 'degree': [110], 'also': [113, 154], 'desulfurization': [115, 144], 'increased': [116], 'with': [117, 132, 148, 156], 'increase': [118, 134], 'temperature': [121, 138], 'concentration': [124, 140], 'till': [125], 'some': [126], 'optimum': [127], 'value': [128, 136], 'then': [130], 'decreases': [131], 'further': [133], 'alkali,': [142], 'although': [143], 'observed': [146, 174], 'maximum': [147], 'minimum': [149], 'particle': [150], 'size.': [151], 'Coal': [152], 'characterized': [155], 'Thermogravimetric': [157], 'Analysis': [158], '(TGA)': [159], 'Testo': [161], 'smoke': [162, 185], 'number': [163], 'investigate': [165], 'combustion': [167, 176], 'behavior': [168], 'processed': [170, 179, 187], 'It': [172], 'properties': [177], 'improved': [182], 'black': [184], 'reduced.': [190]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3129408983', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T17:51:45.326389', 'created_date': '2021-03-01'}