Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3125442684', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214', 'title': 'Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle', 'display_name': 'Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3125442684', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214', 'mag': '3125442684'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065728730', 'display_name': 'James E. Anderson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-5271'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I103531236', 'display_name': 'Boston College', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02n2fzt79', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I103531236']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'James E Anderson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 and NBER.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 and NBER.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I103531236']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079637018', 'display_name': 'Eric van Wincoop', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51556381', 'display_name': 'University of Virginia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0153tk833', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51556381']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Eric van Wincoop', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, University of Virginia, 116 Rouss Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904 and NBER.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, University of Virginia, 116 Rouss Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904 and NBER.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51556381']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 150.95, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 6542, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999809, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '93', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '170', 'last_page': '192'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Impact of International Trade on Productivity and Growth', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Impact of International Trade on Productivity and Growth', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11168', 'display_name': 'Foreign Aid and Development Policies', 'score': 0.9661, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3303', 'display_name': 'Development'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13825', 'display_name': 'Economic Policy and Public Finance Research', 'score': 0.9605, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-statics', 'display_name': 'Comparative statics', 'score': 0.91510886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-equation', 'display_name': 'Gravity equation', 'score': 0.6088625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-creation', 'display_name': 'Trade creation', 'score': 0.4868402}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-flexibility', 'display_name': 'Labor Market Flexibility', 'score': 0.460407}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/statics', 'display_name': 'Statics', 'score': 0.44490507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation', 'display_name': 'Foundation (evidence)', 'score': 0.41057786}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48875124', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416996', 'display_name': 'Comparative statics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.91510886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87889798', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543986', 'display_name': 'Gravity model of trade', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7471557}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7023323}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2992128022', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5598083', 'display_name': 'Gravity equation', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6088625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76474335', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215551', 'display_name': 'Comparative advantage', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53005546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.51991004}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779108270', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832035', 'display_name': 'Trade creation', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.4868402}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780967403', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256330', 'display_name': 'Bilateral trade', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4692167}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96250715', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330', 'display_name': 'Estimation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46398523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C35441770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169019', 'display_name': 'Statics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44490507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38349280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290', 'display_name': 'Flow (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41992787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780966255', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306', 'display_name': 'Foundation (evidence)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41057786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144237770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534', 'display_name': 'Mathematical economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34516692}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C506295513', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438', 'display_name': 'Economic integration', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.25224423}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24167287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779190738', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832039', 'display_name': 'Trade diversion', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.22230616}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18547055', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417', 'display_name': 'International economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22121134}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21462488}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155202549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803', 'display_name': 'International trade', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18933001}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17956397}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90924733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5335686', 'display_name': 'International free trade agreement', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.10844767}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0944618}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74650414', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397', 'display_name': 'Classical mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.079730034}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191935318', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148', 'display_name': 'China', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hdl.handle.net/10532/3989', 'pdf_url': 'https://citarea.cita-aragon.es/citarea/bitstream/10532/3989/4/2017_178suplemento.