Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3124640630', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.15779/z384k33', 'title': 'Disagreeable Privacy Policies: Mismatches between Meaning and Users’ Understanding', 'display_name': 'Disagreeable Privacy Policies: Mismatches between Meaning and Users’ Understanding', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3124640630', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.15779/z384k33', 'mag': '3124640630'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol30/iss1/3/', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203105838', 'display_name': 'Berkeley technology law journal', 'issn_l': '1086-3818', 'issn': ['1086-3818'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316106', 'host_organization_name': 'UC Berkeley School of Law', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316177', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316198', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316106'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', 'UC Berkeley School of Law'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007348361', 'display_name': 'Joël R. Reidenberg', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I164389053', 'display_name': 'Fordham University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03qnxaf80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I164389053']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Joel R. Reidenberg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['#N#Fordham University#N#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '#N#Fordham University#N#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I164389053']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006266551', 'display_name': 'Travis D. Breaux', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-8155'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I74973139', 'display_name': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05x2bcf33', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Travis Breaux', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Carnegie Mellon University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077224801', 'display_name': 'Lorrie Faith Carnor', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I74973139', 'display_name': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05x2bcf33', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lorrie Faith Carnor', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Carnegie Mellon University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5008091461', 'display_name': 'Brian F. French', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3896-7888'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I164389053', 'display_name': 'Fordham University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03qnxaf80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I164389053']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Brian French', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['#N#Fordham University#N#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '#N#Fordham University#N#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I164389053']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 15.726, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 193, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999992, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '30', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '39', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11045', 'display_name': 'Privacy, Security, and Data Protection', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11045', 'display_name': 'Privacy, Security, and Data Protection', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10764', 'display_name': 'Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data', 'score': 0.9662, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779913896', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001', 'display_name': 'Notice', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.84865695}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C102938260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831', 'display_name': 'Privacy policy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.68372685}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108827166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975', 'display_name': 'Internet privacy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.56862915}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46295352', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982', 'display_name': 'Legitimacy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5297445}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C110875604', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75', 'display_name': 'The Internet', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4999907}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C123201435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632', 'display_name': 'Information privacy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49271372}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780876879', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749', 'display_name': 'Meaning (existential)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4749665}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169093310', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971', 'display_name': 'Personally identifiable information', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41147757}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.37785292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39549134', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080', 'display_name': 'Public relations', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36933842}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36891556}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3452786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136764020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466', 'display_name': 'World Wide Web', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.325615}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.30651426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14474002}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol30/iss1/3/', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203105838', 'display_name': 'Berkeley technology law journal', 'issn_l': '1086-3818', 'issn': ['1086-3818'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316106', 'host_organization_name': 'UC Berkeley School of Law', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316177', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316198', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316106'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', 'UC Berkeley School of Law'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.76}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W964600994', 'https://openalex.org/W72496981', 'https://openalex.org/W3124701710', 'https://openalex.org/W2616332126', 'https://openalex.org/W2517394750', 'https://openalex.org/W2405832514', 'https://openalex.org/W2339322788', 'https://openalex.org/W2211757780', 'https://openalex.org/W2171263140', 'https://openalex.org/W2143002484', 'https://openalex.org/W2108554506', 'https://openalex.org/W2097427281', 'https://openalex.org/W2080453063', 'https://openalex.org/W2046653306', 'https://openalex.org/W2046638191', 'https://openalex.org/W1984255983', 'https://openalex.org/W1882358344', 'https://openalex.org/W180142698', 'https://openalex.org/W1788967622', 'https://openalex.org/W1640628807'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Privacy': [0, 247, 337], 'policies': [1, 37, 61, 127, 393, 459, 494, 593, 635, 641, 688, 698, 714], 'are': [2, 709], 'verbose,': [3], 'difficult': [4], 'to': [5, 10, 48, 50, 98, 132, 184, 383, 401, 495, 502, 545, 597, 642, 649, 715], 'understand,': [6], 'take': [7], 'too': [8], 'long': [9], 'read,': [11], 'and': [12, 56, 69, 75, 85, 89, 112, 115, 170, 186, 193, 196, 209, 228, 236, 249, 254, 267, 271, 289, 309, 315, 343, 359, 400, 413, 418, 429, 440, 447, 451, 465, 467, 485, 501, 526, 555, 559, 601, 620, 624, 670, 673, 695, 704, 731], 'may': [13, 594, 689], 'be': [14, 595, 690, 700], 'the': [15, 39, 63, 66, 94, 105, 122, 180, 197, 200, 221, 389, 403, 441, 463, 477, 490, 536, 557, 560, 574, 603, 609, 616, 625, 637, 650, 665, 668, 675, 692, 728, 750], 'least-read': [16], 'items': [17], 'on': [18, 93, 177, 206, 307, 341, 357, 397, 678], 'most': [19, 41], 'websites': [20, 708, 745], 'even': [21], 'as': [22, 77, 734], 'users': [23, 47, 97, 114, 600], 'express': [24], 'growing': [25], 'concerns': [26], 'about': [27, 476], 'information': [28, 45], 'collection': [29, 525], 'practices.': [30], 'For': [31, 174, 420], 'all': [32, 520], 'their': [33, 175, 747], 'faults,': [34], 'though,': [35], 'privacy': [36, 100, 126, 392, 458, 499, 539, 592, 634, 640, 687, 713], 'remain': [38], 'single': [40], 'important': [42, 386, 533], 'source': [43], 'of': [44, 87, 96, 273, 279, 286, 329, 363, 391, 405, 427, 443, 457, 493, 498, 505, 516, 538, 566, 577, 580, 588, 605, 612, 639, 646, 655, 667], 'for': [46, 65, 80, 213, 238, 333, 415, 522, 664, 674], 'attempt': [49], 'learn': [51], 'how': [52], 'companies': [53, 461], 'collect,': [54], 'use,': [55, 484], 'share': [57], 'data.': [58], 'Likewise,': [59], 'these': [60, 118, 449, 567, 613], 'form': [62], 'basis': [64], 'selfregulatory': [67], 'notice': [68, 88, 606, 645, 669], 'choice': [70, 90, 671], 'framework': [71, 672], 'that': [72, 585, 629, 686, 696, 720], 'is': [73], 'designed': [74], 'promoted': [76], 'a': [78, 129, 256, 425, 455, 496, 503, 718, 721, 735, 738], 'replacement': [79], 'regulation.': [81], 'The': [82, 512, 548, 564, 653, 681], 'underlying': [83], 'value': [84], 'legitimacy': [86], 'depends,': [91], 'however,': [92], 'ability': [95, 638], 'understand': [99, 121, 727], 'policies.': [101, 614], 'This': [102, 136], 'paper': [103, 137], 'investigates': [104], 'differences': [106], 'in': [107, 125, 218, 388, 462, 535, 632, 683, 717, 725], 'interpretation': [108, 399, 417, 537, 684], 'among': [109, 618], 'expert,': [110], 'knowledgeable,': [111], 'typical': [113, 509, 599, 633], 'explores': [116], 'whether': [117], 'groups': [119, 521, 554, 627], 'can': [120], 'practices': [123, 583, 648], 'described': [124, 581], 'at': [128, 199, 434], 'level': [130], 'sufficient': [131], 'support': [133], 'rational': [134], 'decision-making.': [135], 'seeks': [138], '©': [139], '2015': [140], 'Joel': [141], 'R.': [142], 'Reidenberg,': [143], 'Travis': [144], 'Breaux,': [145], 'Lorrie': [146], 'Faith': [147], 'Cranor,': [148], 'Brian': [149], 'French,': [150], 'Amanda': [151], 'Grannis,': [152], 'James': [153], 'T.': [154], 'Graves,': [155], 'Fei': [156], 'Liu,': [157], 'Aleecia': [158], 'McDonald,': [159], 'Thomas': [160], 'B.': [161], 'Norton,': [162], 'Rohan': [163], 'Ramanath,': [164], 'N.': [165], 'Cameron': [166], 'Russell,': [167], 'Norman': [168], 'Sadeh': [169], 'Florian': [171], 'Schaub.': [172], '†': [173], 'comments': [176], 'this': [178, 214, 421, 656, 679], 'study,': [179], 'authors': [181], 'would': [182], 'like': [183], 'acknowledge': [185], 'thank': [187], 'Alessandro': [188], 'Acquisti,': [189], 'Noah': [190], 'A.': [191], 'Smith,': [192], 'Shomir': [194], 'Wilson,': [195], 'participants': [198], '2014': [201], 'TPRC': [202], '42nd': [203], 'Research': [204, 261, 298, 303], 'Conference': [205], 'Communication,': [207], 'Information': [208, 310, 344, 360], 'Internet': [210, 334, 510], 'Policy.': [211], 'Funding': [212], 'project': [215], 'was': [216], 'provided,': [217], 'part,': [219], 'by': [220, 255, 607], 'National': [222], 'Science': [223, 288], 'Foundation': [224], 'under': [225], 'its': [226], 'Secure': [227], 'Trustworthy': [229], 'Computing': [230], '(SaTC)': [231], 'initiative': [232], 'grants': [233], '1330596,': [234], '1330214,': [235], '1330141': [237], '“TWC': [239], 'SBE:': [240], 'Option:': [241], 'Frontier:': [242], 'Collaborative:': [243], 'Towards': [244], 'Effective': [245], 'Web': [246], 'Notice': [248], 'Choice:': [250], 'A': [251], 'Multi-Disciplinary': [252], 'Prospective”': [253], 'Fordham': [257, 275, 305, 339, 355, 435], 'Law': [258, 308, 342, 358], 'School': [259], 'Faculty': [260], 'Grant.': [262], '††': [263], 'Respectively,': [264], 'Stanley': [265], 'D.': [266], 'Nikki': [268], 'Waxberg': [269], 'Chair': [270], 'Professor': [272, 278, 285, 362], 'Law,': [274], 'University;': [276, 284, 302, 320, 327, 352, 368], 'Assistant': [277], 'Computer': [280, 287, 364], 'Science,': [281, 365], 'Carnegie': [282, 294, 300, 318, 325, 350, 366, 373, 437], 'Mellon': [283, 295, 301, 319, 326, 351, 367, 374, 438], 'Engineering': [290], '&': [291, 335], 'Public': [292, 316], 'Policy,': [293], 'University:': [296], 'Senior': [297], 'Programmer,': [299], 'Fellow,': [304, 338], 'Center': [306, 332, 340, 356], 'Policy;': [311, 345, 361], 'Ph.D': [312, 321], 'Candidate': [313, 322, 347], '(Engineering': [314], 'Policy)': [317], '(Computer': [323, 348, 371], 'Science),': [324, 349, 372], 'Director': [328], 'Privacy,': [330], 'Stanford': [331], 'Society;': [336], 'Masters': [346], 'Executive': [353], 'Director,': [354], 'Postdoctoral': [369], 'Fellow': [370], 'University.': [375], '40': [376], 'BERKELEY': [377], 'TECHNOLOGY': [378], 'LAW': [379], 'JOURNAL': [380], '[Vol.': [381], '30:1': [382], 'fill': [384], 'an': [385], 'gap': [387, 682], 'understanding': [390, 518], 'through': [394], 'primary': [395], 'research': [396, 657], 'user': [398], 'inform': [402], 'development': [404], 'technologies': [406], 'combining': [407], 'natural': [408], 'language': [409], 'processing,': [410], 'machine': [411], 'learning,': [412], 'crowdsourcing': [414], 'policy': [416, 431, 452, 540, 662], 'summarization.': [419], 'research,': [422], 'we': [423], 'recruited': [424], 'group': [426, 497, 504], 'law': [428, 450], 'public': [430, 694], 'graduate': [432], 'students': [433], 'University,': [436, 439], 'University': [442], 'Pittsburgh': [444], '(“knowledgeable': [445], 'users”)': [446], 'presented': [448, 489], 'researchers': [453], 'with': [454, 543], 'set': [456, 492], 'from': [460, 590], 'e-commerce': [464], 'news': [466], 'entertainment': [468], 'industries.': [469], 'We': [470, 487], 'asked': [471], 'them': [472], 'nine': [473], 'basic': [474], 'questions': [475], 'policies’': [478], 'statements': [479], 'regarding': [480], 'data': [481, 483, 524, 546, 582, 647], 'collection,': [482], 'retention.': [486], 'then': [488], 'same': [491], 'experts': [500, 558, 619, 623], 'crowd': [506], 'workers': [507], 'representing': [508], 'users.': [511], 'findings': [513], 'show': [514], 'areas': [515], 'common': [517, 575], 'across': [519], 'certain': [523], 'deletion': [527], 'practices,': [528], 'but': [529], 'also': [530], 'demonstrate': [531], 'very': [532], 'discrepancies': [534, 569], 'language,': [541], 'particularly': [542], 'respect': [544], 'sharing.': [547], 'discordant': [549], 'interpretations': [550], 'arose': [551], 'both': [552], 'within': [553], 'between': [556, 622], 'two': [561], 'other': [562, 626], 'groups.': [563], 'presence': [565], 'significant': [568, 661], 'has': [570, 740], 'critical': [571], 'implications.': [572], 'First,': [573], 'understandings': [576], 'some': [578], 'attributes': [579], 'mean': [584], 'semiautomated': [586], 'extraction': [587], 'meaning': [589, 611], 'website': [591], 'able': [596], 'assist': [598], 'improve': [602], 'effectiveness': [604], 'conveying': [608, 712], 'true': [610], 'However,': [615], 'disagreements': [617], 'disagreement': [621], 'reflect': [628], 'ambiguous': [630], 'wording': [631], 'undermines': [636], 'effectively': [643, 711], 'convey': [644], 'general': [651, 693], 'public.': [652], 'results': [654], 'will,': [658], 'consequently,': [659], 'have': [660], 'implications': [663, 743], 'construction': [666], 'U.S.': [676], 'reliance': [677], 'approach.': [680], 'indicates': [685], 'misleading': [691], 'those': [697], 'could': [699], 'considered': [701], 'legally': [702], 'unfair': [703], 'deceptive.': [705], 'And,': [706], 'where': [707], 'not': [710], 'consumers': [716], 'way': [719], '“reasonable': [722], 'person”': [723], 'could,': [724], 'fact,': [726], 'policies,': [729], '“notice': [730], 'choice”': [732], 'fails': [733], 'framework.': [736], 'Such': [737], 'failure': [739], 'broad': [741], 'international': [742], 'since': [744], 'extend': [746], 'reach': [748], 'beyond': [749], 'United': [751], 'States.': [752]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124640630', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 41}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-25T00:30:09.169245', 'created_date': '2021-02-01'}