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196429', 'display_name': 'citaREA (Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210122787', 'host_organization_name': 'Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210122787'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-P/wp485.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-P/wp485.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8079.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals', 'score': 0.47, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 82, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1479800634', 'https://openalex.org/W1482709343', 'https://openalex.org/W1492494577', 'https://openalex.org/W1504555570', 'https://openalex.org/W1531609150', 'https://openalex.org/W1538996084', 'https://openalex.org/W1555268452', 'https://openalex.org/W1575140665', 'https://openalex.org/W1585182641', 'https://openalex.org/W1600153776', 'https://openalex.org/W1969652086', 'https://openalex.org/W1970034177', 'https://openalex.org/W1970276356', 'https://openalex.org/W1976868072', 'https://openalex.org/W1981227361', 'https://openalex.org/W1985572537', 'https://openalex.org/W1989930905', 'https://openalex.org/W1999715283', 'https://openalex.org/W2004103375', 'https://openalex.org/W2006895136', 'https://openalex.org/W2019352438', 'https://openalex.org/W2019820912', 'https://openalex.org/W2024934901', 'https://openalex.org/W2028545817', 'https://openalex.org/W2036484181', 'https://openalex.org/W2055229598', 'https://openalex.org/W2071630313', 'https://openalex.org/W2081615497', 'https://openalex.org/W2084403927', 'https://openalex.org/W2087340128', 'https://openalex.org/W2089455037', 'https://openalex.org/W2090417747', 'https://openalex.org/W2098617858', 'https://openalex.org/W2099516335', 'https://openalex.org/W2100130392', 'https://openalex.org/W2100397467', 'https://openalex.org/W2102353186', 'https://openalex.org/W2107769200', 'https://openalex.org/W2117820532', 'https://openalex.org/W2120400723', 'https://openalex.org/W2131259247', 'https://openalex.org/W2144294794', 'https://openalex.org/W2150851272', 'https://openalex.org/W2163362767', 'https://openalex.org/W2166963850', 'https://openalex.org/W2267491960', 'https://openalex.org/W2277472877', 'https://openalex.org/W2804807976', 'https://openalex.org/W3037594170', 'https://openalex.org/W3121300302', 'https://openalex.org/W3121883596', 'https://openalex.org/W3122014816', 'https://openalex.org/W3122089981', 'https://openalex.org/W3122119000', 'https://openalex.org/W3122288802', 'https://openalex.org/W3122385700', 'https://openalex.org/W3122391167', 'https://openalex.org/W3122429082', 'https://openalex.org/W3122592077', 'https://openalex.org/W3122693904', 'https://openalex.org/W3122738459', 'https://openalex.org/W3122793238', 'https://openalex.org/W3123157773', 'https://openalex.org/W3123266379', 'https://openalex.org/W3123272809', 'https://openalex.org/W3124123174', 'https://openalex.org/W3124238505', 'https://openalex.org/W3124486197', 'https://openalex.org/W3124550785', 'https://openalex.org/W3124657106', 'https://openalex.org/W3124849352', 'https://openalex.org/W3125033757', 'https://openalex.org/W3125072420', 'https://openalex.org/W3125458468', 'https://openalex.org/W3125580531', 'https://openalex.org/W3125629978', 'https://openalex.org/W3125682060', 'https://openalex.org/W3125740276', 'https://openalex.org/W3126030390', 'https://openalex.org/W3126096635', 'https://openalex.org/W4229926969', 'https://openalex.org/W648968271'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4235129248', 'https://openalex.org/W4230432608', 'https://openalex.org/W3139396986', 'https://openalex.org/W3125442684', 'https://openalex.org/W2785985412', 'https://openalex.org/W2479629149', 'https://openalex.org/W2466882566', 'https://openalex.org/W2065250654', 'https://openalex.org/W2017052114', 'https://openalex.org/W1508055547'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Gravity': [0], 'equations': [1, 20], 'have': [2, 23], 'been': [3], 'widely': [4], 'used': [5], 'to': [6, 72], 'infer': [7], 'trade': [8, 66, 88], 'flow': [9], 'effects': [10], 'of': [11, 65, 95], 'various': [12], 'institutional': [13], 'arrangements.': [14], 'We': [15, 44, 68], 'show': [16], 'that': [17, 30, 38, 48, 84], 'estimated': [18], 'gravity': [19, 56], 'do': [21], 'not': [22], 'a': [24, 46, 54], 'theoretical': [25, 55], 'foundation.': [26], 'This': [27], 'implies': [28], 'both': [29], 'estimation': [31], 'suffers': [32], 'from': [33], 'omitted': [34], 'variables': [35], 'bias': [36], 'and': [37, 51, 58], 'comparative': [39, 63], 'statics': [40, 64], 'analysis': [41], 'is': [42], 'unfounded.': [43], 'develop': [45], 'method': [47, 71], '(i)': [49], 'consistently': [50], 'efficiently': [52], 'estimates': [53], 'equation': [57], '(ii)': [59], 'correctly': [60], 'calculates': [61], 'the': [62, 70, 74], 'frictions.': [67], 'apply': [69], 'solve': [73], 'famous': [75], 'McCallum': [76], 'border': [77], 'puzzle.': [78], 'Applying': [79], 'our': [80], 'method,': [81], 'we': [82], 'find': [83], 'national': [85], 'borders': [86], 'reduce': [87], 'between': [89], 'industrialized': [90], 'countries': [91], 'by': [92], 'moderate': [93], 'amounts': [94], '20–50': [96], 'percent.': [97]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125442684', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 251}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 379}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 387}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 422}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 330}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 316}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 319}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 303}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 350}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 397}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 435}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 372}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 352}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-14T20:41:30.595587', 'created_date': '2021-02-01'}